High-level abstraction for all text representations

Introduced properties

abstract fun *(i: Int): SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: *

Concatenates self i times
abstract fun +(o: Text): SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: +

Concatenates o to self
fun /(path: Text): String

core :: Text :: /

Alias for join_path
type SELFTYPE: Text

core :: Text :: SELFTYPE

Type of self (used for factorization of several methods, ex : substring_from, empty...)
fun [](index: Int): Char

core :: Text :: []

Access a character at index in the string.
fun a_to(base: Int): Int

core :: Text :: a_to

If self contains only digits and letters, return the corresponding integer in a given base
fun alert

core :: Text :: alert

Raise a JavaScript alert
fun append_to_bytes(b: Bytes)

core :: Text :: append_to_bytes

Appends self.bytes to b
fun basename(extension: nullable String): String

core :: Text :: basename

Extract the basename of a path and strip the extension
fun binarydigest_to_bytes: Bytes

core :: Text :: binarydigest_to_bytes

Return a Bytes by reading 0 and 1.
fun blue: String

core :: Text :: blue

Make the text appear in blue in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
fun bold: String

core :: Text :: bold

Make the text appear in bold in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
abstract fun byte_length: Int

core :: Text :: byte_length

Number of bytes in self
abstract fun bytes: SequenceRead[Int]

core :: Text :: bytes

Gets a view on the bytes of the Text object
fun capitalized(keep_upper: nullable Bool): SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: capitalized

Returns a capitalized self
abstract fun chars: SequenceRead[Char]

core :: Text :: chars

Gets a view on the chars of the Text object
fun chdir: nullable Error

core :: Text :: chdir

Change the current working directory
fun check_base64: nullable Error

core :: Text :: check_base64

Is self a well-formed Base64 entity ?
fun chomp: SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: chomp

Returns self removed from its last line terminator (if any).
fun copy_to_native(dest: CString, n: Int, src_offset: Int, dest_offset: Int)

core :: Text :: copy_to_native

Copies n bytes from self at src_offset into dest starting at dest_offset
fun cyan: String

core :: Text :: cyan

Make the text appear in cyan in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
fun decode_base64: Bytes

core :: Text :: decode_base64

Decodes the receiver string to base64 using a custom padding character.
fun deserialize_json(static_type: nullable String): nullable Object

core :: Text :: deserialize_json

Deserialize a nullable Object from this JSON formatted string
fun dirname: String

core :: Text :: dirname

Extract the dirname of a path
protected abstract fun empty: SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: empty

Returns an empty Text of the right type
fun encode_base64: String

core :: Text :: encode_base64

Encodes the receiver string to base64 using a custom padding character.
fun english_scoring: Float

core :: Text :: english_scoring

Score self according to english's letter frequency.
fun escape_more_to_c(chars: String): String

core :: Text :: escape_more_to_c

Escape additionnal characters
fun escape_to_c: String

core :: Text :: escape_to_c

Escape " \ ', trigraphs and non printable characters using the rules of literal C strings and characters
fun escape_to_dot: String

core :: Text :: escape_to_dot

Escape string used in labels for graphviz
fun escape_to_js: Text

core :: Text :: escape_to_js

Escape the content of self to pass to JavaScript code
fun escape_to_mk: String

core :: Text :: escape_to_mk

Escape to include in a Makefile
fun escape_to_nit: String

core :: Text :: escape_to_nit

Escape to C plus braces
fun escape_to_sh: String

core :: Text :: escape_to_sh

Escape to POSIX Shell (sh).
fun escape_to_utf16: String

core :: Text :: escape_to_utf16

Returns self with all characters escaped with their UTF-16 representation
fun file_copy_to(dest: String)

core :: Text :: file_copy_to

Copy content of file at self to dest
fun file_delete: Bool

core :: Text :: file_delete

Remove a file, return true if success
fun file_exists: Bool

core :: Text :: file_exists

return true if a file with this names exists
fun file_extension: nullable String

core :: Text :: file_extension

Return right-most extension (without the dot)
fun file_lstat: nullable FileStat

core :: Text :: file_lstat

The status of a file or of a symlink. see POSIX lstat(2).
fun file_stat: nullable FileStat

core :: Text :: file_stat

The status of a file. see POSIX stat(2).
fun files: Array[String]

core :: Text :: files

Returns entries contained within the directory represented by self.
fun first: Char

core :: Text :: first

Gets the first char of the Text
fun format(args: Object...): String

core :: Text :: format

Format self by replacing each %n with the nth item of args
fun from_percent_encoding: String

core :: Text :: from_percent_encoding

Decode self from percent (or URL) encoding to a clear string
fun from_utf16_digit(pos: nullable Int): Int

core :: Text :: from_utf16_digit

Returns a UTF-16 escape value
fun from_utf16_escape(pos: nullable Int, ln: nullable Int): Char

core :: Text :: from_utf16_escape

Returns the Unicode char escaped by self
fun gray: String

core :: Text :: gray

Make the text appear in dark gray (or black) in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
fun green: String

core :: Text :: green

Make the text appear in green in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
fun group_exists: Bool

core :: Text :: group_exists

Does the operating system know the group named self?
fun has(pattern: Pattern): Bool

core :: Text :: has

Does self contains at least one instance of pattern?
fun has_prefix(prefix: String): Bool

core :: Text :: has_prefix

Is this string prefixed by prefix?
fun has_substring(str: String, pos: Int): Bool

core :: Text :: has_substring

Does self have a substring str starting from position pos?
fun has_suffix(suffix: String): Bool

core :: Text :: has_suffix

Is this string suffixed by suffix?
fun hexdigest: String

core :: Text :: hexdigest

Gets the hexdigest of the bytes of self
fun hexdigest_to_bytes: Bytes

core :: Text :: hexdigest_to_bytes

Returns a new Bytes instance with the digest as content
fun html_escape: String

core :: Text :: html_escape

Escape the characters <, >, &, ", ' and / as HTML/XML entity references.
fun http_download(output_path: nullable Text, accept_status_code: nullable Int): nullable String

core :: Text :: http_download

Download the file at URL self to output_path with a simple HTTP request
fun http_get(accept_status_code: nullable Int): nullable String

core :: Text :: http_get

Execute a simple HTTP GET request to the URL self
fun index_of(c: Char): Int

core :: Text :: index_of

Gets the index of the first occurence of 'c'
fun index_of_from(c: Char, pos: Int): Int

core :: Text :: index_of_from

Gets the index of the first occurence of ´c´ starting from ´pos´
abstract fun insert_at(s: String, pos: Int): SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: insert_at

Insert s at pos.
fun is_base64: Bool

core :: Text :: is_base64

Is self a well-formed Base64 entity ?
fun is_bi: Bool

core :: Text :: is_bi

Is self a well-formed BigInt (i.e. parsable via to_bi)
fun is_bin: Bool

core :: Text :: is_bin

Returns true if the string contains only Binary digits
fun is_dec: Bool

core :: Text :: is_dec

Returns true if the string contains only Decimal digits
fun is_empty: Bool

core :: Text :: is_empty

Is the current Text empty (== "")
fun is_hex: Bool

core :: Text :: is_hex

Returns true if the string contains only Hex chars
fun is_int: Bool

core :: Text :: is_int

Is self a well-formed Integer (i.e. parsable via to_i)
fun is_lower: Bool

core :: Text :: is_lower

Are all letters in self lower-case ?
fun is_num: Bool

core :: Text :: is_num

Is self a valid integer ?
fun is_numeric: Bool

core :: Text :: is_numeric

Is this string in a valid numeric format compatible with to_f?
fun is_oct: Bool

core :: Text :: is_oct

Returns true if the string contains only Octal digits
fun is_r: Bool

core :: Text :: is_r

Is self a well-formed Ratio (i.e. parsable via to_r)
fun is_sha1_digest: Bool

core :: Text :: is_sha1_digest

Is self a SHA-1 hexdigest?
fun is_upper: Bool

core :: Text :: is_upper

Are all letters in self upper-case ?
fun is_valid_hexdigest: Bool

core :: Text :: is_valid_hexdigest

Is self a valid hexdigest ?
fun is_whitespace: Bool

core :: Text :: is_whitespace

Is the string non-empty but only made of whitespaces?
fun iterator: Iterator[Char]

core :: Text :: iterator

Gets an iterator on the chars of self
fun join_path(path: Text): String

core :: Text :: join_path

Correctly join two path using the directory separator.
fun justify(length: Int, left: Float, char: nullable Char): String

core :: Text :: justify

Justify self in a space of length
fun l_trim: SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: l_trim

Removes the whitespaces at the beginning of self
fun last: Char

core :: Text :: last

Gets the last char of self
fun last_index_of(c: Char): Int

core :: Text :: last_index_of

Gets the last index of char ´c´
fun last_index_of_from(item: Char, pos: Int): Int

core :: Text :: last_index_of_from

The index of the last occurrence of an element starting from pos (in reverse order).
abstract fun length: Int

core :: Text :: length

Number of characters contained in self.
fun levenshtein_distance(other: String): Int

core :: Text :: levenshtein_distance

Return the Levenshtein distance between two strings
fun light_gray: String

core :: Text :: light_gray

Make the text appear in light gray (or white) in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
fun md5: String

core :: Text :: md5

MD5 digest of self
fun mkdir(mode: nullable Int): nullable Error

core :: Text :: mkdir

Create a directory (and all intermediate directories if needed)
fun open_in_browser

core :: Text :: open_in_browser

Open the URL self with the default browser
fun pack_l(ln: Int): Array[Text]

core :: Text :: pack_l

Packs the content of a string in packs of ln chars.
fun pack_r(ln: Int): Array[Text]

core :: Text :: pack_r

Packs the content of a string in packs of ln chars.
fun parse_bmfont(dir: String): MaybeError[BMFont, Error]

core :: Text :: parse_bmfont

Parse self as an XML BMFont description file
fun parse_json: nullable Serializable

core :: Text :: parse_json

Parse self as JSON.
fun prefix(t: Text): nullable Match

core :: Text :: prefix

Extract a given prefix, if any.
fun purple: String

core :: Text :: purple

Make the text appear in magenta in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
fun r_trim: SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: r_trim

Removes the whitespaces at the end of self
fun railfence(depth: Int): Text

core :: Text :: railfence

Returns a rail-fence cipher from self with depth rails
fun realpath: String

core :: Text :: realpath

Return the canonicalized absolute pathname (see POSIX function realpath)
fun red: String

core :: Text :: red

Make the text appear in red in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
fun relpath(dest: String): String

core :: Text :: relpath

Returns the relative path needed to go from self to dest.
fun remove_all(pattern: Pattern): String

core :: Text :: remove_all

Returns a copy of self minus all occurences of pattern
fun replace(pattern: Pattern, string: Text): String

core :: Text :: replace

Replace all occurrences of pattern with string
fun replace_first(pattern: Pattern, string: Text): String

core :: Text :: replace_first

Replace the first occurrence of pattern with string
abstract fun reversed: SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: reversed

Returns a reversed version of self
fun rmdir: nullable Error

core :: Text :: rmdir

Delete a directory and all of its content, return true on success
fun rot(x: Int): Text

core :: Text :: rot

Performs a Rotation of x on each letter of self
fun run_js

core :: Text :: run_js

Run self as JavaScript code
fun search(pattern: Pattern): nullable Match

core :: Text :: search

Search the first occurence of pattern.
fun search_all(pattern: Pattern): Array[Match]

core :: Text :: search_all

Search all occurrences of pattern into self.
fun search_from(pattern: Pattern, from: Int): nullable Match

core :: Text :: search_from

Search the first occurence of pattern after from.
fun search_last(t: Text): nullable Match

core :: Text :: search_last

Search the last occurence of the text t.
fun search_last_up_to(t: Text, up_to: Int): nullable Match

core :: Text :: search_last_up_to

Search the last occurence of the text t before up_to.
fun sha1: Bytes

core :: Text :: sha1

Computes the SHA1 of the receiver
fun sha1_hexdigest: String

core :: Text :: sha1_hexdigest

Computes the SHA1 of the receiver.
fun simplify_path: String

core :: Text :: simplify_path

Simplify a file path by remove useless ., removing //, and resolving ..
fun split(pattern: Pattern): Array[String]

core :: Text :: split

Split self using pattern as separator.
fun split_once_on(pattern: Pattern): Array[SELFTYPE]

core :: Text :: split_once_on

Split self on the first occurence of pattern
fun split_with(pattern: Pattern): Array[String]

core :: Text :: split_with

@deprecated alias for split
fun strip_extension(extension: nullable String): String

core :: Text :: strip_extension

Remove the trailing extension.
fun strip_nullable: Text

core :: Text :: strip_nullable

Strip the nullable prefix from the type name self
fun strip_nullable_and_params: Text

core :: Text :: strip_nullable_and_params

Strip the nullable prefix and the params from the type name self
abstract fun substring(from: Int, count: Int): SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: substring

Create a substring.
fun substring_from(from: Int): SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: substring_from

Create a substring from self beginning at the from position
fun suffix(t: Text): nullable Match

core :: Text :: suffix

Extract a given suffix, if any.
fun to_a: Array[Char]

core :: Text :: to_a

Gets an Array containing the chars of self
fun to_bi: BigInt

core :: Text :: to_bi

If self contains a BigInt, return the corresponding BigInt
fun to_bin: Int

core :: Text :: to_bin

If self contains only '0' et '1', return the corresponding integer.
abstract fun to_buffer: Buffer

core :: Text :: to_buffer

Returns a copy of self as a Buffer
fun to_bytes: Bytes

core :: Text :: to_bytes

Returns a mutable copy of self's bytes
abstract fun to_camel_case: SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: to_camel_case

Takes a snake case self and converts it to camel case
fun to_cmangle: String

core :: Text :: to_cmangle

Mangle a string to be a unique string only made of alphanumeric characters and underscores.
fun to_cpp_string: CppString

core :: Text :: to_cpp_string

Get self as a CppString
abstract fun to_cstring: CString

core :: Text :: to_cstring

Return a null terminated char *
fun to_dec: Int

core :: Text :: to_dec

If self contains only digits '0' .. '9', return the corresponding integer.
fun to_dot: String

core :: Text :: to_dot

Returns the graphviz-formatted content of self
fun to_f: Float

core :: Text :: to_f

If self contains a float, return the corresponding float
fun to_hex(pos: nullable Int, ln: nullable Int): Int

core :: Text :: to_hex

If self contains only digits and alpha <= 'f', return the corresponding integer.
abstract fun to_i: Int

core :: Text :: to_i

Returns self as the corresponding integer
fun to_java_string: JavaString

core :: Text :: to_java_string

Get self as a JavaString
fun to_json_value: JsonValue

core :: Text :: to_json_value

Parse self to a JsonValue
abstract fun to_lower: SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: to_lower

A lower case version of self
fun to_n: Numeric

core :: Text :: to_n

Get the numeric version of self
fun to_nsstring: NSString

core :: Text :: to_nsstring

Get a NSString from self
fun to_num: nullable Numeric

core :: Text :: to_num

If self is a properly formatted integer, returns the corresponding value
fun to_oct: Int

core :: Text :: to_oct

If self contains only digits <= '7', return the corresponding integer.
fun to_path: Path

core :: Text :: to_path

Access file system related services on the path at self
fun to_percent_encoding: String

core :: Text :: to_percent_encoding

Encode self to percent (or URL) encoding
fun to_program_name: String

core :: Text :: to_program_name

Convert the path (self) to a program name.
fun to_r: Ratio

core :: Text :: to_r

If self contains a Ratio, return the corresponding Ratio
fun to_re: Regex

core :: Text :: to_re

Get a Regex instance from self
fun to_sexp: SExpEntity

core :: Text :: to_sexp

Tries to parse self as an S-Expression
abstract fun to_snake_case: SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: to_snake_case

Takes a camel case self and converts it to snake case
fun to_sql_date_string: String

core :: Text :: to_sql_date_string

Format the date represented by self into an escaped string for SQLite
fun to_sql_string: String

core :: Text :: to_sql_string

Return self between 's, escaping \ and '
abstract fun to_upper: SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: to_upper

A upper case version of self
fun to_xml: XMLEntity

core :: Text :: to_xml

Tries to parse the current string to XML
fun trim: SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: trim

Trims trailing and preceding white spaces
fun underline: String

core :: Text :: underline

Make the text underlined in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
fun unescape_json: Text

core :: Text :: unescape_json

Removes JSON-escaping if necessary in a JSON string
fun unescape_nit: String

core :: Text :: unescape_nit

Return a string where Nit escape sequences are transformed.
fun unescape_to_bytes: Bytes

core :: Text :: unescape_to_bytes

Return a Bytes instance where Nit escape sequences are transformed.
fun unrail(depth: Int): Text

core :: Text :: unrail

Transforms a rail-fence-encrypted Text to its original
fun user_exists: Bool

core :: Text :: user_exists

Does the operating system know the user named self?
fun uvigenere(key: String): String

core :: Text :: uvigenere

Vigenere decoder on ASCII letters.
fun vigenere(key: String): String

core :: Text :: vigenere

Vigenere encoder on ASCII letters.
fun yellow: String

core :: Text :: yellow

Make the text appear in yellow in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.

Redefined properties

redef fun <(other: OTHER): Bool

core $ Text :: <

Lexicographical comparaison
redef fun ==(o: nullable Object): Bool

core $ Text :: ==

Equality of text
redef type OTHER: Text

core $ Text :: OTHER

What self can be compared to?
redef type SELF: Text

core $ Text :: SELF

Type of this instance, automatically specialized in every class
redef fun accept_json_serializer(v: JsonSerializer)

json :: serialization_write $ Text :: accept_json_serializer

Refinable service to customize the serialization of this class to JSON
redef fun accept_msgpack_serializer(v: MsgPackSerializer)

msgpack :: serialization_write $ Text :: accept_msgpack_serializer

Hook to customize the serialization of this class to MessagePack
redef fun hash: Int

core $ Text :: hash

The hash code of the object.
redef fun open_in_browser

linux :: ui $ Text :: open_in_browser

Open the URL self with the default browser
redef fun open_in_browser

android :: ui $ Text :: open_in_browser

Open the URL self with the default browser
redef fun open_in_browser

ios :: ui $ Text :: open_in_browser

Open the URL self with the default browser
redef fun search_in(s: Text, from: Int): nullable Match

core :: string_search $ Text :: search_in

Search self into s from a certain position.
redef fun search_index_in(s: Text, from: Int): Int

core :: string_search $ Text :: search_index_in

Search self into s from a certain position.
redef fun send(mpi: MPI, at: Int, count: Int, dest: Rank, tag: Tag, comm: Comm)

mpi :: mpi $ Text :: send

Type specific send over MPI
redef fun send_all(mpi: MPI, dest: Rank, tag: Tag, comm: Comm)

mpi :: mpi $ Text :: send_all

Type specific send full buffer over MPI
redef fun to_i: Int

core :: fixed_ints_text $ Text :: to_i

Returns self as the corresponding integer
redef fun write_to(stream: Writer)

core :: stream $ Text :: write_to

Write itself to a stream

All properties

fun !=(other: nullable Object): Bool

core :: Object :: !=

Have self and other different values?
abstract fun *(i: Int): SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: *

Concatenates self i times
abstract fun +(o: Text): SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: +

Concatenates o to self
fun /(path: Text): String

core :: Text :: /

Alias for join_path
abstract fun <(other: OTHER): Bool

core :: Comparable :: <

Is self lesser than other?
fun <=(other: OTHER): Bool

core :: Comparable :: <=

not other < self
fun <=>(other: OTHER): Int

core :: Comparable :: <=>

-1 if <, +1 if > and 0 otherwise
fun ==(other: nullable Object): Bool

core :: Object :: ==

Have self and other the same value?
fun >(other: OTHER): Bool

core :: Comparable :: >

other < self
fun >=(other: OTHER): Bool

core :: Comparable :: >=

not self < other
type CLASS: Class[SELF]

core :: Object :: CLASS

The type of the class of self.
type OTHER: Comparable

core :: Comparable :: OTHER

What self can be compared to?
type SELF: Object

core :: Object :: SELF

Type of this instance, automatically specialized in every class
type SELFTYPE: Text

core :: Text :: SELFTYPE

Type of self (used for factorization of several methods, ex : substring_from, empty...)
fun [](index: Int): Char

core :: Text :: []

Access a character at index in the string.
fun a_to(base: Int): Int

core :: Text :: a_to

If self contains only digits and letters, return the corresponding integer in a given base
protected fun accept_json_serializer(v: JsonSerializer)

serialization :: Serializable :: accept_json_serializer

Refinable service to customize the serialization of this class to JSON
protected fun accept_msgpack_attribute_counter(v: AttributeCounter)

serialization :: Serializable :: accept_msgpack_attribute_counter

Hook to customize the behavior of the AttributeCounter
protected fun accept_msgpack_serializer(v: MsgPackSerializer)

serialization :: Serializable :: accept_msgpack_serializer

Hook to customize the serialization of this class to MessagePack
protected fun add_to_bundle(bundle: NativeBundle, key: JavaString)

serialization :: Serializable :: add_to_bundle

Called by []= to dynamically choose the appropriate method according
fun alert

core :: Text :: alert

Raise a JavaScript alert
fun append_to_bytes(b: Bytes)

core :: Text :: append_to_bytes

Appends self.bytes to b
fun basename(extension: nullable String): String

core :: Text :: basename

Extract the basename of a path and strip the extension
fun binarydigest_to_bytes: Bytes

core :: Text :: binarydigest_to_bytes

Return a Bytes by reading 0 and 1.
fun blue: String

core :: Text :: blue

Make the text appear in blue in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
fun bold: String

core :: Text :: bold

Make the text appear in bold in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
abstract fun byte_length: Int

core :: Text :: byte_length

Number of bytes in self
abstract fun bytes: SequenceRead[Int]

core :: Text :: bytes

Gets a view on the bytes of the Text object
fun capitalized(keep_upper: nullable Bool): SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: capitalized

Returns a capitalized self
abstract fun chars: SequenceRead[Char]

core :: Text :: chars

Gets a view on the chars of the Text object
fun chdir: nullable Error

core :: Text :: chdir

Change the current working directory
fun check_base64: nullable Error

core :: Text :: check_base64

Is self a well-formed Base64 entity ?
fun chomp: SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: chomp

Returns self removed from its last line terminator (if any).
fun clamp(min: OTHER, max: OTHER): OTHER

core :: Comparable :: clamp

Constraint self within [min..max]
protected fun class_factory(name: String): CLASS

core :: Object :: class_factory

Implementation used by get_class to create the specific class.
fun class_name: String

core :: Object :: class_name

The class name of the object.
abstract fun clone: SELF

core :: Cloneable :: clone

Duplicate self
fun copy_to_native(dest: CString, n: Int, src_offset: Int, dest_offset: Int)

core :: Text :: copy_to_native

Copies n bytes from self at src_offset into dest starting at dest_offset
fun core_serialize_to(serializer: Serializer)

serialization :: Serializable :: core_serialize_to

Actual serialization of self to serializer
fun cyan: String

core :: Text :: cyan

Make the text appear in cyan in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
fun decode_base64: Bytes

core :: Text :: decode_base64

Decodes the receiver string to base64 using a custom padding character.
fun deserialize_json(static_type: nullable String): nullable Object

core :: Text :: deserialize_json

Deserialize a nullable Object from this JSON formatted string
fun dirname: String

core :: Text :: dirname

Extract the dirname of a path
protected abstract fun empty: SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: empty

Returns an empty Text of the right type
fun encode_base64: String

core :: Text :: encode_base64

Encodes the receiver string to base64 using a custom padding character.
fun english_scoring: Float

core :: Text :: english_scoring

Score self according to english's letter frequency.
fun escape_more_to_c(chars: String): String

core :: Text :: escape_more_to_c

Escape additionnal characters
fun escape_to_c: String

core :: Text :: escape_to_c

Escape " \ ', trigraphs and non printable characters using the rules of literal C strings and characters
fun escape_to_dot: String

core :: Text :: escape_to_dot

Escape string used in labels for graphviz
fun escape_to_js: Text

core :: Text :: escape_to_js

Escape the content of self to pass to JavaScript code
fun escape_to_mk: String

core :: Text :: escape_to_mk

Escape to include in a Makefile
fun escape_to_nit: String

core :: Text :: escape_to_nit

Escape to C plus braces
fun escape_to_sh: String

core :: Text :: escape_to_sh

Escape to POSIX Shell (sh).
fun escape_to_utf16: String

core :: Text :: escape_to_utf16

Returns self with all characters escaped with their UTF-16 representation
fun file_copy_to(dest: String)

core :: Text :: file_copy_to

Copy content of file at self to dest
fun file_delete: Bool

core :: Text :: file_delete

Remove a file, return true if success
fun file_exists: Bool

core :: Text :: file_exists

return true if a file with this names exists
fun file_extension: nullable String

core :: Text :: file_extension

Return right-most extension (without the dot)
fun file_lstat: nullable FileStat

core :: Text :: file_lstat

The status of a file or of a symlink. see POSIX lstat(2).
fun file_stat: nullable FileStat

core :: Text :: file_stat

The status of a file. see POSIX stat(2).
fun files: Array[String]

core :: Text :: files

Returns entries contained within the directory represented by self.
fun first: Char

core :: Text :: first

Gets the first char of the Text
fun format(args: Object...): String

core :: Text :: format

Format self by replacing each %n with the nth item of args
init from_deserializer(deserializer: Deserializer)

serialization :: Serializable :: from_deserializer

Create an instance of this class from the deserializer
fun from_percent_encoding: String

core :: Text :: from_percent_encoding

Decode self from percent (or URL) encoding to a clear string
fun from_utf16_digit(pos: nullable Int): Int

core :: Text :: from_utf16_digit

Returns a UTF-16 escape value
fun from_utf16_escape(pos: nullable Int, ln: nullable Int): Char

core :: Text :: from_utf16_escape

Returns the Unicode char escaped by self
fun get_class: CLASS

core :: Object :: get_class

The meta-object representing the dynamic type of self.
fun gray: String

core :: Text :: gray

Make the text appear in dark gray (or black) in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
fun green: String

core :: Text :: green

Make the text appear in green in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
fun group_exists: Bool

core :: Text :: group_exists

Does the operating system know the group named self?
fun has(pattern: Pattern): Bool

core :: Text :: has

Does self contains at least one instance of pattern?
fun has_prefix(prefix: String): Bool

core :: Text :: has_prefix

Is this string prefixed by prefix?
fun has_substring(str: String, pos: Int): Bool

core :: Text :: has_substring

Does self have a substring str starting from position pos?
fun has_suffix(suffix: String): Bool

core :: Text :: has_suffix

Is this string suffixed by suffix?
fun hash: Int

core :: Object :: hash

The hash code of the object.
fun hexdigest: String

core :: Text :: hexdigest

Gets the hexdigest of the bytes of self
fun hexdigest_to_bytes: Bytes

core :: Text :: hexdigest_to_bytes

Returns a new Bytes instance with the digest as content
fun html_escape: String

core :: Text :: html_escape

Escape the characters <, >, &, ", ' and / as HTML/XML entity references.
fun http_download(output_path: nullable Text, accept_status_code: nullable Int): nullable String

core :: Text :: http_download

Download the file at URL self to output_path with a simple HTTP request
fun http_get(accept_status_code: nullable Int): nullable String

core :: Text :: http_get

Execute a simple HTTP GET request to the URL self
fun index_of(c: Char): Int

core :: Text :: index_of

Gets the index of the first occurence of 'c'
fun index_of_from(c: Char, pos: Int): Int

core :: Text :: index_of_from

Gets the index of the first occurence of ´c´ starting from ´pos´
init init

core :: Object :: init

abstract fun insert_at(s: String, pos: Int): SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: insert_at

Insert s at pos.
fun inspect: String

core :: Object :: inspect

Developer readable representation of self.
protected fun inspect_head: String

core :: Object :: inspect_head

Return "CLASSNAME:#OBJECTID".
fun is_base64: Bool

core :: Text :: is_base64

Is self a well-formed Base64 entity ?
fun is_between(c: OTHER, d: OTHER): Bool

core :: Comparable :: is_between

c <= self <= d
fun is_bi: Bool

core :: Text :: is_bi

Is self a well-formed BigInt (i.e. parsable via to_bi)
fun is_bin: Bool

core :: Text :: is_bin

Returns true if the string contains only Binary digits
fun is_dec: Bool

core :: Text :: is_dec

Returns true if the string contains only Decimal digits
fun is_empty: Bool

core :: Text :: is_empty

Is the current Text empty (== "")
fun is_hex: Bool

core :: Text :: is_hex

Returns true if the string contains only Hex chars
protected fun is_in(s: Text): Bool

core :: Pattern :: is_in

Is self in s?
fun is_int: Bool

core :: Text :: is_int

Is self a well-formed Integer (i.e. parsable via to_i)
fun is_lower: Bool

core :: Text :: is_lower

Are all letters in self lower-case ?
fun is_num: Bool

core :: Text :: is_num

Is self a valid integer ?
fun is_numeric: Bool

core :: Text :: is_numeric

Is this string in a valid numeric format compatible with to_f?
fun is_oct: Bool

core :: Text :: is_oct

Returns true if the string contains only Octal digits
fun is_r: Bool

core :: Text :: is_r

Is self a well-formed Ratio (i.e. parsable via to_r)
intern fun is_same_instance(other: nullable Object): Bool

core :: Object :: is_same_instance

Return true if self and other are the same instance (i.e. same identity).
fun is_same_serialized(other: nullable Object): Bool

core :: Object :: is_same_serialized

Is self the same as other in a serialization context?
intern fun is_same_type(other: Object): Bool

core :: Object :: is_same_type

Return true if self and other have the same dynamic type.
fun is_sha1_digest: Bool

core :: Text :: is_sha1_digest

Is self a SHA-1 hexdigest?
fun is_upper: Bool

core :: Text :: is_upper

Are all letters in self upper-case ?
fun is_valid_hexdigest: Bool

core :: Text :: is_valid_hexdigest

Is self a valid hexdigest ?
fun is_whitespace: Bool

core :: Text :: is_whitespace

Is the string non-empty but only made of whitespaces?
fun iterator: Iterator[Char]

core :: Text :: iterator

Gets an iterator on the chars of self
fun join_path(path: Text): String

core :: Text :: join_path

Correctly join two path using the directory separator.
fun justify(length: Int, left: Float, char: nullable Char): String

core :: Text :: justify

Justify self in a space of length
fun l_trim: SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: l_trim

Removes the whitespaces at the beginning of self
fun last: Char

core :: Text :: last

Gets the last char of self
fun last_index_of(c: Char): Int

core :: Text :: last_index_of

Gets the last index of char ´c´
fun last_index_of_from(item: Char, pos: Int): Int

core :: Text :: last_index_of_from

The index of the last occurrence of an element starting from pos (in reverse order).
abstract fun length: Int

core :: Text :: length

Number of characters contained in self.
fun levenshtein_distance(other: String): Int

core :: Text :: levenshtein_distance

Return the Levenshtein distance between two strings
fun light_gray: String

core :: Text :: light_gray

Make the text appear in light gray (or white) in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
fun max(other: OTHER): OTHER

core :: Comparable :: max

The maximum between self and other (prefers self if equals).
fun md5: String

core :: Text :: md5

MD5 digest of self
fun min(c: OTHER): OTHER

core :: Comparable :: min

The minimum between self and c (prefer self if equals)
fun mkdir(mode: nullable Int): nullable Error

core :: Text :: mkdir

Create a directory (and all intermediate directories if needed)
protected fun msgpack_extra_array_items: Int

serialization :: Serializable :: msgpack_extra_array_items

Hook to request a larger than usual metadata array
intern fun object_id: Int

core :: Object :: object_id

An internal hash code for the object based on its identity.
fun open_in_browser

core :: Text :: open_in_browser

Open the URL self with the default browser
fun output

core :: Object :: output

Display self on stdout (debug only).
intern fun output_class_name

core :: Object :: output_class_name

Display class name on stdout (debug only).
fun pack_l(ln: Int): Array[Text]

core :: Text :: pack_l

Packs the content of a string in packs of ln chars.
fun pack_r(ln: Int): Array[Text]

core :: Text :: pack_r

Packs the content of a string in packs of ln chars.
fun parse_bmfont(dir: String): MaybeError[BMFont, Error]

core :: Text :: parse_bmfont

Parse self as an XML BMFont description file
fun parse_json: nullable Serializable

core :: Text :: parse_json

Parse self as JSON.
fun prefix(t: Text): nullable Match

core :: Text :: prefix

Extract a given prefix, if any.
fun purple: String

core :: Text :: purple

Make the text appear in magenta in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
fun r_trim: SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: r_trim

Removes the whitespaces at the end of self
fun railfence(depth: Int): Text

core :: Text :: railfence

Returns a rail-fence cipher from self with depth rails
fun realpath: String

core :: Text :: realpath

Return the canonicalized absolute pathname (see POSIX function realpath)
fun red: String

core :: Text :: red

Make the text appear in red in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
fun relpath(dest: String): String

core :: Text :: relpath

Returns the relative path needed to go from self to dest.
fun remove_all(pattern: Pattern): String

core :: Text :: remove_all

Returns a copy of self minus all occurences of pattern
fun replace(pattern: Pattern, string: Text): String

core :: Text :: replace

Replace all occurrences of pattern with string
fun replace_first(pattern: Pattern, string: Text): String

core :: Text :: replace_first

Replace the first occurrence of pattern with string
abstract fun reversed: SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: reversed

Returns a reversed version of self
fun rmdir: nullable Error

core :: Text :: rmdir

Delete a directory and all of its content, return true on success
fun rot(x: Int): Text

core :: Text :: rot

Performs a Rotation of x on each letter of self
fun run_js

core :: Text :: run_js

Run self as JavaScript code
fun search(pattern: Pattern): nullable Match

core :: Text :: search

Search the first occurence of pattern.
fun search_all(pattern: Pattern): Array[Match]

core :: Text :: search_all

Search all occurrences of pattern into self.
protected fun search_all_in(s: Text): Array[Match]

core :: Pattern :: search_all_in

Search all self occurrences into s.
fun search_from(pattern: Pattern, from: Int): nullable Match

core :: Text :: search_from

Search the first occurence of pattern after from.
protected abstract fun search_in(s: Text, from: Int): nullable Match

core :: Pattern :: search_in

Search self into s from a certain position.
protected abstract fun search_index_in(s: Text, from: Int): Int

core :: Pattern :: search_index_in

Search self into s from a certain position.
fun search_last(t: Text): nullable Match

core :: Text :: search_last

Search the last occurence of the text t.
fun search_last_up_to(t: Text, up_to: Int): nullable Match

core :: Text :: search_last_up_to

Search the last occurence of the text t before up_to.
protected abstract fun send(mpi: MPI, at: Int, count: Int, dest: Rank, tag: Tag, comm: Comm)

mpi :: Sendable :: send

Type specific send over MPI
protected abstract fun send_all(mpi: MPI, dest: Rank, tag: Tag, comm: Comm)

mpi :: Sendable :: send_all

Type specific send full buffer over MPI
fun serialization_hash: Int

core :: Object :: serialization_hash

Hash value use for serialization
fun serialize_msgpack(plain: nullable Bool): Bytes

serialization :: Serializable :: serialize_msgpack

Serialize self to MessagePack bytes
fun serialize_to(serializer: Serializer)

serialization :: Serializable :: serialize_to

Serialize self to serializer
fun serialize_to_json(plain: nullable Bool, pretty: nullable Bool): String

serialization :: Serializable :: serialize_to_json

Serialize self to JSON
fun sha1: Bytes

core :: Text :: sha1

Computes the SHA1 of the receiver
fun sha1_hexdigest: String

core :: Text :: sha1_hexdigest

Computes the SHA1 of the receiver.
fun simplify_path: String

core :: Text :: simplify_path

Simplify a file path by remove useless ., removing //, and resolving ..
fun split(pattern: Pattern): Array[String]

core :: Text :: split

Split self using pattern as separator.
protected fun split_in(s: Text): Array[Match]

core :: Pattern :: split_in

Split s using self is separator.
fun split_once_on(pattern: Pattern): Array[SELFTYPE]

core :: Text :: split_once_on

Split self on the first occurence of pattern
fun split_with(pattern: Pattern): Array[String]

core :: Text :: split_with

@deprecated alias for split
fun strip_extension(extension: nullable String): String

core :: Text :: strip_extension

Remove the trailing extension.
fun strip_nullable: Text

core :: Text :: strip_nullable

Strip the nullable prefix from the type name self
fun strip_nullable_and_params: Text

core :: Text :: strip_nullable_and_params

Strip the nullable prefix and the params from the type name self
abstract fun substring(from: Int, count: Int): SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: substring

Create a substring.
fun substring_from(from: Int): SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: substring_from

Create a substring from self beginning at the from position
fun suffix(t: Text): nullable Match

core :: Text :: suffix

Extract a given suffix, if any.
intern fun sys: Sys

core :: Object :: sys

Return the global sys object, the only instance of the Sys class.
fun to_a: Array[Char]

core :: Text :: to_a

Gets an Array containing the chars of self
fun to_bi: BigInt

core :: Text :: to_bi

If self contains a BigInt, return the corresponding BigInt
fun to_bin: Int

core :: Text :: to_bin

If self contains only '0' et '1', return the corresponding integer.
abstract fun to_buffer: Buffer

core :: Text :: to_buffer

Returns a copy of self as a Buffer
fun to_bytes: Bytes

core :: Text :: to_bytes

Returns a mutable copy of self's bytes
abstract fun to_camel_case: SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: to_camel_case

Takes a snake case self and converts it to camel case
fun to_cmangle: String

core :: Text :: to_cmangle

Mangle a string to be a unique string only made of alphanumeric characters and underscores.
fun to_cpp_string: CppString

core :: Text :: to_cpp_string

Get self as a CppString
abstract fun to_cstring: CString

core :: Text :: to_cstring

Return a null terminated char *
fun to_dec: Int

core :: Text :: to_dec

If self contains only digits '0' .. '9', return the corresponding integer.
fun to_dot: String

core :: Text :: to_dot

Returns the graphviz-formatted content of self
fun to_f: Float

core :: Text :: to_f

If self contains a float, return the corresponding float
fun to_hex(pos: nullable Int, ln: nullable Int): Int

core :: Text :: to_hex

If self contains only digits and alpha <= 'f', return the corresponding integer.
abstract fun to_i: Int

core :: Text :: to_i

Returns self as the corresponding integer
fun to_java_string: JavaString

core :: Text :: to_java_string

Get self as a JavaString
fun to_json: String

serialization :: Serializable :: to_json

Serialize self to plain JSON
fun to_json_value: JsonValue

core :: Text :: to_json_value

Parse self to a JsonValue
abstract fun to_jvalue(env: JniEnv): JValue

core :: Object :: to_jvalue

abstract fun to_lower: SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: to_lower

A lower case version of self
fun to_n: Numeric

core :: Text :: to_n

Get the numeric version of self
fun to_nsstring: NSString

core :: Text :: to_nsstring

Get a NSString from self
fun to_num: nullable Numeric

core :: Text :: to_num

If self is a properly formatted integer, returns the corresponding value
fun to_oct: Int

core :: Text :: to_oct

If self contains only digits <= '7', return the corresponding integer.
fun to_path: Path

core :: Text :: to_path

Access file system related services on the path at self
fun to_percent_encoding: String

core :: Text :: to_percent_encoding

Encode self to percent (or URL) encoding
fun to_pretty_json: String

serialization :: Serializable :: to_pretty_json

Serialize self to plain pretty JSON
fun to_program_name: String

core :: Text :: to_program_name

Convert the path (self) to a program name.
fun to_r: Ratio

core :: Text :: to_r

If self contains a Ratio, return the corresponding Ratio
fun to_re: Regex

core :: Text :: to_re

Get a Regex instance from self
fun to_s: String

core :: Object :: to_s

User readable representation of self.
fun to_sexp: SExpEntity

core :: Text :: to_sexp

Tries to parse self as an S-Expression
abstract fun to_snake_case: SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: to_snake_case

Takes a camel case self and converts it to snake case
fun to_sql_date_string: String

core :: Text :: to_sql_date_string

Format the date represented by self into an escaped string for SQLite
fun to_sql_string: String

core :: Text :: to_sql_string

Return self between 's, escaping \ and '
abstract fun to_upper: SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: to_upper

A upper case version of self
fun to_xml: XMLEntity

core :: Text :: to_xml

Tries to parse the current string to XML
fun trim: SELFTYPE

core :: Text :: trim

Trims trailing and preceding white spaces
fun underline: String

core :: Text :: underline

Make the text underlined in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
fun unescape_json: Text

core :: Text :: unescape_json

Removes JSON-escaping if necessary in a JSON string
fun unescape_nit: String

core :: Text :: unescape_nit

Return a string where Nit escape sequences are transformed.
fun unescape_to_bytes: Bytes

core :: Text :: unescape_to_bytes

Return a Bytes instance where Nit escape sequences are transformed.
fun unrail(depth: Int): Text

core :: Text :: unrail

Transforms a rail-fence-encrypted Text to its original
fun user_exists: Bool

core :: Text :: user_exists

Does the operating system know the user named self?
fun uvigenere(key: String): String

core :: Text :: uvigenere

Vigenere decoder on ASCII letters.
fun vigenere(key: String): String

core :: Text :: vigenere

Vigenere encoder on ASCII letters.
abstract fun write_to(stream: Writer)

core :: Writable :: write_to

Write itself to a stream
fun write_to_bytes: Bytes

core :: Writable :: write_to_bytes

Like write_to but return a new Bytes (may be quite large)
fun write_to_file(filepath: String)

core :: Writable :: write_to_file

Like write_to but take care of creating the file
fun write_to_string: String

core :: Writable :: write_to_string

Like write_to but return a new String (may be quite large).
fun yellow: String

core :: Text :: yellow

Make the text appear in yellow in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
package_diagram core::Text Text serialization::DirectSerializable DirectSerializable core::Text->serialization::DirectSerializable core::Comparable Comparable core::Text->core::Comparable core::Cloneable Cloneable core::Text->core::Cloneable core::Pattern Pattern core::Text->core::Pattern core::Writable Writable core::Text->core::Writable mpi::Sendable Sendable core::Text->mpi::Sendable serialization::Serializable Serializable serialization::DirectSerializable->serialization::Serializable core::Object Object core::Comparable->core::Object core::Cloneable->core::Object core::Pattern->core::Object core::Writable->core::Object mpi::Sendable->core::Object ...serialization::Serializable ... ...serialization::Serializable->serialization::Serializable ...core::Object ... ...core::Object->core::Object core::FlatText FlatText core::FlatText->core::Text core::String String core::String->core::Text core::Buffer Buffer core::Buffer->core::Text core::U16String U16String core::U16String->core::Text core::FlatString FlatString core::FlatString->core::FlatText core::FlatString->core::String core::FlatBuffer FlatBuffer core::FlatBuffer->core::FlatText core::FlatBuffer->core::Buffer core::FlatString... ... core::FlatString...->core::FlatString core::FlatBuffer... ... core::FlatBuffer...->core::FlatBuffer

Ancestors

interface Object

core :: Object

The root of the class hierarchy.
interface Serializable

serialization :: Serializable

Instances of this class can be passed to Serializer::serialize

Parents

interface Cloneable

core :: Cloneable

Something that can be cloned
interface Comparable

core :: Comparable

The ancestor of class where objects are in a total order.
interface DirectSerializable

serialization :: DirectSerializable

Instances of this class are not delayed and instead serialized immediately
interface Pattern

core :: Pattern

Patterns are abstract string motifs (include String and Char).
interface Sendable

mpi :: Sendable

Something sendable directly and efficiently over MPI
interface Writable

core :: Writable

Things that can be efficienlty written to a Writer

Children

abstract class Buffer

core :: Buffer

A mutable sequence of characters.
abstract class FlatText

core :: FlatText

All kinds of array-based text representations.
abstract class String

core :: String

Immutable sequence of characters.
class U16String

core :: U16String

UTF-16 encoded string

Descendants

class FlatBuffer

core :: FlatBuffer

Mutable strings of characters.
abstract class FlatString

core :: FlatString

Immutable strings of characters.

Class definitions

core $ Text
# High-level abstraction for all text representations
abstract class Text
	super Comparable
	super Cloneable

	redef type OTHER: Text

	# Type of self (used for factorization of several methods, ex : substring_from, empty...)
	type SELFTYPE: Text

	# Gets a view on the chars of the Text object
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "hello".chars.to_a == ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']
	# ~~~
	fun chars: SequenceRead[Char] is abstract

	# Gets a view on the bytes of the Text object
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "hello".bytes.to_a == [104, 101, 108, 108, 111]
	# ~~~
	fun bytes: SequenceRead[Int] is abstract

	# Number of characters contained in self.
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "12345".length == 5
	# assert "".length == 0
	# assert "あいうえお".length == 5
	# ~~~
	fun length: Int is abstract

	# Number of bytes in `self`
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "12345".byte_length == 5
	# assert "あいうえお".byte_length == 15
	# ~~~
	fun byte_length: Int is abstract

	# Create a substring.
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "abcd".substring(1, 2)      ==  "bc"
	# assert "abcd".substring(-1, 2)     ==  "a"
	# assert "abcd".substring(1, 0)      ==  ""
	# assert "abcd".substring(2, 5)      ==  "cd"
	# assert "あいうえお".substring(1,3) ==  "いうえ"
	# ~~~
	#
	# A `from` index < 0 will be replaced by 0.
	# Unless a `count` value is > 0 at the same time.
	# In this case, `from += count` and `count -= from`.
	fun substring(from: Int, count: Int): SELFTYPE is abstract

	# Iterates on the substrings of self if any
	private fun substrings: Iterator[FlatText] is abstract

	# Is the current Text empty (== "")
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "".is_empty
	# assert not "foo".is_empty
	# ~~~
	fun is_empty: Bool do return self.length == 0

	# Returns an empty Text of the right type
	#
	# This method is used internally to get the right
	# implementation of an empty string.
	protected fun empty: SELFTYPE is abstract

	# Returns a copy of `self` as a Buffer
	fun to_buffer: Buffer is abstract

	# Gets the first char of the Text
	fun first: Char do return self.chars[0]

	# Access a character at `index` in the string.
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "abcd"[2]         == 'c'
	# ~~~
	fun [](index: Int): Char do return self.chars[index]

	# Gets the index of the first occurence of 'c'
	#
	# Returns -1 if not found
	fun index_of(c: Char): Int
	do
		return index_of_from(c, 0)
	end

	# Gets the last char of self
	fun last: Char do return self.chars[length-1]

	# Gets the index of the first occurence of ´c´ starting from ´pos´
	#
	# Returns -1 if not found
	fun index_of_from(c: Char, pos: Int): Int
	do
		var iter = self.chars.iterator_from(pos)
		while iter.is_ok do
			if iter.item == c then return iter.index
			iter.next
		end
		return -1
	end

	# Gets the last index of char ´c´
	#
	# Returns -1 if not found
	fun last_index_of(c: Char): Int
	do
		return last_index_of_from(c, length - 1)
	end

	# Return a null terminated char *
	fun to_cstring: CString is abstract

	# The index of the last occurrence of an element starting from pos (in reverse order).
	#
	# ~~~
	# var s = "/etc/bin/test/test.nit"
	# assert s.last_index_of_from('/', s.length-1) == 13
	# assert s.last_index_of_from('/', 12)         == 8
	# ~~~
	#
	# Returns -1 if not found
	fun last_index_of_from(item: Char, pos: Int): Int do return chars.last_index_of_from(item, pos)

	# Concatenates `o` to `self`
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "hello" + "world"  == "helloworld"
	# assert "" + "hello" + ""  == "hello"
	# ~~~
	fun +(o: Text): SELFTYPE is abstract

	# Gets an iterator on the chars of self
	fun iterator: Iterator[Char]
	do
		return self.chars.iterator
	end


	# Gets an Array containing the chars of self
	fun to_a: Array[Char] do return chars.to_a

	# Create a substring from `self` beginning at the `from` position
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "abcd".substring_from(1)    ==  "bcd"
	# assert "abcd".substring_from(-1)   ==  "abcd"
	# assert "abcd".substring_from(2)    ==  "cd"
	# ~~~
	#
	# As with substring, a `from` index < 0 will be replaced by 0
	fun substring_from(from: Int): SELFTYPE
	do
		if from >= self.length then return empty
		if from < 0 then from = 0
		return substring(from, length - from)
	end

	# Does self have a substring `str` starting from position `pos`?
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "abcd".has_substring("bc",1)	     ==  true
	# assert "abcd".has_substring("bc",2)	     ==  false
	# ~~~
	#
	# Returns true iff all characters of `str` are presents
	# at the expected index in `self.`
	# The first character of `str` being at `pos`, the second
	# character being at `pos+1` and so on...
	#
	# This means that all characters of `str` need to be inside `self`.
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "abcd".has_substring("xab", -1)         == false
	# assert "abcd".has_substring("cdx", 2)          == false
	# ~~~
	#
	# And that the empty string is always a valid substring.
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "abcd".has_substring("", 2)             == true
	# assert "abcd".has_substring("", 200)           == true
	# ~~~
	fun has_substring(str: String, pos: Int): Bool
	do
		if str.is_empty then return true
		if pos < 0 or pos + str.length > length then return false
		var myiter = self.chars.iterator_from(pos)
		var itsiter = str.chars.iterator
		while myiter.is_ok and itsiter.is_ok do
			if myiter.item != itsiter.item then return false
			myiter.next
			itsiter.next
		end
		if itsiter.is_ok then return false
		return true
	end

	# Is this string prefixed by `prefix`?
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "abcd".has_prefix("ab")           ==  true
	# assert "abcbc".has_prefix("bc")          ==  false
	# assert "ab".has_prefix("abcd")           ==  false
	# ~~~
	fun has_prefix(prefix: String): Bool do return has_substring(prefix,0)

	# Is this string suffixed by `suffix`?
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "abcd".has_suffix("abc")	     ==  false
	# assert "abcd".has_suffix("bcd")	     ==  true
	# ~~~
	fun has_suffix(suffix: String): Bool do return has_substring(suffix, length - suffix.length)

	# Returns `self` as the corresponding integer
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "123".to_i        == 123
	# assert "-1".to_i         == -1
	# assert "0x64".to_i       == 100
	# assert "0b1100_0011".to_i== 195
	# assert "--12".to_i       == 12
	# assert "+45".to_i        == 45
	# ~~~
	#
	# REQUIRE: `self`.`is_int`
	fun to_i: Int is abstract

	# If `self` contains a float, return the corresponding float
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "123".to_f        == 123.0
	# assert "-1".to_f         == -1.0
	# assert "-1.2e-3".to_f    == -0.0012
	# ~~~
	fun to_f: Float
	do
		# Shortcut
		return to_s.to_cstring.atof
	end

	# If `self` contains only digits and alpha <= 'f', return the corresponding integer.
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "ff".to_hex == 255
	# ~~~
	fun to_hex(pos, ln: nullable Int): Int do
		var res = 0
		if pos == null then pos = 0
		if ln == null then ln = length - pos
		var max = pos + ln
		for i in [pos .. max[ do
			res <<= 4
			res += self[i].from_hex
		end
		return res
	end

	# If `self` contains only digits <= '7', return the corresponding integer.
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "714".to_oct == 460
	# ~~~
	fun to_oct: Int do return a_to(8)

	# If `self` contains only '0' et '1', return the corresponding integer.
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "101101".to_bin == 45
	# ~~~
	fun to_bin: Int do return a_to(2)

	# If `self` contains only digits '0' .. '9', return the corresponding integer.
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "108".to_dec == 108
	# ~~~
	fun to_dec: Int do return a_to(10)

	# If `self` contains only digits and letters, return the corresponding integer in a given base
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "120".a_to(3)     == 15
	# ~~~
	fun a_to(base: Int) : Int
	do
		var i = 0
		var neg = false

		for j in [0..length[ do
			var c = chars[j]
			var v = c.to_i
			if v > base then
				if neg then
					return -i
				else
					return i
				end
			else if v < 0 then
				neg = true
			else
				i = i * base + v
			end
		end
		if neg then
			return -i
		else
			return i
		end
	end

	# Is this string in a valid numeric format compatible with `to_f`?
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "123".is_numeric  == true
	# assert "1.2".is_numeric  == true
	# assert "-1.2".is_numeric == true
	# assert "-1.23e-2".is_numeric == true
	# assert "1..2".is_numeric == false
	# assert "".is_numeric     == false
	# ~~~
	fun is_numeric: Bool
	do
		var has_point = false
		var e_index = -1
		for i in [0..length[ do
			var c = chars[i]
			if not c.is_numeric then
				if c == '.' and not has_point then
					has_point = true
				else if c == 'e' and e_index == -1 and i > 0 and i < length - 1 and chars[i-1] != '-' then
					e_index = i
				else if c == '-' and i == e_index + 1 and i < length - 1 then
				else
					return false
				end
			end
		end
		return not is_empty
	end

	# Returns `true` if the string contains only Hex chars
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "048bf".is_hex  == true
	# assert "ABCDEF".is_hex  == true
	# assert "0G".is_hex == false
	# ~~~
	fun is_hex: Bool
	do
		for i in [0..length[ do
			var c = chars[i]
			if not (c >= 'a' and c <= 'f') and
			   not (c >= 'A' and c <= 'F') and
			   not (c >= '0' and c <= '9') then return false
		end
		return true
	end

	# Returns `true` if the string contains only Binary digits
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "1101100".is_bin  == true
	# assert "1101020".is_bin  == false
	# ~~~
	fun is_bin: Bool do
		for i in chars do if i != '0' and i != '1' then return false
		return true
	end

	# Returns `true` if the string contains only Octal digits
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "213453".is_oct  == true
	# assert "781".is_oct     == false
	# ~~~
	fun is_oct: Bool do
		for i in chars do if i < '0' or i > '7' then return false
		return true
	end

	# Returns `true` if the string contains only Decimal digits
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "10839".is_dec == true
	# assert "164F".is_dec  == false
	# ~~~
	fun is_dec: Bool do
		for i in chars do if i < '0' or i > '9' then return false
		return true
	end

	# Are all letters in `self` upper-case ?
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "HELLO WORLD".is_upper == true
	# assert "%$&%!".is_upper       == true
	# assert "hello world".is_upper == false
	# assert "Hello World".is_upper == false
	# ~~~
	fun is_upper: Bool
	do
		for i in [0..length[ do
			var char = chars[i]
			if char.is_lower then return false
		end
		return true
	end

	# Are all letters in `self` lower-case ?
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "hello world".is_lower == true
	# assert "%$&%!".is_lower       == true
	# assert "Hello World".is_lower == false
	# ~~~
	fun is_lower: Bool
	do
		for i in [0..length[ do
			var char = chars[i]
			if char.is_upper then return false
		end
		return true
	end

	# Removes the whitespaces at the beginning of self
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert " \n\thello \n\t".l_trim == "hello \n\t"
	# ~~~
	#
	# `Char::is_whitespace` determines what is a whitespace.
	fun l_trim: SELFTYPE
	do
		var iter = self.chars.iterator
		while iter.is_ok do
			if not iter.item.is_whitespace then break
			iter.next
		end
		if iter.index == length then return self.empty
		return self.substring_from(iter.index)
	end

	# Removes the whitespaces at the end of self
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert " \n\thello \n\t".r_trim == " \n\thello"
	# ~~~
	#
	# `Char::is_whitespace` determines what is a whitespace.
	fun r_trim: SELFTYPE
	do
		var iter = self.chars.reverse_iterator
		while iter.is_ok do
			if not iter.item.is_whitespace then break
			iter.next
		end
		if iter.index < 0 then return self.empty
		return self.substring(0, iter.index + 1)
	end

	# Trims trailing and preceding white spaces
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "  Hello  World !  ".trim   == "Hello  World !"
	# assert "\na\nb\tc\t".trim          == "a\nb\tc"
	# ~~~
	#
	# `Char::is_whitespace` determines what is a whitespace.
	fun trim: SELFTYPE do return (self.l_trim).r_trim

	# Is the string non-empty but only made of whitespaces?
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert " \n\t ".is_whitespace    == true
	# assert "  hello  ".is_whitespace == false
	# assert "".is_whitespace          == false
	# ~~~
	#
	# `Char::is_whitespace` determines what is a whitespace.
	fun is_whitespace: Bool
	do
		if is_empty then return false
		for c in self.chars do
			if not c.is_whitespace then return false
		end
		return true
	end

	# Returns `self` removed from its last line terminator (if any).
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "Hello\n".chomp == "Hello"
	# assert "Hello".chomp   == "Hello"
	#
	# assert "\n".chomp == ""
	# assert "".chomp   == ""
	# ~~~
	#
	# Line terminators are `"\n"`, `"\r\n"` and `"\r"`.
	# A single line terminator, the last one, is removed.
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "\r\n".chomp     == ""
	# assert "\r\n\n".chomp   == "\r\n"
	# assert "\r\n\r\n".chomp == "\r\n"
	# assert "\r\n\r".chomp   == "\r\n"
	# ~~~
	#
	# Note: unlike with most IO methods like `Reader::read_line`,
	# a single `\r` is considered here to be a line terminator and will be removed.
	fun chomp: SELFTYPE
	do
		var len = length
		if len == 0 then return self
		var l = self.chars.last
		if l == '\r' then
			return substring(0, len-1)
		else if l != '\n' then
			return self
		else if len > 1 and self.chars[len-2] == '\r' then
			return substring(0, len-2)
		else
			return substring(0, len-1)
		end
	end

	# Justify `self` in a space of `length`
	#
	# `left` is the space ratio on the left side.
	# * 0.0 for left-justified (no space at the left)
	# * 1.0 for right-justified (all spaces at the left)
	# * 0.5 for centered (half the spaces at the left)
	#
	# `char`, or `' '` by default, is repeated to pad the empty space.
	#
	# Examples
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "hello".justify(10, 0.0)  == "hello     "
	# assert "hello".justify(10, 1.0)  == "     hello"
	# assert "hello".justify(10, 0.5)  == "  hello   "
	# assert "hello".justify(10, 0.5, '.') == "..hello..."
	# ~~~
	#
	# If `length` is not enough, `self` is returned as is.
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "hello".justify(2, 0.0)   == "hello"
	# ~~~
	#
	# REQUIRE: `left >= 0.0 and left <= 1.0`
	# ENSURE: `self.length <= length implies result.length == length`
	# ENSURE: `self.length >= length implies result == self`
	fun justify(length: Int, left: Float, char: nullable Char): String
	do
		var pad = (char or else ' ').to_s
		var diff = length - self.length
		if diff <= 0 then return to_s
		assert left >= 0.0 and left <= 1.0
		var before = (diff.to_f * left).to_i
		return pad * before + self + pad * (diff-before)
	end

	# Mangle a string to be a unique string only made of alphanumeric characters and underscores.
	#
	# This method is injective (two different inputs never produce the same
	# output) and the returned string always respect the following rules:
	#
	# * Contains only US-ASCII letters, digits and underscores.
	# * Never starts with a digit.
	# * Never ends with an underscore.
	# * Never contains two contiguous underscores.
	#
	# Examples:
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "42_is/The answer!".to_cmangle == "_52d2_is_47dThe_32danswer_33d"
	# assert "__".to_cmangle == "_95d_95d"
	# assert "__d".to_cmangle == "_95d_d"
	# assert "_d_".to_cmangle == "_d_95d"
	# assert "_42".to_cmangle == "_95d42"
	# assert "foo".to_cmangle == "foo"
	# assert "".to_cmangle == ""
	# ~~~
	fun to_cmangle: String
	do
		if is_empty then return ""
		var res = new Buffer
		var underscore = false
		var start = 0
		var c = self[0]

		if c >= '0' and c <= '9' then
			res.add('_')
			res.append(c.code_point.to_s)
			res.add('d')
			start = 1
		end
		for i in [start..length[ do
			c = self[i]
			if (c >= 'a' and c <= 'z') or (c >='A' and c <= 'Z') then
				res.add(c)
				underscore = false
				continue
			end
			if underscore then
				res.append('_'.code_point.to_s)
				res.add('d')
			end
			if c >= '0' and c <= '9' then
				res.add(c)
				underscore = false
			else if c == '_' then
				res.add(c)
				underscore = true
			else
				res.add('_')
				res.append(c.code_point.to_s)
				res.add('d')
				underscore = false
			end
		end
		if underscore then
			res.append('_'.code_point.to_s)
			res.add('d')
		end
		return res.to_s
	end

	# Escape `"` `\` `'`, trigraphs and non printable characters using the rules of literal C strings and characters
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "abAB12<>&".escape_to_c       == "abAB12<>&"
	# assert "\n\"'\\".escape_to_c         == "\\n\\\"\\'\\\\"
	# assert "allo???!".escape_to_c        == "allo??\\?!"
	# assert "??=??/??'??(??)".escape_to_c == "?\\?=?\\?/??\\'?\\?(?\\?)"
	# assert "??!??<??>??-".escape_to_c    == "?\\?!?\\?<?\\?>?\\?-"
	# ~~~
	#
	# Most non-printable characters (bellow ASCII 32) are escaped to an octal form `\nnn`.
	# Three digits are always used to avoid following digits to be interpreted as an element
	# of the octal sequence.
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "{0.code_point}{1.code_point}{8.code_point}{31.code_point}{32.code_point}".escape_to_c == "\\000\\001\\010\\037 "
	# ~~~
	#
	# The exceptions are the common `\t` and `\n`.
	fun escape_to_c: String
	do
		var b = new Buffer
		for i in [0..length[ do
			var c = chars[i]
			if c == '\n' then
				b.append("\\n")
			else if c == '\t' then
				b.append("\\t")
			else if c == '"' then
				b.append("\\\"")
			else if c == '\'' then
				b.append("\\\'")
			else if c == '\\' then
				b.append("\\\\")
			else if c == '?' then
				# Escape if it is the last question mark of a ANSI C trigraph.
				var j = i + 1
				if j < length then
					var next = chars[j]
					# We ignore `??'` because it will be escaped as `??\'`.
					if
						next == '!' or
						next == '(' or
						next == ')' or
						next == '-' or
						next == '/' or
						next == '<' or
						next == '=' or
						next == '>'
					then b.add('\\')
				end
				b.add('?')
			else if c.code_point < 32 then
				b.add('\\')
				var oct = c.code_point.to_base(8)
				# Force 3 octal digits since it is the
				# maximum allowed in the C specification
				if oct.length == 1 then
					b.add('0')
					b.add('0')
				else if oct.length == 2 then
					b.add('0')
				end
				b.append(oct)
			else
				b.add(c)
			end
		end
		return b.to_s
	end

	# Escape additionnal characters
	# The result might no be legal in C but be used in other languages
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "ab|\{\}".escape_more_to_c("|\{\}") == "ab\\|\\\{\\\}"
	# assert "allo???!".escape_more_to_c("")     == "allo??\\?!"
	# ~~~
	fun escape_more_to_c(chars: String): String
	do
		var b = new Buffer
		for c in escape_to_c.chars do
			if chars.chars.has(c) then
				b.add('\\')
			end
			b.add(c)
		end
		return b.to_s
	end

	# Escape to C plus braces
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "\n\"'\\\{\}".escape_to_nit      == "\\n\\\"\\'\\\\\\\{\\\}"
	# ~~~
	fun escape_to_nit: String do return escape_more_to_c("\{\}")

	# Escape to POSIX Shell (sh).
	#
	# Abort if the text contains a null byte.
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "\n\"'\\\{\}0".escape_to_sh == "'\n\"'\\''\\\{\}0'"
	# ~~~
	fun escape_to_sh: String do
		var b = new Buffer
		b.chars.add '\''
		for i in [0..length[ do
			var c = chars[i]
			if c == '\'' then
				b.append("'\\''")
			else
				assert without_null_byte: c != '\0'
				b.add(c)
			end
		end
		b.chars.add '\''
		return b.to_s
	end

	# Escape to include in a Makefile
	#
	# Unfortunately, some characters are not escapable in Makefile.
	# These characters are `;`, `|`, `\`, and the non-printable ones.
	# They will be rendered as `"?{hex}"`.
	fun escape_to_mk: String do
		var b = new Buffer
		for i in [0..length[ do
			var c = chars[i]
			if c == '$' then
				b.append("$$")
			else if c == ':' or c == ' ' or c == '#' then
				b.add('\\')
				b.add(c)
			else if c.code_point < 32 or c == ';' or c == '|' or c == '\\' then
				b.append("?{c.code_point.to_base(16)}")
			else
				b.add(c)
			end
		end
		return b.to_s
	end

	# Return a string where Nit escape sequences are transformed.
	#
	# ~~~
	# var s = "\\n"
	# assert s.length        ==  2
	# var u = s.unescape_nit
	# assert u.length        ==  1
	# assert u.chars[0].code_point      ==  10 # (the ASCII value of the "new line" character)
	# ~~~
	fun unescape_nit: String
	do
		var res = new Buffer.with_cap(self.length)
		var was_slash = false
		for i in [0..length[ do
			var c = chars[i]
			if not was_slash then
				if c == '\\' then
					was_slash = true
				else
					res.add(c)
				end
				continue
			end
			was_slash = false
			if c == 'n' then
				res.add('\n')
			else if c == 'r' then
				res.add('\r')
			else if c == 't' then
				res.add('\t')
			else if c == '0' then
				res.add('\0')
			else
				res.add(c)
			end
		end
		return res.to_s
	end

	# Returns `self` with all characters escaped with their UTF-16 representation
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "Aèあ𐏓".escape_to_utf16 == "\\u0041\\u00e8\\u3042\\ud800\\udfd3"
	# ~~~
	fun escape_to_utf16: String do
		var buf = new Buffer
		for i in chars do buf.append i.escape_to_utf16
		return buf.to_s
	end

	# Returns the Unicode char escaped by `self`
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "\\u0041".from_utf16_escape == 'A'
	# assert "\\ud800\\udfd3".from_utf16_escape == '𐏓'
	# assert "\\u00e8".from_utf16_escape == 'è'
	# assert "\\u3042".from_utf16_escape == 'あ'
	# ~~~
	fun from_utf16_escape(pos, ln: nullable Int): Char do
		if pos == null then pos = 0
		if ln == null then ln = length - pos
		if ln < 6 then return 0xFFFD.code_point
		var cp = from_utf16_digit(pos + 2).to_u32
		if cp < 0xD800u32 then return cp.code_point
		if cp > 0xDFFFu32 then return cp.code_point
		if cp > 0xDBFFu32 then return 0xFFFD.code_point
		if ln == 6 then return 0xFFFD.code_point
		if ln < 12 then return 0xFFFD.code_point
		cp <<= 16
		cp += from_utf16_digit(pos + 8).to_u32
		var cplo = cp & 0xFFFFu32
		if cplo < 0xDC00u32 then return 0xFFFD.code_point
		if cplo > 0xDFFFu32 then return 0xFFFD.code_point
		return cp.from_utf16_surr.code_point
	end

	# Returns a UTF-16 escape value
	#
	# ~~~
	# var s = "\\ud800\\udfd3"
	# assert s.from_utf16_digit(2) == 0xD800
	# assert s.from_utf16_digit(8) == 0xDFD3
	# ~~~
	fun from_utf16_digit(pos: nullable Int): Int do
		if pos == null then pos = 0
		return to_hex(pos, 4)
	end

	# Encode `self` to percent (or URL) encoding
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "aBc09-._~".to_percent_encoding == "aBc09-._~"
	# assert "%()< >".to_percent_encoding == "%25%28%29%3c%20%3e"
	# assert ".com/post?e=asdf&f=123".to_percent_encoding == ".com%2fpost%3fe%3dasdf%26f%3d123"
	# assert "éあいう".to_percent_encoding == "%c3%a9%e3%81%82%e3%81%84%e3%81%86"
	# ~~~
	fun to_percent_encoding: String
	do
		var buf = new Buffer

		for i in [0..length[ do
			var c = chars[i]
			if (c >= '0' and c <= '9') or
			   (c >= 'a' and c <= 'z') or
			   (c >= 'A' and c <= 'Z') or
			   c == '-' or c == '.' or
			   c == '_' or c == '~'
			then
				buf.add c
			else
				var bytes = c.to_s.bytes
				for b in bytes do buf.append "%{b.to_i.to_hex}"
			end
		end

		return buf.to_s
	end

	# Decode `self` from percent (or URL) encoding to a clear string
	#
	# Invalid '%' are not decoded.
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "aBc09-._~".from_percent_encoding == "aBc09-._~"
	# assert "%25%28%29%3c%20%3e".from_percent_encoding == "%()< >"
	# assert ".com%2fpost%3fe%3dasdf%26f%3d123".from_percent_encoding == ".com/post?e=asdf&f=123"
	# assert "%25%28%29%3C%20%3E".from_percent_encoding == "%()< >"
	# assert "incomplete %".from_percent_encoding == "incomplete %"
	# assert "invalid % usage".from_percent_encoding == "invalid % usage"
	# assert "%c3%a9%e3%81%82%e3%81%84%e3%81%86".from_percent_encoding == "éあいう"
	# assert "%1 %A %C3%A9A9".from_percent_encoding == "%1 %A éA9"
	# ~~~
	fun from_percent_encoding: String
	do
		var len = byte_length
		var has_percent = false
		for c in chars do
			if c == '%' then
				len -= 2
				has_percent = true
			end
		end

		# If no transformation is needed, return self as a string
		if not has_percent then return to_s

		var buf = new CString(len)
		var i = 0
		var l = 0
		while i < length do
			var c = chars[i]
			if c == '%' then
				if i + 2 >= length then
					# What follows % has been cut off
					buf[l] = u'%'
				else
					i += 1
					var hex_s = substring(i, 2)
					if hex_s.is_hex then
						var hex_i = hex_s.to_hex
						buf[l] = hex_i
						i += 1
					else
						# What follows a % is not Hex
						buf[l] = u'%'
						i -= 1
					end
				end
			else buf[l] = c.code_point

			i += 1
			l += 1
		end

		return buf.to_s_unsafe(l, copy=false)
	end

	# Escape the characters `<`, `>`, `&`, `"`, `'` and `/` as HTML/XML entity references.
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "a&b-<>\"x\"/'".html_escape      ==  "a&amp;b-&lt;&gt;&#34;x&#34;&#47;&#39;"
	# ~~~
	#
	# SEE: <https://www.owasp.org/index.php/XSS_%28Cross_Site_Scripting%29_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet#RULE_.231_-_HTML_Escape_Before_Inserting_Untrusted_Data_into_HTML_Element_Content>
	fun html_escape: String
	do
		var buf: nullable Buffer = null

		for i in [0..length[ do
			var c = chars[i]
			var sub = null
			if c == '&' then
				sub = "&amp;"
			else if c == '<' then
				sub = "&lt;"
			else if c == '>' then
				sub = "&gt;"
			else if c == '"' then
				sub = "&#34;"
			else if c == '\'' then
				sub = "&#39;"
			else if c == '/' then
				sub = "&#47;"
			else
				if buf != null then buf.add c
				continue
			end
			if buf == null then
				buf = new Buffer
				for j in [0..i[ do buf.add chars[j]
			end
			buf.append sub
		end

		if buf == null then return self.to_s
		return buf.to_s
	end

	# Equality of text
	# Two pieces of text are equals if thez have the same characters in the same order.
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "hello" == "hello"
	# assert "hello" != "HELLO"
	# assert "hello" == "hel"+"lo"
	# ~~~
	#
	# Things that are not Text are not equal.
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "9" != '9'
	# assert "9" != ['9']
	# assert "9" != 9
	#
	# assert "9".chars.first == '9'   # equality of Char
	# assert "9".chars       == ['9'] # equality of Sequence
	# assert "9".to_i        == 9     # equality of Int
	# ~~~
	redef fun ==(o)
	do
		if o == null then return false
		if not o isa Text then return false
		if self.is_same_instance(o) then return true
		if self.length != o.length then return false
		return self.chars == o.chars
	end

	# Lexicographical comparaison
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "abc" < "xy"
	# assert "ABC" < "abc"
	# ~~~
	redef fun <(other)
	do
		var self_chars = self.chars.iterator
		var other_chars = other.chars.iterator

		while self_chars.is_ok and other_chars.is_ok do
			if self_chars.item < other_chars.item then return true
			if self_chars.item > other_chars.item then return false
			self_chars.next
			other_chars.next
		end

		if self_chars.is_ok then
			return false
		else
			return true
		end
	end

	# Escape string used in labels for graphviz
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert ">><<".escape_to_dot == "\\>\\>\\<\\<"
	# ~~~
	fun escape_to_dot: String
	do
		return escape_more_to_c("|\{\}<>")
	end

	private var hash_cache: nullable Int = null

	redef fun hash
	do
		if hash_cache == null then
			# djb2 hash algorithm
			var h = 5381

			for i in [0..length[ do
				var char = chars[i]
				h = (h << 5) + h + char.code_point
			end

			hash_cache = h
		end
		return hash_cache.as(not null)
	end

	# Format `self` by replacing each `%n` with the `n`th item of `args`
	#
	# The character `%` followed by something other than a number are left as is.
	# To represent a `%` followed by a number, double the `%`, as in `%%7`.
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "This %0 is a %1.".format("String", "formatted String") == "This String is a formatted String."
	# assert "Do not escape % nor %%1".format("unused") == "Do not escape % nor %1"
	# ~~~
	fun format(args: Object...): String do
		var s = new Array[Text]
		var curr_st = 0
		var i = 0
		while i < length do
			if self[i] == '%' then
				var fmt_st = i
				i += 1
				var ciph_st = i
				while i < length and self[i].is_numeric do
					i += 1
				end

				var ciph_len = i - ciph_st
				if ciph_len == 0 then
					# What follows '%' is not a number.
					s.push substring(curr_st, i - curr_st)
					if i < length and self[i] == '%' then
						# Skip the next `%`
						i += 1
					end
					curr_st = i
					continue
				end

				var arg_index = substring(ciph_st, ciph_len).to_i
				if arg_index >= args.length then continue

				s.push substring(curr_st, fmt_st - curr_st)
				s.push args[arg_index].to_s

				curr_st = i
				i -= 1
			end
			i += 1
		end
		s.push substring(curr_st, length - curr_st)
		return s.plain_to_s
	end

	# Return the Levenshtein distance between two strings
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "abcd".levenshtein_distance("abcd") == 0
	# assert "".levenshtein_distance("abcd")     == 4
	# assert "abcd".levenshtein_distance("")     == 4
	# assert "abcd".levenshtein_distance("xyz")  == 4
	# assert "abcd".levenshtein_distance("xbdy") == 3
	# ~~~
	fun levenshtein_distance(other: String): Int
	do
		var slen = self.length
		var olen = other.length

		# fast cases
		if slen == 0 then return olen
		if olen == 0 then return slen
		if self == other then return 0

		# previous row of distances
		var v0 = new Array[Int].with_capacity(olen+1)

		# current row of distances
		var v1 = new Array[Int].with_capacity(olen+1)

		for j in [0..olen] do
			# prefix insert cost
			v0[j] = j
		end

		for i in [0..slen[ do

			# prefix delete cost
			v1[0] = i + 1

			for j in [0..olen[ do
				# delete cost
				var cost1 = v1[j] + 1
				# insert cost
				var cost2 = v0[j + 1] + 1
				# same char cost (+0)
				var cost3 = v0[j]
				# change cost
				if self[i] != other[j] then cost3 += 1
				# keep the min
				v1[j+1] = cost1.min(cost2).min(cost3)
			end

			# Switch columns:
			# * v1 become v0 in the next iteration
			# * old v0 is reused as the new v1
			var tmp = v1
			v1 = v0
			v0 = tmp
		end

		return v0[olen]
	end

	# Copies `n` bytes from `self` at `src_offset` into `dest` starting at `dest_offset`
	#
	# Basically a high-level synonym of CString::copy_to
	#
	# REQUIRE: `n` must be large enough to contain `len` bytes
	#
	# ~~~
	# var ns = new CString(8)
	# "Text is String".copy_to_native(ns, 8, 2, 0)
	# assert ns.to_s_with_length(8) == "xt is St"
	# ~~~
	fun copy_to_native(dest: CString, n, src_offset, dest_offset: Int) do
		var mypos = src_offset
		var itspos = dest_offset
		while n > 0 do
			dest[itspos] = self.bytes[mypos]
			itspos += 1
			mypos += 1
			n -= 1
		end
	end

	# Packs the content of a string in packs of `ln` chars.
	# This variant ensures that only the last element might be smaller than `ln`
	#
	# ~~~
	# var s = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
	# assert s.pack_l(4) == ["abcd","efgh","ijkl","mnop","qrst","uvwx","yz"]
	# ~~~
	fun pack_l(ln: Int): Array[Text] do
		var st = 0
		var retarr = new Array[Text].with_capacity(length / ln + length % ln)
		while st < length do
			retarr.add(substring(st, ln))
			st += ln
		end
		return retarr
	end

	# Packs the content of a string in packs of `ln` chars.
	# This variant ensures that only the first element might be smaller than `ln`
	#
	# ~~~
	# var s = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
	# assert s.pack_r(4) == ["ab","cdef","ghij","klmn","opqr","stuv","wxyz"]
	# ~~~
	fun pack_r(ln: Int): Array[Text] do
		var st = length
		var retarr = new Array[Text].with_capacity(length / ln + length % ln)
		while st >= 0 do
			retarr.add(substring(st - ln, ln))
			st -= ln
		end
		return retarr.reversed
	end

	# Concatenates self `i` times
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "abc" * 4 == "abcabcabcabc"
	# assert "abc" * 1 == "abc"
	# assert "abc" * 0 == ""
	# var b = new Buffer
	# b.append("天地")
	# b = b * 4
	# assert b == "天地天地天地天地"
	# ~~~
	fun *(i: Int): SELFTYPE is abstract

	# Insert `s` at `pos`.
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "helloworld".insert_at(" ", 5)	== "hello world"
	# var b = new Buffer
	# b.append("Hello世界")
	# b = b.insert_at(" beautiful ", 5)
	# assert b == "Hello beautiful 世界"
	# ~~~
	fun insert_at(s: String, pos: Int): SELFTYPE is abstract

	# Returns a reversed version of self
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "hello".reversed  == "olleh"
	# assert "bob".reversed    == "bob"
	# assert "".reversed       == ""
	# ~~~
	fun reversed: SELFTYPE is abstract

	# A upper case version of `self`
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "Hello World!".to_upper     == "HELLO WORLD!"
	# ~~~
	fun to_upper: SELFTYPE is abstract

	# A lower case version of `self`
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "Hello World!".to_lower     == "hello world!"
	# ~~~
	fun to_lower : SELFTYPE is abstract

	# Takes a camel case `self` and converts it to snake case
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "randomMethodId".to_snake_case == "random_method_id"
	# ~~~
	#
	# The rules are the following:
	#
	# An uppercase is always converted to a lowercase
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "HELLO_WORLD".to_snake_case == "hello_world"
	# ~~~
	#
	# An uppercase that follows a lowercase is prefixed with an underscore
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "HelloTheWORLD".to_snake_case == "hello_the_world"
	# ~~~
	#
	# An uppercase that follows an uppercase and is followed by a lowercase, is prefixed with an underscore
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "HelloTHEWorld".to_snake_case == "hello_the_world"
	# ~~~
	#
	# All other characters are kept as is; `self` does not need to be a proper CamelCased string.
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "=-_H3ll0Th3W0rld_-=".to_snake_case == "=-_h3ll0th3w0rld_-="
	# ~~~
	fun to_snake_case: SELFTYPE is abstract

	# Takes a snake case `self` and converts it to camel case
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "random_method_id".to_camel_case == "randomMethodId"
	# ~~~
	#
	# If the identifier is prefixed by an underscore, the underscore is ignored
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "_private_field".to_camel_case == "_privateField"
	# ~~~
	#
	# If `self` is upper, it is returned unchanged
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "RANDOM_ID".to_camel_case == "RANDOM_ID"
	# ~~~
	#
	# If there are several consecutive underscores, they are considered as a single one
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "random__method_id".to_camel_case == "randomMethodId"
	# ~~~
	fun to_camel_case: SELFTYPE is abstract

	# Returns a capitalized `self`
	#
	# Letters that follow a letter are lowercased
	# Letters that follow a non-letter are upcased.
	#
	# If `keep_upper = true`, already uppercase letters are not lowercased.
	#
	# SEE : `Char::is_letter` for the definition of letter.
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "jAVASCRIPT".capitalized == "Javascript"
	# assert "i am root".capitalized == "I Am Root"
	# assert "ab_c -ab0c ab\nc".capitalized == "Ab_C -Ab0C Ab\nC"
	# assert "preserve my ACRONYMS".capitalized(keep_upper=true) == "Preserve My ACRONYMS"
	# ~~~
	fun capitalized(keep_upper: nullable Bool): SELFTYPE do
		if length == 0 then return self

		var buf = new Buffer.with_cap(length)
		buf.capitalize(keep_upper=keep_upper, src=self)
		return buf.to_s
	end
end
lib/core/text/abstract_text.nit:25,1--1398,3

core :: bytes $ Text
redef class Text
	# Returns a mutable copy of `self`'s bytes
	#
	# ~~~nit
	# assert "String".to_bytes isa Bytes
	# assert "String".to_bytes == [83, 116, 114, 105, 110, 103]
	# ~~~
	fun to_bytes: Bytes do
		var b = new Bytes.with_capacity(byte_length)
		append_to_bytes b
		return b
	end

	# Is `self` a valid hexdigest ?
	#
	#     assert "0B1d3F".is_valid_hexdigest
	#     assert not "5G".is_valid_hexdigest
	fun is_valid_hexdigest: Bool do
		for i in bytes do if not i.is_valid_hexdigit then return false
		return true
	end

	# Appends `self.bytes` to `b`
	fun append_to_bytes(b: Bytes) do
		for s in substrings do
			var from = if s isa FlatString then s.first_byte else 0
			b.append_ns_from(s.items, s.byte_length, from)
		end
	end

	# Returns a new `Bytes` instance with the digest as content
	#
	#     assert "0B1F4D".hexdigest_to_bytes == [0x0B, 0x1F, 0x4D]
	#     assert "0B1F4D".hexdigest_to_bytes.hexdigest == "0B1F4D"
	#
	# Characters that are not hexadecimal digits are ignored.
	#
	#     assert "z0B1 F4\nD".hexdigest_to_bytes.hexdigest == "0B1F4D"
	#     assert "\\x0b1 \\xf4d".hexdigest_to_bytes.hexdigest == "0B1F4D"
	#
	# When the number of hexadecimal digit is not even, then a leading 0 is
	# implicitly considered to fill the left byte (the most significant one).
	#
	#     assert "1".hexdigest_to_bytes.hexdigest == "01"
	#     assert "FFF".hexdigest_to_bytes.hexdigest == "0FFF"
	#
	# `Bytes::hexdigest` is a loosely reverse method since its
	# results contain only pairs of uppercase hexadecimal digits.
	#
	#     assert "ABCD".hexdigest_to_bytes.hexdigest == "ABCD"
	#     assert "a b c".hexdigest_to_bytes.hexdigest == "0ABC"
	fun hexdigest_to_bytes: Bytes do
		var b = bytes
		var max = byte_length

		var dlength = 0 # Number of hex digits
		var pos = 0
		while pos < max do
			var c = b[pos]
			if c.is_valid_hexdigit then dlength += 1
			pos += 1
		end

		# Allocate the result buffer
		var ret = new Bytes.with_capacity((dlength+1) / 2)

		var i = (dlength+1) % 2 # current hex digit (1=high, 0=low)
		var byte = 0 # current accumulated byte value

		pos = 0
		while pos < max do
			var c = b[pos]
			if c.is_valid_hexdigit then
				byte = byte << 4 | c.hexdigit_to_byteval
				i -= 1
				if i < 0 then
					# Last digit known: store and restart
					ret.add byte
					i = 1
					byte = 0
				end
			end
			pos += 1
		end
		return ret
	end

	# Gets the hexdigest of the bytes of `self`
	#
	#     assert "&lt;STRING&#47;&rt;".hexdigest == "266C743B535452494E47262334373B2672743B"
	fun hexdigest: String do
		var ln = byte_length
		var outns = new CString(ln * 2)
		var oi = 0
		for i in [0 .. ln[ do
			bytes[i].add_digest_at(outns, oi)
			oi += 2
		end
		return new FlatString.with_infos(outns, ln * 2, 0)
	end

	# Return a `Bytes` instance where Nit escape sequences are transformed.
	#
	#     assert "B\\n\\x41\\u0103D3".unescape_to_bytes.hexdigest == "420A41F0908F93"
	#
	# `Bytes::chexdigest` is a loosely reverse methods since its result is only made
	# of `"\x??"` escape sequences.
	#
	#     assert "\\x41\\x42\\x43".unescape_to_bytes.chexdigest == "\\x41\\x42\\x43"
	#     assert "B\\n\\x41\\u0103D3".unescape_to_bytes.chexdigest == "\\x42\\x0A\\x41\\xF0\\x90\\x8F\\x93"
	fun unescape_to_bytes: Bytes do
		var res = new Bytes.with_capacity(self.byte_length)
		var was_slash = false
		var i = 0
		while i < length do
			var c = self[i]
			if not was_slash then
				if c == '\\' then
					was_slash = true
				else
					res.add_char(c)
				end
				i += 1
				continue
			end
			was_slash = false
			if c == 'n' then
				res.add_char('\n')
			else if c == 'r' then
				res.add_char('\r')
			else if c == 't' then
				res.add_char('\t')
			else if c == '0' then
				res.add_char('\0')
			else if c == 'x' or c == 'X' then
				var hx = substring(i + 1, 2)
				if hx.is_hex then
					res.add hx.to_hex
				else
					res.add_char(c)
				end
				i += 2
			else if c == 'u' or c == 'U' then
				var hx = substring(i + 1, 6)
				if hx.is_hex then
					res.add_char(hx.to_hex.code_point)
				else
					res.add_char(c)
				end
				i += 6
			else
				res.add_char(c)
			end
			i += 1
		end
		return res
	end

	# Return a `Bytes` by reading 0 and 1.
	#
	#     assert "1010101100001101".binarydigest_to_bytes.hexdigest == "AB0D"
	#
	# Note that characters that are neither 0 or 1 are just ignored.
	#
	#     assert "a1B01 010\n1100あ001101".binarydigest_to_bytes.hexdigest == "AB0D"
	#     assert "hello".binarydigest_to_bytes.is_empty
	#
	# When the number of bits is not divisible by 8, then leading 0 are
	# implicitly considered to fill the left byte (the most significant one).
	#
	#     assert "1".binarydigest_to_bytes.hexdigest == "01"
	#     assert "1111111".binarydigest_to_bytes.hexdigest == "7F"
	#     assert "1000110100".binarydigest_to_bytes.hexdigest == "0234"
	#
	# `Bytes::binarydigest` is a loosely reverse method since its
	# results contain only 1 and 0 by blocks of 8.
	#
	#     assert "1010101100001101".binarydigest_to_bytes.binarydigest == "1010101100001101"
	#     assert "1".binarydigest_to_bytes.binarydigest == "00000001"
	fun binarydigest_to_bytes: Bytes
	do
		var b = bytes
		var max = byte_length

		# Count bits
		var bitlen = 0
		var pos = 0
		while pos < max do
			var c = b[pos]
			pos += 1
			if c == u'0' or c == u'1' then bitlen += 1
		end

		# Allocate (and take care of the padding)
		var ret = new Bytes.with_capacity((bitlen+7) / 8)

		var i = (bitlen+7) % 8 # current bit (7th=128, 0th=1)
		var byte = 0 # current accumulated byte value

		pos = 0
		while pos < max do
			var c = b[pos]
			pos += 1
			if c == u'0' then
				byte = byte << 1
			else if c == u'1' then
				byte = byte << 1 | 1
			else
				continue
			end

			i -= 1
			if i < 0 then
				# Last bit known: store and restart
				ret.add byte
				i = 7
				byte = 0
			end
		end
		return ret
	end
end
lib/core/bytes.nit:792,1--1013,3

core :: string_search $ Text
redef class Text
	super Pattern

	redef fun search_index_in(s, from)
	do
		assert from >= 0
		var stop = s.length - length + 1
		while from < stop do
			var i = length - 1
			while i >= 0 and self[i] == s[i + from] do i -= 1
			# Test if we found
			if i < 0 then return from
			# Not found so try next one
			from += 1
		end
		return -1
	end

	redef fun search_in(s, from)
	do
		var pos = search_index_in(s, from)
		if pos < 0 then
			return null
		else
			return new Match(s.to_s, pos, length)
		end
	end

	# Search the first occurence of `pattern`.
	# Return null if not found.
	#
	#     assert "I say hello to the world!".search("hello").from  == 6
	#     assert "I say goodbye to the world!".search("hello")     == null
	fun search(pattern: Pattern): nullable Match do return pattern.search_in(self, 0)

	# Search the first occurence of `pattern` after `from`.
	# The search starts at `from`.
	# Return null if not found.
	#
	#     assert "I say hello to the world!".search_from("hello",4).from  == 6
	#     assert "I say hello to the world!".search_from("hello",7)       == null
	fun search_from(pattern: Pattern, from: Int): nullable Match do return pattern.search_in(self, from)

	# Search the last occurence of the text `t`.
	#
	#     assert "bob".search_last("b").from == 2
	#     assert "bob".search_last("bo").from == 0
	#     assert "bob".search_last("ob").from == 1
	#     assert "bobob".search_last("ob").from == 3
	#     assert "bobbob".search_last("bb").from == 2
	#     assert "bobbob".search_last("bob").from == 3
	#     assert "bob".search_last("z") == null
	#     assert "".search_last("b") == null
	fun search_last(t: Text): nullable Match do
		return search_last_up_to(t, length)
	end

	# Search the last occurence of the text `t` before `up_to`.
	#
	#     assert "bobbob".search_last_up_to("b", 3).from == 2
	#     assert "bobbob".search_last_up_to("b", 6).from == 5
	#     assert "bobbob".search_last_up_to("b", 0) == null
	fun search_last_up_to(t: Text, up_to: Int): nullable Match do
		var i = up_to - t.length

		while i >= 0 do
			if substring(i, t.length) == t then
				return new Match(self.to_s, i, t.length)
			end
			i -= 1
		end
		return null
	end

	# Extract a given prefix, if any.
	#
	# ~~~
	# var p = "hello world".prefix("hello")
	# assert p != null
	# assert p.text_after == " world"
	# ~~~
	fun prefix(t: Text): nullable Match do
		var len = t.length
		if substring(0, len) == t then
			return new Match(self.to_s, 0, len)
		end
		return null
	end

	# Extract a given suffix, if any.
	#
	# ~~~
	# var p = "hello world".suffix("world")
	# assert p != null
	# assert p.text_before == "hello "
	# ~~~
	fun suffix(t: Text): nullable Match do
		var len = t.length
		var from = length - len
		if substring(from, len) == t then
			return new Match(self.to_s, from, len)
		end
		return null
	end

	# Search all occurrences of `pattern` into self.
	#
	#     var a = new Array[Int]
	#     for i in "hello world".search_all('o') do
	#         a.add(i.from)
	#     end
	#     assert a         ==  [4, 7]
	fun search_all(pattern: Pattern): Array[Match] do return pattern.search_all_in(self)

	# Split `self` using `pattern` as separator.
	#
	#     assert "hello world".split('o')          ==  ["hell", " w", "rld"]
	fun split(pattern: Pattern): Array[String]
	do
		var matches = pattern.split_in(self)
		var res = new Array[String].with_capacity(matches.length)
		for m in matches do res.add(m.to_s)
		return res
	end

	# @deprecated alias for `split`
	fun split_with(pattern: Pattern): Array[String] do return self.split(pattern)

	# Split `self` on the first occurence of `pattern`
	#
	#     assert "hello".split_once_on('l') == ["he", "lo"]
	#     assert "a, b, c, d, e".split_once_on(", ") == ["a", "b, c, d, e"]
	fun split_once_on(pattern: Pattern): Array[SELFTYPE]
	do
		var m = pattern.search_in(self, 0)
		var res = new Array[SELFTYPE]
		if m == null then
			res.add self
		else
			res.add substring(0, m.from)
			res.add substring_from(m.after)
		end
		return res
	end

	# Replace all occurrences of `pattern` with `string`
	#
	#     assert "hlelo".replace("le", "el") == "hello"
	#     assert "hello".replace('l', "")    == "heo"
	#
	#     var t: Text = "hello"
	#     assert t.replace("hello", new FlatBuffer) == ""
	fun replace(pattern: Pattern, string: Text): String
	do
		return self.split_with(pattern).join(string)
	end

	# Replace the first occurrence of `pattern` with `string`
	#
	#     assert "hlelo".replace_first("le", "el") == "hello"
	#     assert "hello".replace_first('l', "")    == "helo"
	fun replace_first(pattern: Pattern, string: Text): String
	do
		return self.split_once_on(pattern).join(string)
	end

	# Does `self` contains at least one instance of `pattern`?
	#
	#     assert "hello".has('l')
	#     assert "hello".has("ll")
	#     assert not "hello".has("lll")
	fun has(pattern: Pattern): Bool do return pattern.is_in(self)

	# Returns a copy of `self` minus all occurences of `pattern`
	#
	#     assert "__init__".remove_all('_') == "init"
	#     assert "abcd".remove_all("bc") == "ad"
	#     assert "abcd".remove_all("[ad]".to_re) == "bc"
	fun remove_all(pattern: Pattern): String do return split(pattern).join
end
lib/core/text/string_search.nit:328,1--507,3

core :: fixed_ints_text $ Text
redef class Text

	# Removes the numeric head of `self` if present
	#
	#     intrude import core::fixed_ints_text
	#     assert "0xFFEF".strip_numhead  == "FFEF"
	#     assert "0o7364".strip_numhead  == "7364"
	#     assert "0b01001".strip_numhead == "01001"
	#     assert "98".strip_numhead      == "98"
	private fun strip_numhead: Text do
		if get_numhead != "" then return substring_from(2)
		return self
	end

	# Gets the numeric head of `self` if present
	# Returns "" otherwise
	#
	#     intrude import core::fixed_ints_text
	#     assert "0xFEFF".get_numhead  == "0x"
	#     assert "0b01001".get_numhead == "0b"
	#     assert "0o872".get_numhead   == "0o"
	#     assert "98".get_numhead      == ""
	private fun get_numhead: Text do
		if self.length < 2 then return ""
		var c = self[0]
		if c != '0' then return ""
		c = self[1]
		if c == 'x' or c == 'b' or c == 'o' or
		   c == 'X' or c == 'B' or c == 'O' then return substring(0, 2)
		return ""
	end

	# Removes the numeric extension if present
	#
	#     intrude import core::fixed_ints_text
	#     assert "0xFEFFu8".strip_numext  == "0xFEFF"
	#     assert "0b01001u8".strip_numext == "0b01001"
	#     assert "0o872u8".strip_numext   == "0o872"
	#     assert "98".strip_numext        == "98"
	private fun strip_numext: Text do
		var ext = get_numext
		if ext != "" then return substring(0, length - ext.length)
		return self
	end

	# Gets the numeric extension (i/u 8/16/32) in `self` is present
	# Returns "" otherwise
	#
	#     intrude import core::fixed_ints_text
	#     assert "0xFEFFu8".get_numext  == "u8"
	#     assert "0b01001u8".get_numext == "u8"
	#     assert "0o872u8".get_numext   == "u8"
	#     assert "98".get_numext        == ""
	private fun get_numext: Text do
		var len = self.length
		var max = if self.length < 3 then self.length else 3
		for i in [1 .. max] do
			var c = self[len - i]
			if c == 'i' or c == 'u' then return substring_from(len - i)
		end
		return ""
	end

	# Is `self` a well-formed Integer (i.e. parsable via `to_i`)
	#
	#     assert "123".is_int
	#     assert "0b1011".is_int
	#     assert "-34".is_int
	#     assert "+45".is_int
	#     assert not "0x_".is_int
	#     assert not "0xGE".is_int
	#     assert not "".is_int
	#     assert not "Not an Int".is_int
	#     assert not "-".is_int
	fun is_int: Bool do
		if byte_length == 0 then return false
		var s = remove_all('_')
		var pos = 0
		var len = s.length
		while pos < len and (s[pos] == '-' or s[pos] == '+') do
			pos += 1
		end
		s = s.substring_from(pos)
		var rets = s.strip_numhead
		if rets == "" then return false
		var hd = get_numhead
		if hd == "0x" or hd == "0X" then return rets.is_hex
		if hd == "0b" or hd == "0B" then return rets.is_bin
		if hd == "0o" or hd == "0O" then return rets.is_oct
		return rets.is_dec
	end

	redef fun to_i
	do
		assert self.is_int
		var s = remove_all('_')
		var val = 0
		var neg = false
		var pos = 0
		loop
			if s[pos] == '-' then
				neg = not neg
				pos += 1
			else if s[pos] == '+' then
				pos += 1
			else
				break
			end
		end
		s = s.substring_from(pos)
		if s.length >= 2 then
			var s1 = s[1]
			if s1 == 'x' or s1 == 'X' then
				val = s.substring_from(2).to_hex
			else if s1 == 'o' or s1 == 'O' then
				val = s.substring_from(2).to_oct
			else if s1 == 'b' or s1 == 'B' then
				val = s.substring_from(2).to_bin
			else if s1.is_numeric then
				val = s.to_dec
			end
		else
			val = s.to_dec
		end
		return if neg then -val else val
	end

	# Is `self` a valid integer ?
	#
	#     assert "0xFE46u8".is_num
	#     assert "0b0100".is_num
	#     assert "0o645".is_num
	#     assert "897u8".is_num
	fun is_num: Bool do
		var prefix = get_numhead
		var s = strip_numhead.strip_numext.remove_all('_')
		if prefix != "" then
			var c = prefix[1]
			if c == 'x' or c == 'X' then return s.is_hex
			if c == 'o' or c == 'O' then return s.is_oct
			if c == 'b' or c == 'B' then return s.is_bin
		end
		return s.is_dec
	end

	# If `self` is a properly formatted integer, returns the corresponding value
	# Returns `null` otherwise
	#
	#     assert "0xFEu8".to_num  == 254u8
	#     assert "0b10_10".to_num != 10u8
	fun to_num: nullable Numeric do
		if not is_num then return null
		var s = remove_all('_')
		var ext = s.get_numext
		var trunk = s.strip_numext
		if trunk.strip_numhead == "" then return null
		var trval = trunk.to_i
		if ext == "u8" then
			return trval.to_b
		else if ext == "i8" then
			return trval.to_i8
		else if ext == "i16" then
			return trval.to_i16
		else if ext == "u16" then
			return trval.to_u16
		else if ext == "i32" then
			return trval.to_i32
		else if ext == "u32" then
			return trval.to_u32
		else if ext == "" then
			return trval
		else
			return null
		end
	end
end
lib/core/text/fixed_ints_text.nit:144,1--319,3

core :: numeric $ Text
redef class Text
	# Get the numeric version of `self`
	#
	# require: `is_numeric`
	#
	# ~~~~
	# assert "0".to_n == 0
	# assert "0.0".to_n == 0.0
	# assert ".12345".to_n == 0.12345
	# assert "12345".to_n == 12345
	# assert "".to_n == 0
	# ~~~~
	fun to_n: Numeric
	do
		if is_empty then return 0
		if chars.has('.') then return to_f
		return to_i
	end
end
lib/core/numeric.nit:23,1--41,3

core :: re $ Text
redef class Text
	# Get a `Regex` instance from `self`
	fun to_re: Regex do return new Regex(self.to_s)
end
lib/core/re.nit:122,1--125,3

core :: stream $ Text
redef class Text
	super Writable
	redef fun write_to(stream) do stream.write(self)
end
lib/core/stream.nit:593,1--596,3

core :: file $ Text
redef class Text
	# Access file system related services on the path at `self`
	fun to_path: Path do return new Path(to_s)

	private fun write_native_to(s: FileWriter)
	do
		for i in substrings do s.write_native(i.to_cstring, 0, i.byte_length)
	end

	# return true if a file with this names exists
	fun file_exists: Bool do return to_cstring.file_exists

	# The status of a file. see POSIX stat(2).
	fun file_stat: nullable FileStat
	do
		var stat = to_cstring.file_stat
		if stat.address_is_null then return null
		return new FileStat(stat)
	end

	# The status of a file or of a symlink. see POSIX lstat(2).
	fun file_lstat: nullable FileStat
	do
		var stat = to_cstring.file_lstat
		if stat.address_is_null then return null
		return new FileStat(stat)
	end

	# Remove a file, return true if success
	fun file_delete: Bool do return to_cstring.file_delete

	# Copy content of file at `self` to `dest`
	fun file_copy_to(dest: String) do to_path.copy(dest.to_path)

	# Remove the trailing `extension`.
	#
	# `extension` usually starts with a dot but could be anything.
	#
	#     assert "file.txt".strip_extension(".txt")   == "file"
	#     assert "file.txt".strip_extension("le.txt") == "fi"
	#     assert "file.txt".strip_extension("xt")     == "file.t"
	#
	# If `extension == null`, the rightmost extension is stripped, including the last dot.
	#
	#     assert "file.txt".strip_extension           == "file"
	#
	# If `extension` is not present, `self` is returned unmodified.
	#
	#     assert "file.txt".strip_extension(".tar.gz")  == "file.txt"
	fun strip_extension(extension: nullable String): String
	do
		if extension == null then
			extension = file_extension
			if extension == null then
				return self.to_s
			else extension = ".{extension}"
		end

		if has_suffix(extension) then
			return substring(0, length - extension.length).to_s
		end
		return self.to_s
	end

	# Extract the basename of a path and strip the `extension`
	#
	# The extension is stripped only if `extension != null`.
	#
	#     assert "/path/to/a_file.ext".basename(".ext")     == "a_file"
	#     assert "path/to/a_file.ext".basename(".ext")      == "a_file"
	#     assert "path/to/a_file.ext".basename              == "a_file.ext"
	#     assert "path/to".basename(".ext")                 == "to"
	#     assert "path/to/".basename(".ext")                == "to"
	#     assert "path/to".basename                         == "to"
	#     assert "path".basename                            == "path"
	#     assert "/path".basename                           == "path"
	#     assert "/".basename                               == "/"
	#     assert "".basename                                == ""
	#
	# On Windows, '\' are replaced by '/':
	#
	# ~~~nitish
	# assert "C:\\path\\to\\a_file.ext".basename(".ext")    == "a_file"
	# assert "C:\\".basename                                == "C:"
	# ~~~
	fun basename(extension: nullable String): String
	do
		var n = self
		if is_windows then n = n.replace("\\", "/")

		var l = length - 1 # Index of the last char
		while l > 0 and self.chars[l] == '/' do l -= 1 # remove all trailing `/`
		if l == 0 then return "/"
		var pos = chars.last_index_of_from('/', l)
		if pos >= 0 then
			n = substring(pos+1, l-pos)
		end

		if extension != null then
			return n.strip_extension(extension)
		else return n.to_s
	end

	# Extract the dirname of a path
	#
	#     assert "/path/to/a_file.ext".dirname         == "/path/to"
	#     assert "path/to/a_file.ext".dirname          == "path/to"
	#     assert "path/to".dirname                     == "path"
	#     assert "path/to/".dirname                    == "path"
	#     assert "path".dirname                        == "."
	#     assert "/path".dirname                       == "/"
	#     assert "/".dirname                           == "/"
	#     assert "".dirname                            == "."
	#
	# On Windows, '\' are replaced by '/':
	#
	# ~~~nitish
	# assert "C:\\path\\to\\a_file.ext".dirname        == "C:/path/to"
	# assert "C:\\file".dirname                        == "C:"
	# ~~~
	fun dirname: String
	do
		var s = self
		if is_windows then s = s.replace("\\", "/")

		var l = length - 1 # Index of the last char
		while l > 0 and s.chars[l] == '/' do l -= 1 # remove all trailing `/`
		var pos = s.chars.last_index_of_from('/', l)
		if pos > 0 then
			return s.substring(0, pos).to_s
		else if pos == 0 then
			return "/"
		else
			return "."
		end
	end

	# Return the canonicalized absolute pathname (see POSIX function `realpath`)
	#
	# Require: `file_exists`
	fun realpath: String do
		var cs = to_cstring.file_realpath
		assert file_exists
		var res = cs.to_s
		cs.free
		return res
	end

	# Simplify a file path by remove useless `.`, removing `//`, and resolving `..`
	#
	# * `..` are not resolved if they start the path
	# * starting `.` is simplified unless the path is empty
	# * starting `/` is not removed
	# * trailing `/` is removed
	#
	# Note that the method only work on the string:
	#
	#  * no I/O access is performed
	#  * the validity of the path is not checked
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "some/./complex/../../path/from/../to/a////file//".simplify_path	     ==  "path/to/a/file"
	# assert "../dir/file".simplify_path       ==  "../dir/file"
	# assert "dir/../../".simplify_path        ==  ".."
	# assert "dir/..".simplify_path            ==  "."
	# assert "//absolute//path/".simplify_path ==  "/absolute/path"
	# assert "//absolute//../".simplify_path   ==  "/"
	# assert "/".simplify_path                 == "/"
	# assert "../".simplify_path               == ".."
	# assert "./".simplify_path                == "."
	# assert "././././././".simplify_path      == "."
	# assert "./../dir".simplify_path		   == "../dir"
	# assert "./dir".simplify_path			   == "dir"
	# ~~~
	#
	# On Windows, '\' are replaced by '/':
	#
	# ~~~nitish
	# assert "C:\\some\\.\\complex\\../../path/to/a_file.ext".simplify_path == "C:/path/to/a_file.ext"
	# assert "C:\\".simplify_path              == "C:"
	# ~~~
	fun simplify_path: String
	do
		var s = self
		if is_windows then s = s.replace("\\", "/")
		var a = s.split_with("/")
		var a2 = new Array[String]
		for x in a do
			if x == "." and not a2.is_empty then continue # skip `././`
			if x == "" and not a2.is_empty then continue # skip `//`
			if x == ".." and not a2.is_empty and a2.last != ".." then
				if a2.last == "." then # do not skip `./../`
					a2.pop # reduce `./../` in `../`
				else # reduce `dir/../` in `/`
					a2.pop
					continue
				end
			else if not a2.is_empty and a2.last == "." then
				a2.pop # reduce `./dir` in `dir`
			end
			a2.push(x)
		end
		if a2.is_empty then return "."
		if a2.length == 1 and a2.first == "" then return "/"
		return a2.join("/")
	end

	# Correctly join two path using the directory separator.
	#
	# Using a standard "{self}/{path}" does not work in the following cases:
	#
	# * `self` is empty.
	# * `path` starts with `'/'`.
	#
	# This method ensures that the join is valid.
	#
	#     assert "hello".join_path("world")   == "hello/world"
	#     assert "hel/lo".join_path("wor/ld") == "hel/lo/wor/ld"
	#     assert "".join_path("world")        == "world"
	#     assert "hello".join_path("/world")  == "/world"
	#     assert "hello/".join_path("world")  == "hello/world"
	#     assert "hello/".join_path("/world") == "/world"
	#
	# Note: You may want to use `simplify_path` on the result.
	#
	# Note: This method works only with POSIX paths.
	fun join_path(path: Text): String
	do
		if path.is_empty then return self.to_s
		if self.is_empty then return path.to_s
		if path.chars[0] == '/' then return path.to_s
		if self.last == '/' then return "{self}{path}"
		return "{self}/{path}"
	end

	# Convert the path (`self`) to a program name.
	#
	# Ensure the path (`self`) will be treated as-is by POSIX shells when it is
	# used as a program name. In order to do that, prepend `./` if needed.
	#
	#     assert "foo".to_program_name == "./foo"
	#     assert "/foo".to_program_name == "/foo"
	#     assert "".to_program_name == "./" # At least, your shell will detect the error.
	fun to_program_name: String do
		if self.has_prefix("/") then
			return self.to_s
		else
			return "./{self}"
		end
	end

	# Alias for `join_path`
	#
	#     assert "hello" / "world"      ==  "hello/world"
	#     assert "hel/lo" / "wor/ld"    ==  "hel/lo/wor/ld"
	#     assert "" / "world"           ==  "world"
	#     assert "/hello" / "/world"    ==  "/world"
	#
	# This operator is quite useful for chaining changes of path.
	# The next one being relative to the previous one.
	#
	#     var a = "foo"
	#     var b = "/bar"
	#     var c = "baz/foobar"
	#     assert a/b/c == "/bar/baz/foobar"
	fun /(path: Text): String do return join_path(path)

	# Returns the relative path needed to go from `self` to `dest`.
	#
	#     assert "/foo/bar".relpath("/foo/baz") == "../baz"
	#     assert "/foo/bar".relpath("/baz/bar") == "../../baz/bar"
	#
	# If `self` or `dest` is relative, they are considered relatively to `getcwd`.
	#
	# In some cases, the result is still independent of the current directory:
	#
	#     assert "foo/bar".relpath("..") == "../../.."
	#
	# In other cases, parts of the current directory may be exhibited:
	#
	#     var p = "../foo/bar".relpath("baz")
	#     var c = getcwd.basename
	#     assert p == "../../{c}/baz"
	#
	# For path resolution independent of the current directory (eg. for paths in URL),
	# or to use an other starting directory than the current directory,
	# just force absolute paths:
	#
	#     var start = "/a/b/c/d"
	#     var p2 = (start/"../foo/bar").relpath(start/"baz")
	#     assert p2 == "../../d/baz"
	#
	#
	# Neither `self` or `dest` has to be real paths or to exist in directories since
	# the resolution is only done with string manipulations and without any access to
	# the underlying file system.
	#
	# If `self` and `dest` are the same directory, the empty string is returned:
	#
	#     assert "foo".relpath("foo") == ""
	#     assert "foo/../bar".relpath("bar") == ""
	#
	# The empty string and "." designate both the current directory:
	#
	#     assert "".relpath("foo/bar")  == "foo/bar"
	#     assert ".".relpath("foo/bar") == "foo/bar"
	#     assert "foo/bar".relpath("")  == "../.."
	#     assert "/" + "/".relpath(".") == getcwd
	fun relpath(dest: String): String
	do
		# TODO windows support
		var cwd = getcwd
		var from = (cwd/self).simplify_path.split("/")
		if from.last.is_empty then from.pop # case for the root directory
		var to = (cwd/dest).simplify_path.split("/")
		if to.last.is_empty then to.pop # case for the root directory

		# Remove common prefixes
		while not from.is_empty and not to.is_empty and from.first == to.first do
			from.shift
			to.shift
		end

		# Result is going up in `from` with ".." then going down following `to`
		var from_len = from.length
		if from_len == 0 then return to.join("/")
		var up = "../"*(from_len-1) + ".."
		if to.is_empty then return up
		var res = up + "/" + to.join("/")
		return res
	end

	# Create a directory (and all intermediate directories if needed)
	#
	# The optional `mode` parameter specifies the permissions of the directory,
	# the default value is `0o777`.
	#
	# Return an error object in case of error.
	#
	#    assert "/etc/".mkdir != null
	fun mkdir(mode: nullable Int): nullable Error
	do
		mode = mode or else 0o777
		var s = self
		if is_windows then s = s.replace("\\", "/")

		var dirs = s.split_with("/")
		var path = new FlatBuffer
		if dirs.is_empty then return null
		if dirs[0].is_empty then
			# it was a starting /
			path.add('/')
		end
		var error: nullable Error = null
		for i in [0 .. dirs.length - 1[ do
			var d = dirs[i]
			if d.is_empty then continue
			path.append(d)
			path.add('/')
			if path.file_exists then continue
			var res = path.to_cstring.file_mkdir(mode)
			if not res and error == null then
				error = new IOError("Cannot create directory `{path}`: {sys.errno.strerror}")
			end
		end
		var res = s.to_cstring.file_mkdir(mode)
		if not res and error == null then
			error = new IOError("Cannot create directory `{path}`: {sys.errno.strerror}")
		end
		return error
	end

	# Delete a directory and all of its content, return `true` on success
	#
	# Does not go through symbolic links and may get stuck in a cycle if there
	# is a cycle in the filesystem.
	#
	# Return an error object in case of error.
	#
	#     assert "/fail/does not/exist".rmdir != null
	fun rmdir: nullable Error
	do
		var p = to_path
		p.rmdir
		return p.last_error
	end

	# Change the current working directory
	#
	#     "/etc".chdir
	#     assert getcwd == "/etc"
	#     "..".chdir
	#     assert getcwd == "/"
	#
	# Return an error object in case of error.
	#
	#     assert "/etc".chdir == null
	#     assert "/fail/does no/exist".chdir != null
	#     assert getcwd == "/etc" # unchanger
	fun chdir: nullable Error
	do
		var res = to_cstring.file_chdir
		if res then return null
		var error = new IOError("Cannot change directory to `{self}`: {sys.errno.strerror}")
		return error
	end

	# Return right-most extension (without the dot)
	#
	# Only the last extension is returned.
	# There is no special case for combined extensions.
	#
	#     assert "file.txt".file_extension      == "txt"
	#     assert "file.tar.gz".file_extension   == "gz"
	#
	# For file without extension, `null` is returned.
	# Hoever, for trailing dot, `""` is returned.
	#
	#     assert "file".file_extension          == null
	#     assert "file.".file_extension         == ""
	#
	# The starting dot of hidden files is never considered.
	#
	#     assert ".file.txt".file_extension     == "txt"
	#     assert ".file".file_extension         == null
	fun file_extension: nullable String
	do
		var last_slash = chars.last_index_of('.')
		if last_slash > 0 then
			return substring( last_slash+1, length ).to_s
		else
			return null
		end
	end

	# Returns entries contained within the directory represented by self.
	#
	#     var files = "/etc".files
	#     assert files.has("issue")
	#
	# Returns an empty array in case of error
	#
	#     files = "/etc/issue".files
	#     assert files.is_empty
	#
	# TODO find a better way to handle errors and to give them back to the user.
	fun files: Array[String]
	do
		var res = new Array[String]
		var d = new NativeDir.opendir(to_cstring)
		if d.address_is_null then return res

		loop
			var de = d.readdir
			if de.address_is_null then break
			var name = de.to_s
			if name == "." or name == ".." then continue
			res.add name
		end
		d.closedir

		return res
	end
end
lib/core/file.nit:892,1--1355,3

base64 :: base64 $ Text
redef class Text

	# Encodes the receiver string to base64 using a custom padding character.
	#
	# If using the default padding character `=`, see `encode_base64`.
	fun encode_base64: String do return to_cstring.encode_base64(byte_length).to_s

	# Decodes the receiver string to base64 using a custom padding character.
	#
	# Default padding character `=`
	fun decode_base64: Bytes do return to_cstring.decode_base64(byte_length)

	# Is `self` a well-formed Base64 entity ?
	fun is_base64: Bool do return to_cstring.is_base64(byte_length)

	# Is `self` a well-formed Base64 entity ?
	#
	# Will return an Error otherwise with info on which part is erroneous.
	fun check_base64: nullable Error do return to_cstring.check_base64(byte_length)
end
lib/base64/base64.nit:221,1--240,3

cocoa :: foundation $ Text
redef class Text
	# Get a `NSString` from `self`
	fun to_nsstring: NSString do return to_cstring.to_nsstring(byte_length)
end
lib/cocoa/foundation.nit:52,1--55,3

console :: console $ Text
# Services to color terminal output
redef class Text
	private fun apply_format(f: TermCharFormat): String do
		if stdout_isatty or force_console_colors then
			return "{f}{self}{normal}"
		else return to_s
	end

	private fun normal: TermCharFormat do return new TermCharFormat

	# Make the text appear in dark gray (or black) in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
	#
	# SEE: `TermCharFormat`
	fun gray: String do return apply_format(normal.black_fg)

	# Make the text appear in red in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
	#
	# SEE: `TermCharFormat`
	fun red: String do return apply_format(normal.red_fg)

	# Make the text appear in green in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
	#
	# SEE: `TermCharFormat`
	fun green: String do return apply_format(normal.green_fg)

	# Make the text appear in yellow in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
	#
	# SEE: `TermCharFormat`
	fun yellow: String do return apply_format(normal.yellow_fg)

	# Make the text appear in blue in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
	#
	# SEE: `TermCharFormat`
	fun blue: String do return apply_format(normal.blue_fg)

	# Make the text appear in magenta in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
	#
	# SEE: `TermCharFormat`
	fun purple: String do return apply_format(normal.magenta_fg)

	# Make the text appear in cyan in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
	#
	# SEE: `TermCharFormat`
	fun cyan: String do return apply_format(normal.cyan_fg)

	# Make the text appear in light gray (or white) in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
	#
	# SEE: `TermCharFormat`
	fun light_gray: String do return apply_format(normal.white_fg)

	# Make the text appear in bold in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
	#
	# SEE: `TermCharFormat`
	fun bold: String do return apply_format(normal.bold)

	# Make the text underlined in a ANSI/VT100 terminal.
	#
	# SEE: `TermCharFormat`
	fun underline: String do return apply_format(normal.underline)
end
lib/console/console.nit:286,1--345,3

cpp :: cpp $ Text
redef class Text
	# Get `self` as a `CppString`
	fun to_cpp_string: CppString do return to_cstring.to_cpp_string(length)
end
lib/cpp/cpp.nit:26,1--29,3

crapto :: english_utils $ Text
redef class Text

	# Score `self` according to english's letter frequency.
	# This function is useful mainly for cryptography but could happen to be helpful
	# elsewhere.
	#
	#     assert "aaaa".english_scoring > "bbbb".english_scoring
	fun english_scoring: Float do

		var freqs = english_freqs
		var score = 0.0

		for c in self do
			c = c.to_lower
			var points = freqs.get_or_null(c)
			if points != null then
				score += points
			end
		end

		return score

	end
end
lib/crapto/english_utils.nit:57,1--80,3

crypto :: basic_ciphers $ Text
redef class Text
	# Performs a Rotation of `x` on each letter of self
	#
	# Works by replacing every character in `self` by its
	# rotated char.
	#
	# Say we have a rotation of `3` (Caesar rotation, for
	# culture) for a string : "aybabtu"
	#
	# a, rotated by 3 becomes d
	# y, rotated by 3 becomes b
	# b, rotated by 3 becomes e
	# t, rotated by 3 becomes w
	# u, rotated by 3 becomes x
	#
	# We then replace every letter in our original string by
	# their rotated representations, therefore yielding : "dbedewx"
	#
	#     assert "All your base are belong to us".rot(13) == "Nyy lbhe onfr ner orybat gb hf"
	#     assert "This is no moon.".rot(4).rot(22) == "This is no moon."
	#
	# NOTE : Works on letters only
	# NOTE : This cipher is symmetrically decrypted with an `x` of 26-`x`
	fun rot(x: Int): Text do
		var rot = x % 26
		if rot < 0 then rot += 26
		var d = new FlatBuffer.with_capacity(length)
		for i in chars do
			d.add i.rot(rot)
		end
		return d.to_s
	end

	# Returns a rail-fence cipher from `self` with `depth` rails
	#
	# Rail works by drawing a zig-zag pattern on `depth` rails.
	#
	# Say we have "fuckingbehemoth".railfence(4)
	#
	# This happens in-memory:
	#
	# ~~~raw
	# f.....g.....o..
	# .u...n.b...m.t.
	# ..c.i...e.e...h
	# ...k.....h.....
	# ~~~
	#
	# Therefore, yielding the ciphertext : "fgounbmtcieehkh"
	#
	#     assert "fuckingbehemoth".railfence(4) == "fgounbmtcieehkh"
	fun railfence(depth: Int): Text do
		var lines = new Array[FlatBuffer].with_capacity(depth)
		var up = false
		for i in [0..depth[ do
			lines[i] = new FlatBuffer.with_capacity(length)
		end
		var curr_depth = 0
		for i in chars do
			for j in [0..depth[ do
				if j == curr_depth then
					lines[j].add i
				else
					lines[j].add '.'
				end
			end
			if up then
				curr_depth -= 1
			else
				curr_depth += 1
			end
			if curr_depth == 0 then
				up = false
			end
			if curr_depth == (depth - 1) then
				up = true
			end
		end
		var r = new FlatBuffer.with_capacity(length)
		for i in lines do
			r.append i.to_s.replace(".", "")
		end
		return r.to_s
	end

	# Transforms a rail-fence-encrypted Text to its original
	#
	#     assert "fgounbmtcieehkh".unrail(4) == "fuckingbehemoth"
	fun unrail(depth: Int): Text do
		var dots = "." * length
		var arr = new FlatBuffer.from(dots)
		var start = 0
		var paces = depth.unrail_paces
		for i in [0..depth[ do
			var lp = paces[i].first
			var rp = paces[i].second
			var pos = i
			var l = true
			while pos < length do
				arr[pos] = chars[start]
				if l then
					pos += lp
					l = false
				else
					pos += rp
					l = true
				end
				start += 1
			end
		end
		return arr.to_s
	end

	# Vigenere encoder on ASCII letters.
	#
	# Only the letters in '[A-Za-z]' are encoded while keeping the case.
	#
	#     assert "Hello, World!".vigenere("abc") == "Hfnlp, Yosnd!"
	#
	# REQUIRE `key` contains only lowercases '[a-z]'
	fun vigenere(key: String): String
	do
		var res = new Buffer
		res.enlarge(length)
		var i = 0
		for c in self do
			var k = key[i%key.length]
			assert k >= 'a' and k <= 'z'
			if c.is_letter then
				var d = k.code_point - 'a'.code_point
				c = c.rot(d)
				i += 1
			end
			res.add c
		end
		return res.to_s
	end

	# Vigenere decoder on ASCII letters.
	#
	# Only the letters in '[A-Za-z]' are decoded while keeping the case.
	#
	#     assert "Hfnlp, Yosnd!".uvigenere("abc") == "Hello, World!"
	#
	# REQUIRE `key` contains only lowercases '[a-z]'
	fun uvigenere(key: String): String
	do
		var res = new Buffer
		res.enlarge(length)
		var i = 0
		for c in self do
			var k = key[i%key.length]
			assert k >= 'a' and k <= 'z'
			if c.is_letter then
				var d = k.code_point - 'a'.code_point
				c = c.rot(-d)
				i += 1
			end
			res.add c
		end
		return res.to_s
	end
end
lib/crypto/basic_ciphers.nit:45,1--207,3

csv :: csv $ Text
redef class Text
	# Escape the content of `self` for inclusion in a CSV document
	private fun escape_to_csv(sep_char, delim_char: Char, eol: String): String do
		var add_sp = chars_to_escape_csv(sep_char, delim_char, eol)
		if add_sp == 0 then return to_s
		var bf = new Buffer.with_cap(add_sp + byte_length)
		bf.add '"'
		for i in [0 .. length[ do
			var c = self[i]
			if c == delim_char then
				bf.add c
			end
			bf.add c
		end
		bf.add '"'
		return bf.to_s
	end

	# How many more bytes should be allocated for CSV escaping ?
	private fun chars_to_escape_csv(sep_char, delim_char: Char, eol: String): Int do
		var more_ln = 0
		var ln = length
		var need_esc = false
		var fst_eol = eol.first
		var i = 0
		while i < ln do
			var c = self[i]
			if c == delim_char then more_ln += 1
			if c == fst_eol then
				need_esc = true
				for j in [1 .. eol.length[ do
					i += 1
					c = self[i]
					if c != eol[j] then
						i -= j
						need_esc = false
						break
					end
				end
			end
			if c == sep_char then need_esc = true
			i += 1
		end
		var more = more_ln * delim_char.u8char_len
		if need_esc then more += 2
		return more
	end

	# Unescape the content of `self` from CSV format to Nit String
	private fun unescape_csv(delim_char: Char): String do
		var to_un = chars_to_unescape_csv(delim_char)
		if to_un == 0 then return to_s
		var buf = new Buffer.with_cap(byte_length - to_un)
		var pos = 0
		var ln = length
		while pos < ln do
			var c = self[pos]
			if c == delim_char then pos += 1
			buf.add c
			pos += 1
		end
		return buf.to_s
	end

	# How many bytes should be removed for CSV unescaping ?
	private fun chars_to_unescape_csv(delim_char: Char): Int do
		var pos = 0
		var to_un = 0
		var ln = length
		while pos < ln do
			var c = self[pos]
			if c == delim_char then
				pos += 1
				to_un += 1
			end
			pos += 1
		end
		return to_un
	end
end
lib/csv/csv.nit:18,1--97,3

emscripten :: emscripten $ Text
redef class Text
	# Run `self` as JavaScript code
	fun run_js do run_js_native(self.escape_to_js.to_cstring)

	private fun run_js_native(script: CString) `{ emscripten_run_script(script); `}

	# Escape the content of `self` to pass to JavaScript code
	fun escape_to_js: Text do return replace('\n', "\\n")

	# Raise a JavaScript alert
	fun alert do "alert('{self.escape_to_js}')".run_js
end
lib/emscripten/emscripten.nit:28,1--39,3

md5 :: md5 $ Text
redef class Text
	# MD5 digest of `self`
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "".md5 == "d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e"
	# assert "a".md5 == "0cc175b9c0f1b6a831c399e269772661"
	# assert "abc".md5 == "900150983cd24fb0d6963f7d28e17f72"
	# ~~~
	fun md5: String do return to_cstring.native_md5.to_s
end
lib/md5/md5.nit:492,1--501,3

ropes_debug :: ropes_debug $ Text
redef class Text
	# Writes self as a dot file on the hard drive
	private fun internal_to_dot: String is abstract

	# Returns the graphviz-formatted content of `self`
	fun to_dot: String do
		return "digraph g \{\n" + internal_to_dot + "\}\n"
	end
end
lib/ropes_debug/ropes_debug.nit:20,1--28,3

sha1 :: sha1 $ Text
redef class Text

	# Computes the SHA1 of the receiver
	#
	# Returns a digest of 20 bytes as a CString,
	# note that all the characters are not necessarily ASCII.
	# If you want the hex string version of the digest, use
	# sha1_hexdigest.
	#
	#     import base64
	#     assert "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog".sha1 == [0x2F, 0xD4, 0xE1, 0xC6, 0x7A, 0x2D, 0x28, 0xFC, 0xED, 0x84, 0x9E, 0xE1, 0xBB, 0x76, 0xE7, 0x39, 0x1B, 0x93, 0xEB, 0x12]
	fun sha1: Bytes do
		return new Bytes(to_cstring.sha1_intern(byte_length), 20, 20)
	end

	# Computes the SHA1 of the receiver.
	#
	# Returns a 40 char String containing the Hexadecimal
	# Digest in its Char form.
	#
	#     assert "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog".sha1_hexdigest == "2FD4E1C67A2D28FCED849EE1BB76E7391B93EB12"
	fun sha1_hexdigest: String do return sha1.hexdigest

	# Is `self` a SHA-1 hexdigest?
	#
	#~~~nit
	# assert "2FD4E1C67A2D28FCED849EE1BB76E7391B93EB12".is_sha1_digest
	# assert not "Not a digest".is_sha1_digest
	# assert not "2FD4E1C67A2D28FCED849EE1B76E7391B93EB12".is_sha1_digest
	# assert not "2FD4E1C67A2D28FCED849EE1UB76E7391B93EB12".is_sha1_digest
	#~~~
	fun is_sha1_digest: Bool do return length == 40 and is_hex
end
lib/sha1/sha1.nit:238,1--270,3

app :: ui $ Text
redef class Text
	# Open the URL `self` with the default browser
	fun open_in_browser do print_error "Text::open_in_browser not implemented on this platform."
end
lib/app/ui.nit:333,1--336,3

gmp :: gmp $ Text
redef class Text

    # Is `self` a well-formed BigInt (i.e. parsable via `to_bi`)
    #
    #     assert "123".is_bi
    #     assert "-123".is_bi
    #     assert not "0b1011".is_bi
    #     assert not "123u8".is_bi
    #     assert not "Not a BigInt".is_bi
    fun is_bi: Bool do
        var pre = prefix("-")
        if pre != null then
            return pre.text_after.is_dec
        else
            return is_dec
        end
    end

    # Is `self` a well-formed Ratio (i.e. parsable via `to_r`)
    #
    #     assert "123".is_r
    #     assert "-123".is_r
    #     assert "1/2".is_r
    #     assert "-1/2".is_r
    #     assert not "-1/-2".is_r
    #     assert not "0b1011".is_r
    #     assert not "123u8".is_r
    #     assert not "Not an Ratio".is_r
    fun is_r: Bool do
        var frac = split_once_on('/')
        if frac.length == 2 then
            return frac[0].is_bi and frac[1].is_dec
        else
            return is_bi
        end
    end

    # If `self` contains a BigInt, return the corresponding BigInt
    #
    #     assert("123".to_bi == 123.to_bi)
    #     assert("-123".to_bi == -123.to_bi)
    fun to_bi: BigInt do
        assert is_bi
        var tmp = new NativeMPZ
        tmp.set_str(self.to_cstring, 10i32)
        return new BigInt(tmp)
    end

    # If `self` contains a Ratio, return the corresponding Ratio
    #
    #     assert("123".to_r == 123.to_r)
    #     assert("-123".to_r == -123.to_r)
    #     assert("1/2".to_r == 0.5.to_r)
    #     assert("-1/2".to_r == -0.5.to_r)
    fun to_r: Ratio do
        assert is_r
        var tmp = new NativeMPQ
        tmp.set_str self.to_cstring
        return new Ratio(tmp)
    end
end
lib/gmp/gmp.nit:30,1--90,3

markdown :: markdown $ Text
redef class Text

	# Get the position of the next non-space character.
	private fun skip_spaces(start: Int): Int do
		var pos = start
		while pos > -1 and pos < length and (self[pos] == ' ' or self[pos] == '\n') do
			pos += 1
		end
		if pos < length then return pos
		return -1
	end

	# Read `self` until `nend` and append it to the `out` buffer.
	# Escape markdown special chars.
	private fun read_until(out: FlatBuffer, start: Int, nend: Char...): Int do
		var pos = start
		while pos < length do
			var c = self[pos]
			if c == '\\' and pos + 1 < length then
				pos = escape(out, self[pos + 1], pos)
			else
				for n in nend do if c == n then break label
				out.add c
			end
			pos += 1
		end label
		if pos == length then return -1
		return pos
	end

	# Read `self` as raw text until `nend` and append it to the `out` buffer.
	# No escape is made.
	private fun read_raw_until(out: FlatBuffer, start: Int, nend: Char...): Int do
		var pos = start
		while pos < length do
			var c = self[pos]
			var end_reached = false
			for n in nend do
				if c == n then
					end_reached = true
					break
				end
			end
			if end_reached then break
			out.add c
			pos += 1
		end
		if pos == length then return -1
		return pos
	end

	# Read `self` as XML until `to` and append it to the `out` buffer.
	# Escape HTML special chars.
	private fun read_xml_until(out: FlatBuffer, from: Int, to: Char...): Int do
		var pos = from
		var in_str = false
		var str_char: nullable Char = null
		while pos < length do
			var c = self[pos]
			if in_str then
				if c == '\\' then
					out.add c
					pos += 1
					if pos < length then
						out.add c
						pos += 1
					end
					continue
				end
				if c == str_char then
					in_str = false
					out.add c
					pos += 1
					continue
				end
			end
			if c == '"' or c == '\'' then
				in_str = true
				str_char = c
			end
			if not in_str then
				var end_reached = false
				for n in [0..to.length[ do
					if c == to[n] then
						end_reached = true
						break
					end
				end
				if end_reached then break
			end
			out.add c
			pos += 1
		end
		if pos == length then return -1
		return pos
	end

	# Read `self` as XML and append it to the `out` buffer.
	# Safe mode can be activated to limit reading to valid xml.
	private fun read_xml(out: FlatBuffer, start: Int, safe_mode: Bool): Int do
		var pos = 0
		var is_valid = true
		var is_close_tag = false
		if start + 1 >= length then return -1
		if self[start + 1] == '/' then
			is_close_tag = true
			pos = start + 2
		else if self[start + 1] == '!' then
			out.append "<!"
			return start + 1
		else
			is_close_tag = false
			pos = start + 1
		end
		if safe_mode then
			var tmp = new FlatBuffer
			pos = read_xml_until(tmp, pos, ' ', '/', '>')
			if pos == -1 then return -1
			var tag = tmp.write_to_string.trim.to_lower
			if not tag.is_valid_html_tag then
				out.append "&lt;"
				pos = -1
			else if tag.is_html_unsafe then
				is_valid = false
				out.append "&lt;"
				if is_close_tag then out.add '/'
				out.append tmp
			else
				out.append "<"
				if is_close_tag then out.add '/'
				out.append tmp
			end
		else
			out.add '<'
			if is_close_tag then out.add '/'
			pos = read_xml_until(out, pos, ' ', '/', '>')
		end
		if pos == -1 then return -1
		pos = read_xml_until(out, pos, '/', '>')
		if pos == -1 then return -1
		if self[pos] == '/' then
			out.append " /"
			pos = self.read_xml_until(out, pos + 1, '>')
			if pos == -1 then return -1
		end
		if self[pos] == '>' then
			if is_valid then
				out.add '>'
			else
				out.append "&gt;"
			end
			return pos
		end
		return -1
	end

	# Read a markdown link address and append it to the `out` buffer.
	private fun read_md_link(out: FlatBuffer, start: Int): Int do
		var pos = start
		var counter = 1
		while pos < length do
			var c = self[pos]
			if c == '\\' and pos + 1 < length then
				pos = escape(out, self[pos + 1], pos)
			else
				var end_reached = false
				if c == '(' then
					counter += 1
				else if c == ' ' then
					if counter == 1 then end_reached = true
				else if c == ')' then
					counter -= 1
					if counter == 0 then end_reached = true
				end
				if end_reached then break
				out.add c
			end
			pos += 1
		end
		if pos == length then return -1
		return pos
	end

	# Read a markdown link text and append it to the `out` buffer.
	private fun read_md_link_id(out: FlatBuffer, start: Int): Int do
		var pos = start
		var counter = 1
		while pos < length do
			var c = self[pos]
			var end_reached = false
			if c == '[' then
				counter += 1
				out.add c
			else if c == ']' then
				counter -= 1
				if counter == 0 then
					end_reached = true
				else
					out.add c
				end
			else
				out.add c
			end
			if end_reached then break
			pos += 1
		end
		if pos == length then return -1
		return pos
	end

	# Extract the XML tag name from a XML tag.
	private fun xml_tag: String do
		var tpl = new FlatBuffer
		var pos = 1
		if pos < length and self[1] == '/' then pos += 1
		while pos < length - 1 and (self[pos].is_digit or self[pos].is_letter) do
			tpl.add self[pos]
			pos += 1
		end
		return tpl.write_to_string.to_lower
	end

	private fun is_valid_html_tag: Bool do
		if is_empty then return false
		for c in self do
			if not c.is_alpha then return false
		end
		return true
	end

	# Read and escape the markdown contained in `self`.
	private fun escape(out: FlatBuffer, c: Char, pos: Int): Int do
		if c == '\\' or c == '[' or c == ']' or c == '(' or c == ')' or c == '{' or
		   c == '}' or c == '#' or c == '"' or c == '\'' or c == '.' or c == '<' or
		   c == '>' or c == '*' or c == '+' or c == '-' or c == '_' or c == '!' or
		   c == '`' or c == '~' or c == '^' then
			out.add c
			return pos + 1
		end
		out.add '\\'
		return pos
	end

	# Extract string found at end of fence opening.
	private fun meta_from_fence: nullable Text do
		for i in [0..chars.length[ do
			var c = chars[i]
			if c != ' ' and c != '`' and c != '~' then
				return substring_from(i).trim
			end
		end
		return null
	end

	# Is `self` an unsafe HTML element?
	private fun is_html_unsafe: Bool do return html_unsafe_tags.has(self.write_to_string)

	# Is `self` a HRML block element?
	private fun is_html_block: Bool do return html_block_tags.has(self.write_to_string)

	# Is `self` a link prefix?
	private fun is_link_prefix: Bool do return html_link_prefixes.has(self.write_to_string)

	private fun html_unsafe_tags: Array[String] do return once ["applet", "head", "body", "frame", "frameset", "iframe", "script", "object"]

	private fun html_block_tags: Array[String] do return once ["address", "article", "aside", "audio", "blockquote", "canvas", "dd", "div", "dl", "fieldset", "figcaption", "figure", "footer", "form", "h1", "h2", "h3", "h4", "h5", "h6", "header", "hgroup", "hr", "noscript", "ol", "output", "p", "pre", "section", "table", "tfoot", "ul", "video"]

	private fun html_link_prefixes: Array[String] do return once ["http", "https", "ftp", "ftps"]
end
lib/markdown/markdown.nit:2333,1--2601,3

sqlite3 :: sqlite3 $ Text
redef class Text

	# Return `self` between `'`s, escaping `\` and `'`
	#
	#     assert "'; DROP TABLE students".to_sql_string == "'''; DROP TABLE students'"
	fun to_sql_string: String
	do
		return "'{self.replace('\\', "\\\\").replace('\'', "''")}'"
	end

	# Format the date represented by `self` into an escaped string for SQLite
	#
	# `self` must be composed of 1 to 3 integers separated by '-'.
	# An incompatible format will result in an invalid date string.
	#
	#     assert "2016-5-1".to_sql_date_string == "'2016-05-01'"
	#     assert "2016".to_sql_date_string == "'2016-01-01'"
	fun to_sql_date_string: String
	do
		var parts = self.split("-")
		for i in [parts.length .. 3[ do parts[i] = "1"

		var year = parts[0].justify(4, 1.0, '0')
		var month = parts[1].justify(2, 1.0, '0')
		var day = parts[2].justify(2, 1.0, '0')
		return "{year}-{month}-{day}".to_sql_string
	end
end
lib/sqlite3/sqlite3.nit:323,1--350,3

curl :: extra $ Text
redef class Text

	# Execute a simple HTTP GET request to the URL `self`
	#
	# Set `accept_status_code` to the expected response HTTP code, defaults to 200.
	# If a different status code is received, the return code is printed to stderr.
	#
	# Returns the response body on success and `null` on error. Prints the error
	# message to stderr.
	#
	# For more control, set HTTP request headers, keep the response status code
	# and much more, use `CurlHTTPRequest`.
	#
	# ~~~nitish
	# assert "http://example.com/".http_get != null
	# ~~~
	fun http_get(accept_status_code: nullable Int): nullable String
	do
		var req = new CurlHTTPRequest(self.to_s)
		var resp = req.execute
		req.close

		if resp isa CurlResponseSuccess then
			if resp.status_code == (accept_status_code or else 200) then
				return resp.body_str
			else
				print_error "HTTP request failed: server returned {resp.status_code}"
			end
		else if resp isa CurlResponseFailed then
			print_error "HTTP request failed: {resp.error_msg}"
		else abort
		return null
	end

	# Download the file at URL `self` to `output_path` with a simple HTTP request
	#
	# If not set, `output_path` defaults to `self.basename`.
	#
	# Set `accept_status_code` to the expected response HTTP code, defaults to 200.
	# If a different status code is received, the return code is printed to stderr.
	#
	# Returns the path to the downloaded file on success and `null` on errors.
	# Prints the error message to stderr.
	#
	# For more control, set HTTP request headers, keep the response status code
	# and much more, use `CurlHTTPRequest`.
	#
	# ~~~nitish
	# assert "http://example.com/".http_download("index.html") == "example.com"
	# ~~~
	fun http_download(output_path: nullable Text, accept_status_code: nullable Int): nullable String
	do
		var path = (output_path or else self.basename).to_s

		var req = new CurlHTTPRequest(self.to_s)
		var resp = req.download_to_file(path)
		req.close

		if resp isa CurlFileResponseSuccess then
			if resp.status_code == (accept_status_code or else 200) then
				return path
			else
				print_error "HTTP request failed: server returned {resp.status_code}"
			end
		else if resp isa CurlResponseFailed then
			print_error "HTTP request failed: {resp.error_msg}"
		else abort
		return null
	end
end
lib/curl/extra.nit:20,1--89,3

privileges :: privileges $ Text
redef class Text
	# Does the operating system know the user named `self`?
	fun user_exists: Bool
	do
		var passwd = new Passwd.from_name(to_s)
		return not passwd.address_is_null
	end

	# Does the operating system know the group named `self`?
	fun group_exists: Bool
	do
		var passwd = new Group.from_name(to_s)
		return not passwd.address_is_null
	end
end
lib/privileges/privileges.nit:26,1--40,3

java :: ffi_support $ Text
redef class Text
	# Get `self` as a `JavaString`
	fun to_java_string: JavaString do return to_cstring.to_java_string
end
lib/java/ffi_support.nit:134,1--137,3

ios :: ios $ Text
redef class Text
	private fun nslog do to_nsstring.nslog
end
lib/ios/ios.nit:26,1--28,3

serialization :: serialization_core $ Text
redef class Text super DirectSerializable end
lib/serialization/serialization_core.nit:264,1--45

ios :: ui $ Text
redef class Text
	redef fun open_in_browser do to_nsstring.native_open_in_browser
end
lib/ios/ui/ui.nit:619,1--621,3

serialization :: engine_tools $ Text
redef class Text

	# Strip the `nullable` prefix from the type name `self`
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "String".strip_nullable == "String"
	# assert "nullable Array[Int]".strip_nullable == "Array[Int]"
	# assert "Map[Set[String], Set[Int]]".strip_nullable == "Map[Set[String], Set[Int]]"
	# ~~~
	fun strip_nullable: Text
	do
		var prefix = "nullable "
		return if has_prefix(prefix) then substring_from(prefix.length) else self
	end

	# Strip the `nullable` prefix and the params from the type name `self`
	#
	# ~~~
	# assert "String".strip_nullable_and_params == "String"
	# assert "nullable Array[Int]".strip_nullable_and_params == "Array"
	# assert "Map[Set[String], Set[Int]]".strip_nullable_and_params == "Map"
	# ~~~
	fun strip_nullable_and_params: Text
	do
		var class_name = strip_nullable

		var bracket_index = class_name.index_of('[')
		if bracket_index == -1 then return class_name
		return class_name.substring(0, bracket_index)
	end
end
lib/serialization/engine_tools.nit:67,1--97,3

json :: serialization_write $ Text
redef class Text

	redef fun accept_json_serializer(v)
	do
		v.stream.write "\""

		var start_i = 0
		var escaped = null
		for i in [0 .. self.length[ do
			var char = self[i]
			if char == '\\' then
				escaped = "\\\\"
			else if char == '\"' then
				escaped = "\\\""
			else if char < ' ' then
				if char == '\n' then
					escaped = "\\n"
				else if char == '\r' then
					escaped = "\\r"
				else if char == '\t' then
					escaped = "\\t"
				else
					escaped = char.escape_to_utf16
				end
			end

			if escaped != null then
				# Write open non-escaped string
				if start_i <= i then
					v.stream.write substring(start_i, i-start_i)
				end

				# Write escaped character
				v.stream.write escaped
				escaped = null
				start_i = i+1
			end
		end

		# Write remaining non-escaped string
		if start_i < length then
			if start_i == 0 then
				v.stream.write self
			else
				v.stream.write substring(start_i, length-start_i)
			end
		end

		v.stream.write "\""
	end
end
lib/json/serialization_write.nit:147,1--197,3

serialization :: inspect $ Text
redef class Text

	redef fun accept_inspect_serializer(v)
	do
		v.stream.write "\""
		v.stream.write escape_to_nit
		v.stream.write "\""
	end
end
lib/serialization/inspect.nit:229,1--237,3

sexp :: sexp $ Text
redef class Text

	# Tries to parse `self` as an S-Expression
	fun to_sexp: SExpEntity do return (new SExpProcessor(self.to_s)).parse_entity
end
lib/sexp/sexp.nit:150,1--154,3

dom :: parser $ Text
redef class Text
	# Tries to parse the current string to XML
	#
	# Returns an `XMLDocument` if successful, or an `XMLError` if not
	fun to_xml: XMLEntity do return (new XMLProcessor(self.to_s)).parse_document
end
lib/dom/parser.nit:289,1--294,3

json :: static $ Text
redef class Text

	# Removes JSON-escaping if necessary in a JSON string
	#
	#     assert "\\\"string\\uD83D\\uDE02\\\"".unescape_json == "\"string😂\""
	fun unescape_json: Text do
		if not json_need_escape then return self
		return self.json_to_nit_string
	end

	# Does `self` need treatment from JSON to Nit ?
	#
	# i.e. is there at least one `\` character in it ?
	#
	#     assert not "string".json_need_escape
	#     assert "\\\"string\\\"".json_need_escape
	private fun json_need_escape: Bool do return has('\\')

	# Escapes `self` from a JSON string to a Nit string
	#
	#     assert "\\\"string\\\"".json_to_nit_string == "\"string\""
	#     assert "\\nEscape\\t\\n".json_to_nit_string == "\nEscape\t\n"
	#     assert "\\u0041zu\\uD800\\uDFD3".json_to_nit_string == "Azu𐏓"
	private fun json_to_nit_string: String do
		var res = new FlatBuffer.with_capacity(byte_length)
		var i = 0
		var ln = self.length
		while i < ln do
			var char = self[i]
			if char == '\\' then
				i += 1
				char = self[i]
				if char == 'b' then
					char = 0x08.code_point
				else if char == 'f' then
					char = 0x0C.code_point
				else if char == 'n' then
					char = '\n'
				else if char == 'r' then
					char = '\r'
				else if char == 't' then
					char = '\t'
				else if char == 'u' then
					var u16_esc = from_utf16_digit(i + 1)
					char = u16_esc.code_point
					if char.is_surrogate and i + 10 < ln then
						if self[i + 5] == '\\' and self[i + 6] == 'u' then
							u16_esc <<= 16
							u16_esc += from_utf16_digit(i + 7)
							char = u16_esc.to_u32.from_utf16_surr.code_point
							i += 6
						else
							char = 0xFFFD.code_point
						end
					end
					i += 4
				end
				# `"`, `/` or `\` => Keep `char` as-is.
			end
			res.add char
			i += 1
		end
		return res.to_s
	end

	# Parse `self` as JSON.
	#
	# If `self` is not a valid JSON document or contains an unsupported escape
	# sequence, return a `JSONParseError`.
	#
	# Example with `JsonObject`:
	#
	#     var obj = "\{\"foo\": \{\"bar\": true, \"goo\": [1, 2, 3]\}\}".parse_json
	#     assert obj isa JsonObject
	#     assert obj["foo"] isa JsonObject
	#     assert obj["foo"].as(JsonObject)["bar"] == true
	#
	# Example with `JsonArray`:
	#
	#     var arr = "[1, 2, 3]".parse_json
	#     assert arr isa JsonArray
	#     assert arr.length == 3
	#     assert arr.first == 1
	#     assert arr.last == 3
	#
	# Example with `String`:
	#
	#     var str = "\"foo, bar, baz\"".parse_json
	#     assert str isa String
	#     assert str == "foo, bar, baz"
	#
	# Example of a syntax error:
	#
	#     var error = "\{foo: \"bar\"\}".parse_json
	#     assert error isa JsonParseError
	#     assert error.to_s == "Bad key format Error: bad JSON entity"
	fun parse_json: nullable Serializable do return (new JSONStringParser(self.to_s)).parse_entity
end
lib/json/static.nit:28,1--125,3

json :: dynamic $ Text
redef class Text
	# Parse `self` to a `JsonValue`
	fun to_json_value: JsonValue do return new JsonValue(parse_json)
end
lib/json/dynamic.nit:25,1--28,3

msgpack :: serialization_write $ Text
redef class Text
	redef fun accept_msgpack_serializer(v) do v.stream.write_msgpack_str self
end
lib/msgpack/serialization_write.nit:244,1--246,3

json :: serialization_read $ Text
redef class Text

	# Deserialize a `nullable Object` from this JSON formatted string
	#
	# If a `static_type` is given, only subtypes of the `static_type` are accepted.
	#
	# Warning: Deserialization errors are reported with `print_error` and
	# may be returned as a partial object or as `null`.
	#
	# This method is not appropriate when errors need to be handled programmatically,
	# manually use a `JsonDeserializer` in such cases.
	fun deserialize_json(static_type: nullable String): nullable Object
	do
		var deserializer = new JsonDeserializer(self)
		var res = deserializer.deserialize(static_type)
		if deserializer.errors.not_empty then
			print_error "Deserialization Errors: {deserializer.errors.join(", ")}"
		end
		return res
	end
end
lib/json/serialization_read.nit:363,1--383,3

gamnit :: bmfont $ Text
redef class Text

	# Parse `self` as an XML BMFont description file
	#
	# Reports only basic XML format errors, other errors may be ignored or
	# cause a crash.
	#
	# ~~~
	# var desc = """
	# <font>
	#   <info face="arial" size="72" bold="0" italic="0" charset=""
	#         unicode="1" stretchH="100" smooth="1" aa="1" padding="2,2,2,2"
	#         spacing="0,0" outline="0"/>
	#   <common lineHeight="80" base="65" scaleW="4030" scaleH="231"
	#           pages="1" packed="0"/>
	#   <pages>
	#     <page id="0" file="arial.png"/>
	#   </pages>
	#   <chars count="3">
	#     <char id="65" x="2519" y="10" width="55" height="59" xoffset="0"
	#           yoffset="13" xadvance="48" page="0" chnl="15"/>
	#     <char id="66" x="2600" y="10" width="46" height="58" xoffset="5"
	#           yoffset="13" xadvance="48" page="0" chnl="15"/>
	#     <char id="67" x="2673" y="9" width="52" height="60" xoffset="4"
	#           yoffset="12" xadvance="52" page="0" chnl="15"/>
	#   </chars>
	#   <kernings count="1">
	#     <kerning first="65" second="67" amount="-1"/>
	#   </kernings>
	# </font>
	# """
	#
	# var fnt = desc.parse_bmfont("dir_in_assets").value
	# assert fnt.to_s == "<BMFont arial at 72.0 pt, 1 pages, 3 chars>"
	# assert fnt.line_height == 80.0
	# assert fnt.kernings['A', 'C'] == -1.0
	# assert fnt.chars['A'].page.as(TextureAsset).path == "dir_in_assets/arial.png"
	# ~~~
	fun parse_bmfont(dir: String): MaybeError[BMFont, Error]
	do
		# Parse XML
		var xml = to_xml
		if xml isa XMLError then
			var msg = "XML Parse Error: {xml.message}:{xml.location or else 0}"
			return new MaybeError[BMFont, Error](maybe_error=new Error(msg))
		end

		# Basic sanity check
		var roots = xml["font"]
		if roots.is_empty then
			var msg = "Error: the XML document doesn't declare the expected `font` root"
			return new MaybeError[BMFont, Error](maybe_error=new Error(msg))
		end

		# Expect the rest of the document to be well formatted
		var root = roots.first

		var info = root["info"].first
		assert info isa XMLAttrTag
		var info_map = info.attributes_to_map

		var common = root["common"].first
		assert common isa XMLAttrTag
		var common_map = common.attributes_to_map

		var fnt = new BMFont(
			info_map["face"],
			info_map["size"].to_f,
			info_map["bold"] == "1",
			info_map["italic"] == "1",
			info_map["unicode"] == "1",
			info_map["padding"],
			info_map["spacing"],
			common_map["lineHeight"].to_f,
			common_map["base"].to_f,
			common_map["scaleW"].to_f,
			common_map["scaleH"].to_f
		)

		# Pages / pixel data files
		var xml_pages = root["pages"].first
		for page in xml_pages["page"] do
			if not page isa XMLAttrTag then continue

			var attributes = page.attributes_to_map
			var file = dir / attributes["file"]
			fnt.pages[attributes["id"]] = new TextureAsset(file)
		end

		# Char description
		for item in root["chars"].first["char"] do
			if not item isa XMLAttrTag then continue

			var attributes = item.attributes_to_map
			var id = attributes["id"].to_i.code_point

			var c = new BMFontChar(
				attributes["x"].to_f, attributes["y"].to_f,
				attributes["width"].to_f, attributes["height"].to_f,
				attributes["xoffset"].to_f, attributes["yoffset"].to_f,
				attributes["xadvance"].to_f,
				fnt.pages[attributes["page"]])

			fnt.chars[id] = c
		end

		# Kerning between two characters
		var kernings = root["kernings"]
		if kernings.not_empty then
			for item in kernings.first["kerning"] do
				if not item isa XMLAttrTag then continue

				var attributes = item.attributes_to_map
				var first = attributes["first"].to_i.code_point
				var second = attributes["second"].to_i.code_point
				var amount = attributes["amount"].to_f
				fnt.kernings[first, second] = amount
			end
		end

		return new MaybeError[BMFont, Error](fnt)
	end
end
lib/gamnit/bmfont.nit:154,1--276,3

app :: http_request $ Text
redef class Text
	# Execute an HTTP GET request synchronously at the URI `self`
	#
	# ~~~nitish
	# var response = "http://example.org/".http_get
	# if response.is_error then
	#     print_error response.error
	# else
	#     print "HTTP status code: {response.code}"
	#     print response.value
	# end
	# ~~~
	private fun http_get: HttpRequestResult is abstract
end
lib/app/http_request.nit:164,1--177,3

mpi :: mpi $ Text
redef class Text
	super Sendable

	redef fun send(mpi, at, count, dest, tag, comm)
	do
		var str
		if at != 0 or count != length then
			str = substring(at, count)
		else str = self

		mpi.native_send(str.to_cstring, count, new DataType.char,
			dest, tag, new Comm.world)
	end

	redef fun send_all(mpi, dest, tag, comm) do send(mpi, 0, length, dest, tag, comm)
end
lib/mpi/mpi.nit:419,1--434,3

linux :: http_request $ Text
redef class Text
	redef fun http_get
	do
		var req = new CurlHTTPRequest(to_s)
		var rep = req.execute
		if rep isa CurlResponseSuccess then
			return new HttpRequestResult(rep.body_str, null, rep.status_code)
		else
			assert rep isa CurlResponseFailed
			var error = new IOError(rep.error_msg)
			return new HttpRequestResult(null, error)
		end
	end
end
lib/linux/http_request.nit:26,1--39,3

linux :: ui $ Text
redef class Text
	redef fun open_in_browser do system("xdg-open '{self.escape_to_sh}' &")
end
lib/linux/ui.nit:345,1--347,3

ios :: http_request $ Text
redef class Text
	redef fun http_get
	do
		var error_ref = new Ref[NSString]("Unknown Error".to_nsstring)
		var data = to_nsstring.native_http_get(60.0, error_ref)

		if data.address_is_null then
			# There was an error
			var error = new IOError(error_ref.item.to_s)
			return new HttpRequestResult(null, error)
		else
			# TODO use the real return code instead of 200
			return new HttpRequestResult(data.to_s, null, 200)
		end
	end
end
lib/ios/http_request.nit:32,1--47,3

android :: ui $ Text
redef class Text
	redef fun open_in_browser
	do to_java_string.native_open_in_browser(app.native_activity)
end
lib/android/ui/ui.nit:366,1--369,3

android :: http_request $ Text
redef class Text

	redef fun http_get
	do
		jni_env.push_local_frame 8
		var juri = self.to_java_string
		var jrep = java_http_get(juri)

		assert not jrep.is_java_null

		var res
		if jrep.is_exception then
			jrep = jrep.as_exception

			# If the top exception doesn't have a message, get it from its causes.
			var msg = null
			var cause: JavaThrowable = jrep
			loop
				var jmsg = cause.message
				if not jmsg.is_java_null then
					msg = jmsg.to_s
					break
				else
					cause = cause.cause
					if cause.is_java_null then break
				end
			end
			if msg == null then msg = jrep.to_s

			res = new HttpRequestResult(null, new IOError(msg))
		else if jrep.is_http_response then
			jrep = jrep.as_http_response
			res = new HttpRequestResult(jrep.content.to_s, null, jrep.status_code)
		else abort

		jni_env.pop_local_frame
		return res
	end
end
lib/android/http_request.nit:44,1--82,3