X-Git-Url: http://nitlanguage.org

diff --git a/src/compiler/abstract_compiler.nit b/src/compiler/abstract_compiler.nit
index 3f0e8a1..f0a66ac 100644
--- a/src/compiler/abstract_compiler.nit
+++ b/src/compiler/abstract_compiler.nit
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import platform
 import c_tools
 private import annotation
 import mixin
+import counter
 
 # Add compiling options
 redef class ToolContext
@@ -62,8 +63,8 @@ redef class ToolContext
 	var opt_invocation_metrics = new OptionBool("Enable static and dynamic count of all method invocations", "--invocation-metrics")
 	# --isset-checks-metrics
 	var opt_isset_checks_metrics = new OptionBool("Enable static and dynamic count of isset checks before attributes access", "--isset-checks-metrics")
-	# --stacktrace
-	var opt_stacktrace = new OptionString("Control the generation of stack traces", "--stacktrace")
+	# --no-stacktrace
+	var opt_no_stacktrace = new OptionBool("Disable the generation of stack traces", "--no-stacktrace")
 	# --no-gcc-directives
 	var opt_no_gcc_directive = new OptionArray("Disable a advanced gcc directives for optimization", "--no-gcc-directive")
 	# --release
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ redef class ToolContext
 		self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_output, self.opt_dir, self.opt_no_cc, self.opt_no_main, self.opt_make_flags, self.opt_compile_dir, self.opt_hardening)
 		self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_no_check_covariance, self.opt_no_check_attr_isset, self.opt_no_check_assert, self.opt_no_check_autocast, self.opt_no_check_null, self.opt_no_check_all)
 		self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_typing_test_metrics, self.opt_invocation_metrics, self.opt_isset_checks_metrics)
-		self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_stacktrace)
+		self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_no_stacktrace)
 		self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_no_gcc_directive)
 		self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_release)
 		self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_max_c_lines, self.opt_group_c_files)
@@ -87,19 +88,8 @@ redef class ToolContext
 	do
 		super
 
-		var st = opt_stacktrace.value
-		if st == "none" or st == "libunwind" or st == "nitstack" then
-			# Fine, do nothing
-		else if st == "auto" or st == null then
-			# Default is nitstack
-			opt_stacktrace.value = "nitstack"
-		else
-			print "Error: unknown value `{st}` for --stacktrace. Use `none`, `libunwind`, `nitstack` or `auto`."
-			exit(1)
-		end
-
 		if opt_output.value != null and opt_dir.value != null then
-			print "Error: cannot use both --dir and --output"
+			print "Option Error: cannot use both --dir and --output"
 			exit(1)
 		end
 
@@ -114,58 +104,78 @@ redef class ToolContext
 end
 
 redef class ModelBuilder
-	# The compilation directory
-	var compile_dir: String
-
 	# Simple indirection to `Toolchain::write_and_make`
 	protected fun write_and_make(compiler: AbstractCompiler)
 	do
 		var platform = compiler.target_platform
-		var toolchain = platform.toolchain(toolcontext)
-		compile_dir = toolchain.compile_dir
-		toolchain.write_and_make compiler
+		var toolchain = platform.toolchain(toolcontext, compiler)
+		compiler.toolchain = toolchain
+		toolchain.write_and_make
 	end
 end
 
 redef class Platform
 	# The specific tool-chain associated to the platform
-	fun toolchain(toolcontext: ToolContext): Toolchain do return new MakefileToolchain(toolcontext)
+	fun toolchain(toolcontext: ToolContext, compiler: AbstractCompiler): Toolchain
+	do
+		return new MakefileToolchain(toolcontext, compiler)
+	end
 end
 
+# Build toolchain for a specific target program, varies per `Platform`
 class Toolchain
+
+	# Toolcontext
 	var toolcontext: ToolContext
 
-	fun compile_dir: String
+	# Compiler of the target program
+	var compiler: AbstractCompiler
+
+	# Directory where to generate all files
+	#
+	# The option `--compile_dir` change this directory.
+	fun root_compile_dir: String
 	do
 		var compile_dir = toolcontext.opt_compile_dir.value
-		if compile_dir == null then compile_dir = ".nit_compile"
+		if compile_dir == null then compile_dir = "nit_compile"
 		return compile_dir
 	end
 
-	fun write_and_make(compiler: AbstractCompiler) is abstract
+	# Directory where to generate all C files
+	#
+	# By default it is `root_compile_dir` but some platform may require that it is a subdirectory.
+	fun compile_dir: String do return root_compile_dir
+
+	# Write all C files and compile them
+	fun write_and_make is abstract
 end
 
+# Default toolchain using a Makefile
 class MakefileToolchain
 	super Toolchain
 
-	redef fun write_and_make(compiler)
+	redef fun write_and_make
 	do
 		var compile_dir = compile_dir
 
+		# Remove the compilation directory unless explicitly set
+		var auto_remove = toolcontext.opt_compile_dir.value == null
+
 		# Generate the .h and .c files
 		# A single C file regroups many compiled rumtime functions
 		# Note that we do not try to be clever an a small change in a Nit source file may change the content of all the generated .c files
 		var time0 = get_time
 		self.toolcontext.info("*** WRITING C ***", 1)
 
+		root_compile_dir.mkdir
 		compile_dir.mkdir
 
 		var cfiles = new Array[String]
-		write_files(compiler, compile_dir, cfiles)
+		write_files(compile_dir, cfiles)
 
 		# Generate the Makefile
 
-		write_makefile(compiler, compile_dir, cfiles)
+		write_makefile(compile_dir, cfiles)
 
 		var time1 = get_time
 		self.toolcontext.info("*** END WRITING C: {time1-time0} ***", 2)
@@ -177,16 +187,21 @@ class MakefileToolchain
 		time0 = time1
 		self.toolcontext.info("*** COMPILING C ***", 1)
 
-		compile_c_code(compiler, compile_dir)
+		compile_c_code(compile_dir)
+
+		if auto_remove then
+			sys.system("rm -r -- '{root_compile_dir.escape_to_sh}/'")
+		end
 
 		time1 = get_time
 		self.toolcontext.info("*** END COMPILING C: {time1-time0} ***", 2)
 	end
 
-	fun write_files(compiler: AbstractCompiler, compile_dir: String, cfiles: Array[String])
+	# Write all source files to the `compile_dir`
+	fun write_files(compile_dir: String, cfiles: Array[String])
 	do
 		var platform = compiler.target_platform
-		if self.toolcontext.opt_stacktrace.value == "nitstack" and platform.supports_libunwind then compiler.build_c_to_nit_bindings
+		if platform.supports_libunwind then compiler.build_c_to_nit_bindings
 		var cc_opt_with_libgc = "-DWITH_LIBGC"
 		if not platform.supports_libgc then cc_opt_with_libgc = ""
 
@@ -205,14 +220,14 @@ class MakefileToolchain
 
 		# Copy original .[ch] files to compile_dir
 		for src in compiler.files_to_copy do
-			var basename = src.basename("")
+			var basename = src.basename
 			var dst = "{compile_dir}/{basename}"
 			src.file_copy_to dst
 		end
 
 		var hfilename = compiler.header.file.name + ".h"
 		var hfilepath = "{compile_dir}/{hfilename}"
-		var h = new OFStream.open(hfilepath)
+		var h = new FileWriter.open(hfilepath)
 		for l in compiler.header.decl_lines do
 			h.write l
 			h.write "\n"
@@ -227,7 +242,7 @@ class MakefileToolchain
 		for f in compiler.files do
 			var i = 0
 			var count = 0
-			var file: nullable OFStream = null
+			var file: nullable FileWriter = null
 			for vis in f.writers do
 				if vis == compiler.header then continue
 				var total_lines = vis.lines.length + vis.decl_lines.length
@@ -240,7 +255,7 @@ class MakefileToolchain
 					var cfilepath = "{compile_dir}/{cfilename}"
 					self.toolcontext.info("new C source files to compile: {cfilepath}", 3)
 					cfiles.add(cfilename)
-					file = new OFStream.open(cfilepath)
+					file = new FileWriter.open(cfilepath)
 					file.write "#include \"{f.name}.0.h\"\n"
 					count = total_lines
 				end
@@ -258,8 +273,8 @@ class MakefileToolchain
 
 			var cfilename = "{f.name}.0.h"
 			var cfilepath = "{compile_dir}/{cfilename}"
-			var hfile: nullable OFStream = null
-			hfile = new OFStream.open(cfilepath)
+			var hfile: nullable FileWriter = null
+			hfile = new FileWriter.open(cfilepath)
 			hfile.write "#include \"{hfilename}\"\n"
 			for key in f.required_declarations do
 				if not compiler.provided_declarations.has_key(key) then
@@ -280,17 +295,14 @@ class MakefileToolchain
 		self.toolcontext.info("Total C source files to compile: {cfiles.length}", 2)
 	end
 
-	fun makefile_name(mainmodule: MModule): String do return "{mainmodule.c_name}.mk"
+	# Get the name of the Makefile to use
+	fun makefile_name: String do return "{compiler.mainmodule.c_name}.mk"
 
-	fun default_outname(mainmodule: MModule): String
+	# Get the default name of the executable to produce
+	fun default_outname: String
 	do
-		# Search a non fictive module
-		var res = mainmodule.name
-		while mainmodule.is_fictive do
-			mainmodule = mainmodule.in_importation.direct_greaters.first
-			res = mainmodule.name
-		end
-		return res
+		var mainmodule = compiler.mainmodule.first_real_mmodule
+		return mainmodule.name
 	end
 
 	# Combine options and platform informations to get the final path of the outfile
@@ -298,13 +310,14 @@ class MakefileToolchain
 	do
 		var res = self.toolcontext.opt_output.value
 		if res != null then return res
-		res = default_outname(mainmodule)
+		res = default_outname
 		var dir = self.toolcontext.opt_dir.value
 		if dir != null then return dir.join_path(res)
 		return res
 	end
 
-	fun write_makefile(compiler: AbstractCompiler, compile_dir: String, cfiles: Array[String])
+	# Write the Makefile
+	fun write_makefile(compile_dir: String, cfiles: Array[String])
 	do
 		var mainmodule = compiler.mainmodule
 		var platform = compiler.target_platform
@@ -315,13 +328,13 @@ class MakefileToolchain
 		var outpath = real_outpath.escape_to_mk
 		if outpath != real_outpath then
 			# If the name is crazy and need escaping, we will do an indirection
-			# 1. generate the binary in the .nit_compile dir under an escaped name
+			# 1. generate the binary in the nit_compile dir under an escaped name
 			# 2. copy the binary at the right place in the `all` goal.
 			outpath = mainmodule.c_name
 		end
-		var makename = makefile_name(mainmodule)
+		var makename = makefile_name
 		var makepath = "{compile_dir}/{makename}"
-		var makefile = new OFStream.open(makepath)
+		var makefile = new FileWriter.open(makepath)
 
 		var linker_options = new HashSet[String]
 		for m in mainmodule.in_importation.greaters do
@@ -331,25 +344,59 @@ class MakefileToolchain
 
 		makefile.write("CC = ccache cc\nCXX = ccache c++\nCFLAGS = -g -O2 -Wno-unused-value -Wno-switch -Wno-attributes\nCINCL =\nLDFLAGS ?= \nLDLIBS  ?= -lm {linker_options.join(" ")}\n\n")
 
-		var ost = toolcontext.opt_stacktrace.value
-		if (ost == "libunwind" or ost == "nitstack") and platform.supports_libunwind then makefile.write("NEED_LIBUNWIND := YesPlease\n")
+		makefile.write "\n# SPECIAL CONFIGURATION FLAGS\n"
+		if platform.supports_libunwind then
+			if toolcontext.opt_no_stacktrace.value then
+				makefile.write "NO_STACKTRACE=True"
+			else
+				makefile.write "NO_STACKTRACE= # Set to `True` to enable"
+			end
+		end
 
 		# Dynamic adaptations
 		# While `platform` enable complex toolchains, they are statically applied
 		# For a dynamic adaptsation of the compilation, the generated Makefile should check and adapt things itself
+		makefile.write "\n\n"
 
 		# Check and adapt the targeted system
 		makefile.write("uname_S := $(shell sh -c 'uname -s 2>/dev/null || echo not')\n")
-		makefile.write("ifeq ($(uname_S),Darwin)\n")
-		# remove -lunwind since it is already included on macosx
-		makefile.write("\tNEED_LIBUNWIND :=\n")
-		makefile.write("endif\n\n")
 
 		# Check and adapt for the compiler used
 		# clang need an additionnal `-Qunused-arguments`
 		makefile.write("clang_check := $(shell sh -c '$(CC) -v 2>&1 | grep -q clang; echo $$?')\nifeq ($(clang_check), 0)\n\tCFLAGS += -Qunused-arguments\nendif\n")
 
-		makefile.write("ifdef NEED_LIBUNWIND\n\tLDLIBS += -lunwind\nendif\n")
+		if platform.supports_libunwind then
+			makefile.write """
+ifneq ($(NO_STACKTRACE), True)
+  # Check and include lib-unwind in a portable way
+  ifneq ($(uname_S),Darwin)
+    # already included on macosx, but need to get the correct flags in other supported platforms.
+    ifeq ($(shell pkg-config --exists 'libunwind'; echo $$?), 0)
+      LDLIBS += `pkg-config --libs libunwind`
+      CFLAGS += `pkg-config --cflags libunwind`
+    else
+      $(warning "[_] stack-traces disabled. Please install libunwind-dev.")
+      CFLAGS += -D NO_STACKTRACE
+    endif
+  endif
+else
+  # Stacktraces disabled
+  CFLAGS += -D NO_STACKTRACE
+endif
+
+"""
+		else
+			makefile.write("CFLAGS += -D NO_STACKTRACE\n\n")
+		end
+
+		makefile.write """
+# Special configuration for Darwin
+ifeq ($(uname_S),Darwin)
+	# Remove POSIX flag -lrt
+	LDLIBS := $(filter-out -lrt,$(LDLIBS))
+endif
+
+"""
 
 		makefile.write("all: {outpath}\n")
 		if outpath != real_outpath then
@@ -371,7 +418,7 @@ class MakefileToolchain
 		if not compiler.linker_script.is_empty then
 			var linker_script_path = "{compile_dir}/linker_script"
 			ofiles.add "linker_script"
-			var f = new OFStream.open(linker_script_path)
+			var f = new FileWriter.open(linker_script_path)
 			for l in compiler.linker_script do
 				f.write l
 				f.write "\n"
@@ -406,7 +453,7 @@ endif
 		# Compile each required extern body into a specific .o
 		for f in compiler.extern_bodies do
 			var o = f.makefile_rule_name
-			var ff = f.filename.basename("")
+			var ff = f.filename.basename
 			makefile.write("{o}: {ff}\n")
 			makefile.write("\t{f.makefile_rule_content}\n\n")
 			dep_rules.add(f.makefile_rule_name)
@@ -444,22 +491,25 @@ endif
 		makepath.file_copy_to "{compile_dir}/Makefile"
 	end
 
-	fun compile_c_code(compiler: AbstractCompiler, compile_dir: String)
+	# The C code is generated, compile it to an executable
+	fun compile_c_code(compile_dir: String)
 	do
-		var makename = makefile_name(compiler.mainmodule)
+		var makename = makefile_name
 
 		var makeflags = self.toolcontext.opt_make_flags.value
 		if makeflags == null then makeflags = ""
-		self.toolcontext.info("make -B -C {compile_dir} -f {makename} -j 4 {makeflags}", 2)
+
+		var command = "make -B -C {compile_dir} -f {makename} -j 4 {makeflags}"
+		self.toolcontext.info(command, 2)
 
 		var res
 		if self.toolcontext.verbose_level >= 3 then
-			res = sys.system("make -B -C {compile_dir} -f {makename} -j 4 {makeflags} 2>&1")
+			res = sys.system("{command} 2>&1")
 		else
-			res = sys.system("make -B -C {compile_dir} -f {makename} -j 4 {makeflags} 2>&1 >/dev/null")
+			res = sys.system("{command} 2>&1 >/dev/null")
 		end
 		if res != 0 then
-			toolcontext.error(null, "make failed! Error code: {res}.")
+			toolcontext.error(null, "Compilation Error: `make` failed with error code: {res}. The command was `{command}`.")
 		end
 	end
 end
@@ -481,6 +531,11 @@ abstract class AbstractCompiler
 	# The modelbuilder used to know the model and the AST
 	var modelbuilder: ModelBuilder is protected writable
 
+	# The associated toolchain
+	#
+	# Set by `modelbuilder.write_and_make` and permit sub-routines to access the current toolchain if required.
+	var toolchain: Toolchain is noinit
+
 	# Is hardening asked? (see --hardening)
 	fun hardening: Bool do return self.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_hardening.value
 
@@ -544,9 +599,9 @@ abstract class AbstractCompiler
 	# Binds the generated C function names to Nit function names
 	fun build_c_to_nit_bindings
 	do
-		var compile_dir = modelbuilder.compile_dir
+		var compile_dir = toolchain.compile_dir
 
-		var stream = new OFStream.open("{compile_dir}/c_functions_hash.c")
+		var stream = new FileWriter.open("{compile_dir}/c_functions_hash.c")
 		stream.write("#include <string.h>\n")
 		stream.write("#include <stdlib.h>\n")
 		stream.write("#include \"c_functions_hash.h\"\n")
@@ -576,7 +631,7 @@ abstract class AbstractCompiler
 		stream.write("\}\n")
 		stream.close
 
-		stream = new OFStream.open("{compile_dir}/c_functions_hash.h")
+		stream = new FileWriter.open("{compile_dir}/c_functions_hash.h")
 		stream.write("const char* get_nit_name(register const char* procname, register unsigned int len);\n")
 		stream.close
 
@@ -589,6 +644,9 @@ abstract class AbstractCompiler
 		self.header.add_decl("#include <stdlib.h>")
 		self.header.add_decl("#include <stdio.h>")
 		self.header.add_decl("#include <string.h>")
+		self.header.add_decl("#include <sys/types.h>\n")
+		self.header.add_decl("#include <unistd.h>\n")
+		self.header.add_decl("#include <stdint.h>\n")
 		self.header.add_decl("#include \"gc_chooser.h\"")
 		self.header.add_decl("#ifdef ANDROID")
 		self.header.add_decl("	#include <android/log.h>")
@@ -603,9 +661,9 @@ abstract class AbstractCompiler
 		var gccd_disable = modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_gcc_directive.value
 		if gccd_disable.has("noreturn") or gccd_disable.has("all") then
 			# Signal handler function prototype
-			self.header.add_decl("void show_backtrace(int);")
+			self.header.add_decl("void fatal_exit(int);")
 		else
-			self.header.add_decl("void show_backtrace(int) __attribute__ ((noreturn));")
+			self.header.add_decl("void fatal_exit(int) __attribute__ ((noreturn));")
 		end
 
 		if gccd_disable.has("likely") or gccd_disable.has("all") then
@@ -674,7 +732,7 @@ extern void nitni_global_ref_decr( struct nitni_ref *ref );
 		var finalize_meth = mainmodule.try_get_primitive_method("finalize", finalizable_type.mclass)
 
 		if finalize_meth == null then
-			modelbuilder.toolcontext.error(null, "The `Finalizable` class doesn't declare the `finalize` method.")
+			modelbuilder.toolcontext.error(null, "Error: the `Finalizable` class does not declare the `finalize` method.")
 			return
 		end
 
@@ -696,19 +754,16 @@ extern void nitni_global_ref_decr( struct nitni_ref *ref );
 	do
 		var v = self.new_visitor
 		v.add_decl("#include <signal.h>")
-		var ost = modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_stacktrace.value
 		var platform = target_platform
 
-		if not platform.supports_libunwind then ost = "none"
-
 		var no_main = platform.no_main or modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_main.value
 
-		if ost == "nitstack" or ost == "libunwind" then
+		if platform.supports_libunwind then
+			v.add_decl("#ifndef NO_STACKTRACE")
 			v.add_decl("#define UNW_LOCAL_ONLY")
 			v.add_decl("#include <libunwind.h>")
-			if ost == "nitstack" then
-				v.add_decl("#include \"c_functions_hash.h\"")
-			end
+			v.add_decl("#include \"c_functions_hash.h\"")
+			v.add_decl("#endif")
 		end
 		v.add_decl("int glob_argc;")
 		v.add_decl("char **glob_argv;")
@@ -741,13 +796,9 @@ extern void nitni_global_ref_decr( struct nitni_ref *ref );
 			v.compiler.header.add_decl("extern long count_isset_checks;")
 		end
 
-		v.add_decl("void sig_handler(int signo)\{")
-		v.add_decl("PRINT_ERROR(\"Caught signal : %s\\n\", strsignal(signo));")
-		v.add_decl("show_backtrace(signo);")
-		v.add_decl("\}")
-
-		v.add_decl("void show_backtrace (int signo) \{")
-		if ost == "nitstack" or ost == "libunwind" then
+		v.add_decl("static void show_backtrace(void) \{")
+		if platform.supports_libunwind then
+			v.add_decl("#ifndef NO_STACKTRACE")
 			v.add_decl("char* opt = getenv(\"NIT_NO_STACK\");")
 			v.add_decl("unw_cursor_t cursor;")
 			v.add_decl("if(opt==NULL)\{")
@@ -761,22 +812,31 @@ extern void nitni_global_ref_decr( struct nitni_ref *ref );
 			v.add_decl("PRINT_ERROR(\"-------------------------------------------------\\n\");")
 			v.add_decl("while (unw_step(&cursor) > 0) \{")
 			v.add_decl("	unw_get_proc_name(&cursor, procname, 100, &ip);")
-			if ost == "nitstack" then
 			v.add_decl("	const char* recv = get_nit_name(procname, strlen(procname));")
 			v.add_decl("	if (recv != NULL)\{")
 			v.add_decl("		PRINT_ERROR(\"` %s\\n\", recv);")
 			v.add_decl("	\}else\{")
 			v.add_decl("		PRINT_ERROR(\"` %s\\n\", procname);")
 			v.add_decl("	\}")
-			else
-			v.add_decl("	PRINT_ERROR(\"` %s \\n\",procname);")
-			end
 			v.add_decl("\}")
 			v.add_decl("PRINT_ERROR(\"-------------------------------------------------\\n\");")
 			v.add_decl("free(procname);")
 			v.add_decl("\}")
+			v.add_decl("#endif /* NO_STACKTRACE */")
 		end
-		v.add_decl("exit(signo);")
+		v.add_decl("\}")
+
+		v.add_decl("void sig_handler(int signo)\{")
+		v.add_decl("PRINT_ERROR(\"Caught signal : %s\\n\", strsignal(signo));")
+		v.add_decl("show_backtrace();")
+		# rethrows
+		v.add_decl("signal(signo, SIG_DFL);")
+		v.add_decl("kill(getpid(), signo);")
+		v.add_decl("\}")
+
+		v.add_decl("void fatal_exit(int status) \{")
+		v.add_decl("show_backtrace();")
+		v.add_decl("exit(status);")
 		v.add_decl("\}")
 
 		if no_main then
@@ -791,7 +851,7 @@ extern void nitni_global_ref_decr( struct nitni_ref *ref );
 		v.add("signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);")
 		v.add("signal(SIGTERM, sig_handler);")
 		v.add("signal(SIGSEGV, sig_handler);")
-		v.add("signal(SIGPIPE, sig_handler);")
+		v.add("signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);")
 
 		v.add("glob_argc = argc; glob_argv = argv;")
 		v.add("initialize_gc_option();")
@@ -856,6 +916,12 @@ extern void nitni_global_ref_decr( struct nitni_ref *ref );
 
 		v.add("return 0;")
 		v.add("\}")
+
+		for m in mainmodule.in_importation.greaters do
+			var f = "FILE_"+m.c_name
+			v.add "const char {f}[] = \"{m.location.file.filename.escape_to_c}\";"
+			provide_declaration(f, "extern const char {f}[];")
+		end
 	end
 
 	# Copile all C functions related to the [incr|decr]_ref features of the FFI
@@ -1008,14 +1074,6 @@ extern void nitni_global_ref_decr( struct nitni_ref *ref ) {
 	end
 
 	fun finalize_ffi_for_module(mmodule: MModule) do mmodule.finalize_ffi(self)
-
-	# Division facility
-	# Avoid division by zero by returning the string "n/a"
-	fun div(a,b:Int):String
-	do
-		if b == 0 then return "n/a"
-		return ((a*10000/b).to_f / 100.0).to_precision(2)
-	end
 end
 
 # A file unit (may be more than one file if
@@ -1056,8 +1114,8 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
 	# The current visited AST node
 	var current_node: nullable ANode = null is writable
 
-	# The current `Frame`
-	var frame: nullable Frame = null is writable
+	# The current `StaticFrame`
+	var frame: nullable StaticFrame = null is writable
 
 	# Alias for self.compiler.mainmodule.object_type
 	fun object_type: MClassType do return self.compiler.mainmodule.object_type
@@ -1072,9 +1130,6 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
 		self.writer = new CodeWriter(compiler.files.last)
 	end
 
-	# Force to get the primitive class named `name` or abort
-	fun get_class(name: String): MClass do return self.compiler.mainmodule.get_primitive_class(name)
-
 	# Force to get the primitive property named `name` in the instance `recv` or abort
 	fun get_property(name: String, recv: MType): MMethod
 	do
@@ -1116,43 +1171,56 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
 
 	fun native_array_def(pname: String, ret_type: nullable MType, arguments: Array[RuntimeVariable]) is abstract
 
+	# Return an element of a native array.
+	# The method is unsafe and is just a direct wrapper for the specific implementation of native arrays
+	fun native_array_get(native_array: RuntimeVariable, index: Int): RuntimeVariable is abstract
+
+	# Store an element in a native array.
+	# The method is unsafe and is just a direct wrapper for the specific implementation of native arrays
+	fun native_array_set(native_array: RuntimeVariable, index: Int, value: RuntimeVariable) is abstract
+
 	# Evaluate `args` as expressions in the call of `mpropdef` on `recv`.
 	# This method is used to manage varargs in signatures and returns the real array
 	# of runtime variables to use in the call.
-	fun varargize(mpropdef: MMethodDef, recv: RuntimeVariable, args: SequenceRead[AExpr]): Array[RuntimeVariable]
+	fun varargize(mpropdef: MMethodDef, map: nullable SignatureMap, recv: RuntimeVariable, args: SequenceRead[AExpr]): Array[RuntimeVariable]
 	do
 		var msignature = mpropdef.new_msignature or else mpropdef.msignature.as(not null)
 		var res = new Array[RuntimeVariable]
 		res.add(recv)
 
-		if args.is_empty then return res
+		if msignature.arity == 0 then return res
+
+		if map == null then
+			assert args.length == msignature.arity
+			for ne in args do
+				res.add self.expr(ne, null)
+			end
+			return res
+		end
 
-		var vararg_rank = msignature.vararg_rank
-		var vararg_len = args.length - msignature.arity
-		if vararg_len < 0 then vararg_len = 0
+		# Eval in order of arguments, not parameters
+		var exprs = new Array[RuntimeVariable].with_capacity(args.length)
+		for ne in args do
+			exprs.add self.expr(ne, null)
+		end
 
+		# Fill `res` with the result of the evaluation according to the mapping
 		for i in [0..msignature.arity[ do
-			if i == vararg_rank then
-				var ne = args[i]
-				if ne isa AVarargExpr then
-					var e = self.expr(ne.n_expr, null)
-					res.add(e)
-					continue
-				end
-				var vararg = new Array[RuntimeVariable]
-				for j in [vararg_rank..vararg_rank+vararg_len] do
-					var e = self.expr(args[j], null)
-					vararg.add(e)
-				end
-				var elttype = msignature.mparameters[vararg_rank].mtype
+			var param = msignature.mparameters[i]
+			var j = map.map.get_or_null(i)
+			if j == null then
+				# default value
+				res.add(null_instance)
+				continue
+			end
+			if param.is_vararg and map.vararg_decl > 0 then
+				var vararg = exprs.sub(j, map.vararg_decl)
+				var elttype = param.mtype
 				var arg = self.vararg_instance(mpropdef, recv, vararg, elttype)
 				res.add(arg)
-			else
-				var j = i
-				if i > vararg_rank then j += vararg_len
-				var e = self.expr(args[j], null)
-				res.add(e)
+				continue
 			end
+			res.add exprs[j]
 		end
 		return res
 	end
@@ -1381,6 +1449,24 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
 	# Generate a alloc-instance + init-attributes
 	fun init_instance(mtype: MClassType): RuntimeVariable is abstract
 
+	# Allocate and init attributes of an instance of a standard or extern class
+	#
+	# Does not support universals and the pseudo-internal `NativeArray` class.
+	fun init_instance_or_extern(mtype: MClassType): RuntimeVariable
+	do
+		var recv
+		var ctype = mtype.ctype
+		assert mtype.mclass.name != "NativeArray"
+		if not mtype.is_c_primitive then
+			recv = init_instance(mtype)
+		else if ctype == "char*" then
+			recv = new_expr("NULL/*special!*/", mtype)
+		else
+			recv = new_expr("({ctype})0/*special!*/", mtype)
+		end
+		return recv
+	end
+
 	# Set a GC finalizer on `recv`, only if `recv` isa Finalizable
 	fun set_finalizer(recv: RuntimeVariable)
 	do
@@ -1392,40 +1478,79 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
 		end
 	end
 
+	# The currently processed module
+	#
+	# alias for `compiler.mainmodule`
+	fun mmodule: MModule do return compiler.mainmodule
+
 	# Generate an integer value
 	fun int_instance(value: Int): RuntimeVariable
 	do
-		var res = self.new_var(self.get_class("Int").mclass_type)
-		self.add("{res} = {value};")
+		var t = mmodule.int_type
+		var res = new RuntimeVariable("{value.to_s}l", t, t)
 		return res
 	end
 
-	# Generate an integer value
-	fun bool_instance(value: Bool): RuntimeVariable
+	# Generate a byte value
+	fun byte_instance(value: Byte): RuntimeVariable
+	do
+		var t = mmodule.byte_type
+		var res = new RuntimeVariable("((unsigned char){value.to_s})", t, t)
+		return res
+	end
+
+	# Generate a char value
+	fun char_instance(value: Char): RuntimeVariable
 	do
-		var res = self.new_var(self.get_class("Bool").mclass_type)
-		if value then
-			self.add("{res} = 1;")
+		var t = mmodule.char_type
+
+		if value.ascii < 128 then
+			return new RuntimeVariable("'{value.to_s.escape_to_c}'", t, t)
 		else
-			self.add("{res} = 0;")
+			return new RuntimeVariable("{value.ascii}", t, t)
 		end
+	end
+
+	# Generate a float value
+	#
+	# FIXME pass a Float, not a string
+	fun float_instance(value: String): RuntimeVariable
+	do
+		var t = mmodule.float_type
+		var res = new RuntimeVariable("{value}", t, t)
+		return res
+	end
+
+	# Generate an integer value
+	fun bool_instance(value: Bool): RuntimeVariable
+	do
+		var s = if value then "1" else "0"
+		var res = new RuntimeVariable(s, bool_type, bool_type)
+		return res
+	end
+
+	# Generate the `null` value
+	fun null_instance: RuntimeVariable
+	do
+		var t = compiler.mainmodule.model.null_type
+		var res = new RuntimeVariable("((val*)NULL)", t, t)
 		return res
 	end
 
 	# Generate a string value
 	fun string_instance(string: String): RuntimeVariable
 	do
-		var mtype = self.get_class("String").mclass_type
+		var mtype = mmodule.string_type
 		var name = self.get_name("varonce")
 		self.add_decl("static {mtype.ctype} {name};")
 		var res = self.new_var(mtype)
-		self.add("if ({name}) \{")
+		self.add("if (likely({name}!=NULL)) \{")
 		self.add("{res} = {name};")
 		self.add("\} else \{")
-		var native_mtype = self.get_class("NativeString").mclass_type
+		var native_mtype = mmodule.native_string_type
 		var nat = self.new_var(native_mtype)
 		self.add("{nat} = \"{string.escape_to_c}\";")
-		var length = self.int_instance(string.length)
+		var length = self.int_instance(string.bytelen)
 		self.add("{res} = {self.send(self.get_property("to_s_with_length", native_mtype), [nat, length]).as(not null)};")
 		self.add("{name} = {res};")
 		self.add("\}")
@@ -1486,12 +1611,12 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
 		file = file.strip_extension(".nit")
 		var tryfile = file + ".nit.h"
 		if tryfile.file_exists then
-			self.declare_once("#include \"{tryfile.basename("")}\"")
+			self.declare_once("#include \"{tryfile.basename}\"")
 			self.compiler.files_to_copy.add(tryfile)
 		end
 		tryfile = file + "_nit.h"
 		if tryfile.file_exists then
-			self.declare_once("#include \"{tryfile.basename("")}\"")
+			self.declare_once("#include \"{tryfile.basename}\"")
 			self.compiler.files_to_copy.add(tryfile)
 		end
 
@@ -1502,7 +1627,7 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
 			tryfile = file + "_nit.c"
 			if not tryfile.file_exists then return
 		end
-		var f = new ExternCFile(tryfile.basename(""), "")
+		var f = new ExternCFile(tryfile.basename, "")
 		self.compiler.extern_bodies.add(f)
 		self.compiler.files_to_copy.add(tryfile)
 	end
@@ -1525,12 +1650,15 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
 
 	fun add_raw_abort
 	do
-		if self.current_node != null and self.current_node.location.file != null then
-			self.add("PRINT_ERROR(\" (%s:%d)\\n\", \"{self.current_node.location.file.filename.escape_to_c}\", {current_node.location.line_start});")
+		if self.current_node != null and self.current_node.location.file != null and
+				self.current_node.location.file.mmodule != null then
+			var f = "FILE_{self.current_node.location.file.mmodule.c_name}"
+			self.require_declaration(f)
+			self.add("PRINT_ERROR(\" (%s:%d)\\n\", {f}, {current_node.location.line_start});")
 		else
 			self.add("PRINT_ERROR(\"\\n\");")
 		end
-		self.add("show_backtrace(1);")
+		self.add("fatal_exit(1);")
 	end
 
 	# Add a dynamic cast
@@ -1555,6 +1683,13 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
 	fun stmt(nexpr: nullable AExpr)
 	do
 		if nexpr == null then return
+		if nexpr.mtype == null and not nexpr.is_typed then
+			# Untyped expression.
+			# Might mean dead code or invalid code
+			# so aborts
+			add_abort("FATAL: bad statement executed.")
+			return
+		end
 
 		var narray = nexpr.comprehension
 		if narray != null then
@@ -1576,7 +1711,25 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
 	do
 		var old = self.current_node
 		self.current_node = nexpr
-		var res = nexpr.expr(self).as(not null)
+
+		var res = null
+		if nexpr.mtype != null then
+			res = nexpr.expr(self)
+		end
+
+		if res == null then
+			# Untyped expression.
+			# Might mean dead code or invalid code.
+			# so aborts
+			add_abort("FATAL: bad expression executed.")
+			# and return a placebo result to please the C compiler
+			if mtype == null then mtype = compiler.mainmodule.object_type
+			res = new_var(mtype)
+
+			self.current_node = old
+			return res
+		end
+
 		if mtype != null then
 			mtype = self.anchor(mtype)
 			res = self.autobox(res, mtype)
@@ -1686,8 +1839,8 @@ class RuntimeVariable
 	end
 end
 
-# A frame correspond to a visited property in a `GlobalCompilerVisitor`
-class Frame
+# The static context of a visited property in a `AbstractCompilerVisitor`
+class StaticFrame
 
 	type VISITOR: AbstractCompilerVisitor
 
@@ -1727,20 +1880,26 @@ redef class MType
 
 	# Short name of the `ctype` to use in unions
 	fun ctypename: String do return "val"
+
+	# Is the associated C type a primitive one?
+	#
+	# ENSURE `result == (ctype != "val*")`
+	fun is_c_primitive: Bool do return false
 end
 
 redef class MClassType
 
-	redef fun ctype: String
-	do
+	redef var ctype is lazy do
 		if mclass.name == "Int" then
 			return "long"
 		else if mclass.name == "Bool" then
 			return "short int"
 		else if mclass.name == "Char" then
-			return "char"
+			return "uint32_t"
 		else if mclass.name == "Float" then
 			return "double"
+		else if mclass.name == "Byte" then
+			return "unsigned char"
 		else if mclass.name == "NativeString" then
 			return "char*"
 		else if mclass.name == "NativeArray" then
@@ -1750,6 +1909,8 @@ redef class MClassType
 		end
 	end
 
+	redef var is_c_primitive is lazy do return ctype != "val*"
+
 	redef fun ctype_extern: String
 	do
 		if mclass.kind == extern_kind then
@@ -1769,6 +1930,8 @@ redef class MClassType
 			return "c"
 		else if mclass.name == "Float" then
 			return "d"
+		else if mclass.name == "Byte" then
+			return "b"
 		else if mclass.name == "NativeString" then
 			return "str"
 		else if mclass.name == "NativeArray" then
@@ -1807,6 +1970,15 @@ redef class MMethodDef
 		var modelbuilder = v.compiler.modelbuilder
 		var val = constant_value
 		var node = modelbuilder.mpropdef2node(self)
+
+		if is_abstract then
+			var cn = v.class_name_string(arguments.first)
+			v.current_node = node
+			v.add("PRINT_ERROR(\"Runtime error: Abstract method `%s` called on `%s`\", \"{mproperty.name.escape_to_c}\", {cn});")
+			v.add_raw_abort
+			return null
+		end
+
 		if node isa APropdef then
 			var oldnode = v.current_node
 			v.current_node = node
@@ -1866,13 +2038,6 @@ end
 redef class AMethPropdef
 	redef fun compile_to_c(v, mpropdef, arguments)
 	do
-		if mpropdef.is_abstract then
-			var cn = v.class_name_string(arguments.first)
-			v.add("PRINT_ERROR(\"Runtime error: Abstract method `%s` called on `%s`\", \"{mpropdef.mproperty.name.escape_to_c}\", {cn});")
-			v.add_raw_abort
-			return
-		end
-
 		# Call the implicit super-init
 		var auto_super_inits = self.auto_super_inits
 		if auto_super_inits != null then
@@ -1957,6 +2122,9 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
 			else if pname == "unary -" then
 				v.ret(v.new_expr("-{arguments[0]}", ret.as(not null)))
 				return true
+			else if pname == "unary +" then
+				v.ret(arguments[0])
+				return true
 			else if pname == "*" then
 				v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} * {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
 				return true
@@ -1994,15 +2162,15 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
 			else if pname == "to_f" then
 				v.ret(v.new_expr("(double){arguments[0]}", ret.as(not null)))
 				return true
+			else if pname == "to_b" then
+				v.ret(v.new_expr("(unsigned char){arguments[0]}", ret.as(not null)))
+				return true
 			else if pname == "ascii" then
-				v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]}", ret.as(not null)))
+				v.ret(v.new_expr("(uint32_t){arguments[0]}", ret.as(not null)))
 				return true
 			end
 		else if cname == "Char" then
-			if pname == "output" then
-				v.add("printf(\"%c\", {arguments.first});")
-				return true
-			else if pname == "object_id" then
+			if pname == "object_id" then
 				v.ret(v.new_expr("(long){arguments.first}", ret.as(not null)))
 				return true
 			else if pname == "successor" then
@@ -2034,7 +2202,70 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
 				v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]}-'0'", ret.as(not null)))
 				return true
 			else if pname == "ascii" then
-				v.ret(v.new_expr("(unsigned char){arguments[0]}", ret.as(not null)))
+				v.ret(v.new_expr("(long){arguments[0]}", ret.as(not null)))
+				return true
+			end
+		else if cname == "Byte" then
+			if pname == "output" then
+				v.add("printf(\"%x\\n\", {arguments.first});")
+				return true
+			else if pname == "object_id" then
+				v.ret(v.new_expr("(long){arguments.first}", ret.as(not null)))
+				return true
+			else if pname == "+" then
+				v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} + {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
+				return true
+			else if pname == "-" then
+				v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} - {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
+				return true
+			else if pname == "unary -" then
+				v.ret(v.new_expr("-{arguments[0]}", ret.as(not null)))
+				return true
+			else if pname == "unary +" then
+				v.ret(arguments[0])
+				return true
+			else if pname == "*" then
+				v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} * {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
+				return true
+			else if pname == "/" then
+				v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} / {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
+				return true
+			else if pname == "%" then
+				v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} % {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
+				return true
+			else if pname == "lshift" then
+				v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} << {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
+				return true
+			else if pname == "rshift" then
+				v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} >> {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
+				return true
+			else if pname == "==" then
+				v.ret(v.equal_test(arguments[0], arguments[1]))
+				return true
+			else if pname == "!=" then
+				var res = v.equal_test(arguments[0], arguments[1])
+				v.ret(v.new_expr("!{res}", ret.as(not null)))
+				return true
+			else if pname == "<" then
+				v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} < {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
+				return true
+			else if pname == ">" then
+				v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} > {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
+				return true
+			else if pname == "<=" then
+				v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} <= {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
+				return true
+			else if pname == ">=" then
+				v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} >= {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
+				return true
+			else if pname == "to_i" then
+				v.ret(v.new_expr("(long){arguments[0]}", ret.as(not null)))
+				return true
+			else if pname == "to_f" then
+				v.ret(v.new_expr("(double){arguments[0]}", ret.as(not null)))
+				return true
+			else if pname == "ascii" then
+				v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]}", ret.as(not null)))
 				return true
 			end
 		else if cname == "Bool" then
@@ -2068,6 +2299,9 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
 			else if pname == "unary -" then
 				v.ret(v.new_expr("-{arguments[0]}", ret.as(not null)))
 				return true
+			else if pname == "unary +" then
+				v.ret(arguments[0])
+				return true
 			else if pname == "succ" then
 				v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]}+1", ret.as(not null)))
 				return true
@@ -2102,13 +2336,16 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
 			else if pname == "to_i" then
 				v.ret(v.new_expr("(long){arguments[0]}", ret.as(not null)))
 				return true
+			else if pname == "to_b" then
+				v.ret(v.new_expr("(unsigned char){arguments[0]}", ret.as(not null)))
+				return true
 			end
 		else if cname == "NativeString" then
 			if pname == "[]" then
-				v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]}[{arguments[1]}]", ret.as(not null)))
+				v.ret(v.new_expr("(unsigned char)((int){arguments[0]}[{arguments[1]}])", ret.as(not null)))
 				return true
 			else if pname == "[]=" then
-				v.add("{arguments[0]}[{arguments[1]}]={arguments[2]};")
+				v.add("{arguments[0]}[{arguments[1]}]=(unsigned char){arguments[2]};")
 				return true
 			else if pname == "copy_to" then
 				v.add("memmove({arguments[1]}+{arguments[4]},{arguments[0]}+{arguments[3]},{arguments[2]});")
@@ -2116,6 +2353,9 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
 			else if pname == "atoi" then
 				v.ret(v.new_expr("atoi({arguments[0]});", ret.as(not null)))
 				return true
+			else if pname == "fast_cstring" then
+				v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} + {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
+				return true
 			else if pname == "new" then
 				v.ret(v.new_expr("(char*)nit_alloc({arguments[1]})", ret.as(not null)))
 				return true
@@ -2236,8 +2476,8 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
 			var res
 			if is_lazy then
 				var set
-				var ret = self.mpropdef.static_mtype
-				var useiset = ret.ctype == "val*" and not ret isa MNullableType
+				var ret = self.mtype
+				var useiset = not ret.is_c_primitive and not ret isa MNullableType
 				var guard = self.mlazypropdef.mproperty
 				if useiset then
 					set = v.isset_attribute(self.mpropdef.mproperty, recv)
@@ -2252,7 +2492,7 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
 
 				v.assign(res, value)
 				if not useiset then
-					var true_v = v.new_expr("1", v.bool_type)
+					var true_v = v.bool_instance(true)
 					v.write_attribute(guard, arguments.first, true_v)
 				end
 				v.add("\}")
@@ -2264,10 +2504,10 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
 			assert arguments.length == 2
 			v.write_attribute(self.mpropdef.mproperty, arguments.first, arguments[1])
 			if is_lazy then
-				var ret = self.mpropdef.static_mtype
-				var useiset = ret.ctype == "val*" and not ret isa MNullableType
+				var ret = self.mtype
+				var useiset = not ret.is_c_primitive and not ret isa MNullableType
 				if not useiset then
-					v.write_attribute(self.mlazypropdef.mproperty, arguments.first, v.new_expr("1", v.bool_type))
+					v.write_attribute(self.mlazypropdef.mproperty, arguments.first, v.bool_instance(true))
 				end
 			end
 		else
@@ -2277,7 +2517,7 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
 
 	fun init_expr(v: AbstractCompilerVisitor, recv: RuntimeVariable)
 	do
-		if has_value and not is_lazy then evaluate_expr(v, recv)
+		if has_value and not is_lazy and not n_expr isa ANullExpr then evaluate_expr(v, recv)
 	end
 
 	# Evaluate, store and return the default value of the attribute
@@ -2286,11 +2526,11 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
 		var oldnode = v.current_node
 		v.current_node = self
 		var old_frame = v.frame
-		var frame = new Frame(v, self.mpropdef.as(not null), recv.mcasttype.as_notnullable.as(MClassType), [recv])
+		var frame = new StaticFrame(v, self.mreadpropdef.as(not null), recv.mcasttype.undecorate.as(MClassType), [recv])
 		v.frame = frame
 
 		var value
-		var mtype = self.mpropdef.static_mtype
+		var mtype = self.mtype
 		assert mtype != null
 
 		var nexpr = self.n_expr
@@ -2325,7 +2565,7 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
 		var oldnode = v.current_node
 		v.current_node = self
 		var old_frame = v.frame
-		var frame = new Frame(v, self.mpropdef.as(not null), recv.mtype.as(MClassType), [recv])
+		var frame = new StaticFrame(v, self.mpropdef.as(not null), recv.mtype.as(MClassType), [recv])
 		v.frame = frame
 		# Force read to check the initialization
 		v.read_attribute(self.mpropdef.mproperty, recv)
@@ -2437,6 +2677,13 @@ redef class ASelfExpr
 	redef fun expr(v) do return v.frame.arguments.first
 end
 
+redef class AImplicitSelfExpr
+	redef fun expr(v) do
+		if not is_sys then return super
+		return v.new_expr("glob_sys", mtype.as(not null))
+	end
+end
+
 redef class AEscapeExpr
 	redef fun stmt(v) do v.add("goto BREAK_{v.escapemark_name(self.escapemark)};")
 end
@@ -2664,16 +2911,21 @@ redef class AOrElseExpr
 	end
 end
 
-redef class AIntExpr
-	redef fun expr(v) do return v.new_expr("{self.value.to_s}", self.mtype.as(not null))
+redef class AIntegerExpr
+	redef fun expr(v) do
+		if value isa Int then return v.int_instance(value.as(Int))
+		if value isa Byte then return v.byte_instance(value.as(Byte))
+		# Should never happen
+		abort
+	end
 end
 
 redef class AFloatExpr
-	redef fun expr(v) do return v.new_expr("{self.n_float.text}", self.mtype.as(not null)) # FIXME use value, not n_float
+	redef fun expr(v) do return v.float_instance("{self.n_float.text}") # FIXME use value, not n_float
 end
 
 redef class ACharExpr
-	redef fun expr(v) do return v.new_expr("'{self.value.to_s.escape_to_c}'", self.mtype.as(not null))
+	redef fun expr(v) do return v.char_instance(self.value.as(not null))
 end
 
 redef class AArrayExpr
@@ -2701,14 +2953,64 @@ end
 redef class ASuperstringExpr
 	redef fun expr(v)
 	do
-		var array = new Array[RuntimeVariable]
+		var type_string = mtype.as(not null)
+
+		# Collect elements of the superstring
+		var array = new Array[AExpr]
 		for ne in self.n_exprs do
+			# Drop literal empty string.
+			# They appears in things like "{a}" that is ["", a, ""]
 			if ne isa AStringFormExpr and ne.value == "" then continue # skip empty sub-strings
-			var i = v.expr(ne, null)
-			array.add(i)
+			array.add(ne)
 		end
-		var a = v.array_instance(array, v.object_type)
-		var res = v.send(v.get_property("to_s", a.mtype), [a])
+
+		# Store the allocated native array in a static variable
+		# For reusing later
+		var varonce = v.get_name("varonce")
+		v.add("if (unlikely({varonce}==NULL)) \{")
+
+		# The native array that will contains the elements to_s-ized.
+		# For fast concatenation.
+		var a = v.native_array_instance(type_string, v.int_instance(array.length))
+
+		v.add_decl("static {a.mtype.ctype} {varonce};")
+
+		# Pre-fill the array with the literal string parts.
+		# So they do not need to be filled again when reused
+		for i in [0..array.length[ do
+			var ne = array[i]
+			if not ne isa AStringFormExpr then continue
+			var e = v.expr(ne, null)
+			v.native_array_set(a, i, e)
+		end
+
+		v.add("\} else \{")
+		# Take the native-array from the store.
+		# The point is to prevent that some recursive execution use (and corrupt) the same native array
+		# WARNING: not thread safe! (FIXME?)
+		v.add("{a} = {varonce};")
+		v.add("{varonce} = NULL;")
+		v.add("\}")
+
+		# Stringify the elements and put them in the native array
+		var to_s_method = v.get_property("to_s", v.object_type)
+		for i in [0..array.length[ do
+			var ne = array[i]
+			if ne isa AStringFormExpr then continue
+			var e = v.expr(ne, null)
+			# Skip the `to_s` if the element is already a String
+			if not e.mcasttype.is_subtype(v.compiler.mainmodule, null, type_string) then
+				e = v.send(to_s_method, [e]).as(not null)
+			end
+			v.native_array_set(a, i, e)
+		end
+
+		# Fast join the native string to get the result
+		var res = v.send(v.get_property("native_to_s", a.mtype), [a])
+
+		# We finish to work with the native array,
+		# so store it so that it can be reused
+		v.add("{varonce} = {a};")
 		return res
 	end
 end
@@ -2738,22 +3040,24 @@ redef class AOrangeExpr
 end
 
 redef class ATrueExpr
-	redef fun expr(v) do return v.new_expr("1", self.mtype.as(not null))
+	redef fun expr(v) do return v.bool_instance(true)
 end
 
 redef class AFalseExpr
-	redef fun expr(v) do return v.new_expr("0", self.mtype.as(not null))
+	redef fun expr(v) do return v.bool_instance(false)
 end
 
 redef class ANullExpr
-	redef fun expr(v) do return v.new_expr("NULL", self.mtype.as(not null))
+	redef fun expr(v) do return v.null_instance
 end
 
 redef class AIsaExpr
 	redef fun expr(v)
 	do
 		var i = v.expr(self.n_expr, null)
-		return v.type_test(i, self.cast_type.as(not null), "isa")
+		var cast_type = self.cast_type
+		if cast_type == null then return null # no-no on broken node
+		return v.type_test(i, cast_type, "isa")
 	end
 end
 
@@ -2774,7 +3078,7 @@ redef class AAsNotnullExpr
 		var i = v.expr(self.n_expr, null)
 		if v.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_check_assert.value then return i
 
-		if i.mtype.ctype != "val*" then return i
+		if i.mtype.is_c_primitive then return i
 
 		v.add("if (unlikely({i} == NULL)) \{")
 		v.add_abort("Cast failed")
@@ -2796,7 +3100,7 @@ redef class AOnceExpr
 		v.add_decl("static {mtype.ctype} {name};")
 		v.add_decl("static int {guard};")
 		var res = v.new_var(mtype)
-		v.add("if ({guard}) \{")
+		v.add("if (likely({guard})) \{")
 		v.add("{res} = {name};")
 		v.add("\} else \{")
 		var i = v.expr(self.n_expr, mtype)
@@ -2813,7 +3117,7 @@ redef class ASendExpr
 	do
 		var recv = v.expr(self.n_expr, null)
 		var callsite = self.callsite.as(not null)
-		var args = v.varargize(callsite.mpropdef, recv, self.raw_arguments)
+		var args = v.varargize(callsite.mpropdef, callsite.signaturemap, recv, self.raw_arguments)
 		return v.compile_callsite(callsite, args)
 	end
 end
@@ -2823,7 +3127,7 @@ redef class ASendReassignFormExpr
 	do
 		var recv = v.expr(self.n_expr, null)
 		var callsite = self.callsite.as(not null)
-		var args = v.varargize(callsite.mpropdef, recv, self.raw_arguments)
+		var args = v.varargize(callsite.mpropdef, callsite.signaturemap, recv, self.raw_arguments)
 
 		var value = v.expr(self.n_value, null)
 
@@ -2845,26 +3149,33 @@ redef class ASuperExpr
 
 		var callsite = self.callsite
 		if callsite != null then
-			var args = v.varargize(callsite.mpropdef, recv, self.n_args.n_exprs)
+			var args
 
-			# Add additional arguments for the super init call
-			if args.length == 1 then
+			if self.n_args.n_exprs.is_empty then
+				# Add automatic arguments for the super init call
+				args = [recv]
 				for i in [0..callsite.msignature.arity[ do
 					args.add(v.frame.arguments[i+1])
 				end
+			else
+				args = v.varargize(callsite.mpropdef, callsite.signaturemap, recv, self.n_args.n_exprs)
 			end
+
 			# Super init call
 			var res = v.compile_callsite(callsite, args)
 			return res
 		end
 
 		var mpropdef = self.mpropdef.as(not null)
-		var args = v.varargize(mpropdef, recv, self.n_args.n_exprs)
-		if args.length == 1 then
+
+		var args
+		if self.n_args.n_exprs.is_empty then
 			args = v.frame.arguments
+		else
+			args = v.varargize(mpropdef, signaturemap, recv, self.n_args.n_exprs)
 		end
 
-		# stantard call-next-method
+		# Standard call-next-method
 		return v.supercall(mpropdef, recv.mtype.as(MClassType), args)
 	end
 end
@@ -2874,24 +3185,21 @@ redef class ANewExpr
 	do
 		var mtype = self.recvtype
 		assert mtype != null
-		var recv
-		var ctype = mtype.ctype
+
 		if mtype.mclass.name == "NativeArray" then
 			assert self.n_args.n_exprs.length == 1
 			var l = v.expr(self.n_args.n_exprs.first, null)
 			assert mtype isa MGenericType
 			var elttype = mtype.arguments.first
 			return v.native_array_instance(elttype, l)
-		else if ctype == "val*" then
-			recv = v.init_instance(mtype)
-		else if ctype == "char*" then
-			recv = v.new_expr("NULL/*special!*/", mtype)
-		else
-			recv = v.new_expr("({ctype})0/*special!*/", mtype)
 		end
 
-		var callsite = self.callsite.as(not null)
-		var args = v.varargize(callsite.mpropdef, recv, self.n_args.n_exprs)
+		var recv = v.init_instance_or_extern(mtype)
+
+		var callsite = self.callsite
+		if callsite == null then return recv
+
+		var args = v.varargize(callsite.mpropdef, callsite.signaturemap, recv, self.n_args.n_exprs)
 		var res2 = v.compile_callsite(callsite, args)
 		if res2 != null then
 			#self.debug("got {res2} from {mproperty}. drop {recv}")
@@ -2943,6 +3251,20 @@ redef class AIssetAttrExpr
 	end
 end
 
+redef class AVarargExpr
+	redef fun expr(v)
+	do
+		return v.expr(self.n_expr, null)
+	end
+end
+
+redef class ANamedargExpr
+	redef fun expr(v)
+	do
+		return v.expr(self.n_expr, null)
+	end
+end
+
 redef class ADebugTypeExpr
 	redef fun stmt(v)
 	do
@@ -2990,7 +3312,7 @@ redef class MModule
 
 	# Give requided addinional system libraries (as given to LD_LIBS)
 	# Note: can return null instead of an empty set
-	fun collect_linker_libs: nullable Set[String] do return null
+	fun collect_linker_libs: nullable Array[String] do return null
 end
 
 # Create a tool context to handle options and paths
@@ -3008,7 +3330,7 @@ var modelbuilder = new ModelBuilder(model, toolcontext)
 
 var arguments = toolcontext.option_context.rest
 if arguments.length > 1 and toolcontext.opt_output.value != null then
-	print "Error: --output needs a single source file. Do you prefer --dir?"
+	print "Option Error: --output needs a single source file. Do you prefer --dir?"
 	exit 1
 end