nitc: renamed --no-check-initialization in --no-check-attr-isset to follow the new...
[nit.git] / src / separate_compiler.nit
index e7ac6bf..4bbdd2d 100644 (file)
@@ -30,7 +30,11 @@ redef class ToolContext
        # --no-shortcut-equate
        var opt_no_shortcut_equate: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Always call == in a polymorphic way", "--no-shortcut-equal")
        # --inline-coloring-numbers
-       var opt_inline_coloring_numbers: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Inline colors and ids", "--inline-coloring-numbers")
+       var opt_inline_coloring_numbers: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Inline colors and ids (semi-global)", "--inline-coloring-numbers")
+       # --inline-some-methods
+       var opt_inline_some_methods: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Allow the separate compiler to inline some methods (semi-global)", "--inline-some-methods")
+       # --direct-call-monomorph
+       var opt_direct_call_monomorph: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Allow the separate compiler to direct call monomorph sites (semi-global)", "--direct-call-monomorph")
        # --use-naive-coloring
        var opt_bm_typing: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Colorize items incrementaly, used to simulate binary matrix typing", "--bm-typing")
        # --use-mod-perfect-hashing
@@ -47,7 +51,7 @@ redef class ToolContext
                self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_no_inline_intern)
                self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_no_union_attribute)
                self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_no_shortcut_equate)
-               self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_inline_coloring_numbers)
+               self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_inline_coloring_numbers, opt_inline_some_methods, opt_direct_call_monomorph)
                self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_bm_typing)
                self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_phmod_typing)
                self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_phand_typing)
@@ -56,7 +60,7 @@ redef class ToolContext
 end
 
 redef class ModelBuilder
-       fun run_separate_compiler(mainmodule: MModule, runtime_type_analysis: RapidTypeAnalysis)
+       fun run_separate_compiler(mainmodule: MModule, runtime_type_analysis: nullable RapidTypeAnalysis)
        do
                var time0 = get_time
                self.toolcontext.info("*** GENERATING C ***", 1)
@@ -93,6 +97,11 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
                for t in mtypes do
                        compiler.compile_type_to_c(t)
                end
+               # compile remaining types structures (useless but needed for the symbol resolution at link-time)
+               for t in compiler.undead_types do
+                       if mtypes.has(t) then continue
+                       compiler.compile_type_to_c(t)
+               end
 
                compiler.display_stats
 
@@ -100,25 +109,33 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
                self.toolcontext.info("*** END GENERATING C: {time1-time0} ***", 2)
                write_and_make(compiler)
        end
+
+       # Count number of invocations by VFT
+       private var nb_invok_by_tables = 0
+       # Count number of invocations by direct call
+       private var nb_invok_by_direct = 0
+       # Count number of invocations by inlining
+       private var nb_invok_by_inline = 0
 end
 
 # Singleton that store the knowledge about the separate compilation process
 class SeparateCompiler
        super AbstractCompiler
 
+       redef type VISITOR: SeparateCompilerVisitor
+
        # The result of the RTA (used to know live types and methods)
-       var runtime_type_analysis: RapidTypeAnalysis
+       var runtime_type_analysis: nullable RapidTypeAnalysis
 
        private var undead_types: Set[MType] = new HashSet[MType]
-       private var partial_types: Set[MType] = new HashSet[MType]
        private var live_unresolved_types: Map[MClassDef, Set[MType]] = new HashMap[MClassDef, HashSet[MType]]
 
        private var type_layout: nullable Layout[MType]
        private var resolution_layout: nullable Layout[MType]
-       protected var method_layout: nullable Layout[MMethod]
+       protected var method_layout: nullable Layout[PropertyLayoutElement]
        protected var attr_layout: nullable Layout[MAttribute]
 
-       init(mainmodule: MModule, mmbuilder: ModelBuilder, runtime_type_analysis: RapidTypeAnalysis) do
+       init(mainmodule: MModule, mmbuilder: ModelBuilder, runtime_type_analysis: nullable RapidTypeAnalysis) do
                super(mainmodule, mmbuilder)
                var file = new_file("nit.common")
                self.header = new CodeWriter(file)
@@ -194,24 +211,35 @@ class SeparateCompiler
        fun compile_color_consts(colors: Map[Object, Int]) do
                var v = new_visitor
                for m, c in colors do
-                       if color_consts_done.has(m) then continue
-                       if m isa MProperty then
-                               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_inline_coloring_numbers.value then
-                                       self.provide_declaration(m.const_color, "#define {m.const_color} {c}")
-                               else
-                                       self.provide_declaration(m.const_color, "extern const int {m.const_color};")
-                                       v.add("const int {m.const_color} = {c};")
-                               end
-                       else if m isa MType then
-                               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_inline_coloring_numbers.value then
-                                       self.provide_declaration(m.const_color, "#define {m.const_color} {c}")
-                               else
-                                       self.provide_declaration(m.const_color, "extern const int {m.const_color};")
-                                       v.add("const int {m.const_color} = {c};")
-                               end
+                       compile_color_const(v, m, c)
+               end
+       end
+
+       fun compile_color_const(v: SeparateCompilerVisitor, m: Object, color: Int) do
+               if color_consts_done.has(m) then return
+               if m isa MProperty then
+                       if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_inline_coloring_numbers.value then
+                               self.provide_declaration(m.const_color, "#define {m.const_color} {color}")
+                       else
+                               self.provide_declaration(m.const_color, "extern const int {m.const_color};")
+                               v.add("const int {m.const_color} = {color};")
+                       end
+               else if m isa MPropDef then
+                       if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_inline_coloring_numbers.value then
+                               self.provide_declaration(m.const_color, "#define {m.const_color} {color}")
+                       else
+                               self.provide_declaration(m.const_color, "extern const int {m.const_color};")
+                               v.add("const int {m.const_color} = {color};")
+                       end
+               else if m isa MType then
+                       if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_inline_coloring_numbers.value then
+                               self.provide_declaration(m.const_color, "#define {m.const_color} {color}")
+                       else
+                               self.provide_declaration(m.const_color, "extern const int {m.const_color};")
+                               v.add("const int {m.const_color} = {color};")
                        end
-                       color_consts_done.add(m)
                end
+               color_consts_done.add(m)
        end
 
        private var color_consts_done = new HashSet[Object]
@@ -221,7 +249,7 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                var mclasses = new HashSet[MClass].from(modelbuilder.model.mclasses)
 
                # Layouts
-               var method_layout_builder: PropertyLayoutBuilder[MMethod]
+               var method_layout_builder: PropertyLayoutBuilder[PropertyLayoutElement]
                var attribute_layout_builder: PropertyLayoutBuilder[MAttribute]
                #FIXME PH and BM layouts too slow for large programs
                #if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_bm_typing.value then
@@ -234,31 +262,90 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                #       method_layout_builder = new MMethodHasher(new PHAndOperator, self.mainmodule)
                #       attribute_layout_builder = new MAttributeHasher(new PHAndOperator, self.mainmodule)
                #else
-               method_layout_builder = new MMethodColorer(self.mainmodule)
-               attribute_layout_builder = new MAttributeColorer(self.mainmodule)
+
+               var class_layout_builder = new MClassColorer(self.mainmodule)
+               class_layout_builder.build_layout(mclasses)
+               method_layout_builder = new MPropertyColorer[PropertyLayoutElement](self.mainmodule, class_layout_builder)
+               attribute_layout_builder = new MPropertyColorer[MAttribute](self.mainmodule, class_layout_builder)
                #end
 
+               # lookup properties to build layout with
+               var mmethods = new HashMap[MClass, Set[PropertyLayoutElement]]
+               var mattributes = new HashMap[MClass, Set[MAttribute]]
+               for mclass in mclasses do
+                       mmethods[mclass] = new HashSet[PropertyLayoutElement]
+                       mattributes[mclass] = new HashSet[MAttribute]
+                       for mprop in self.mainmodule.properties(mclass) do
+                               if mprop isa MMethod then
+                                       mmethods[mclass].add(mprop)
+                               else if mprop isa MAttribute then
+                                       mattributes[mclass].add(mprop)
+                               end
+                       end
+               end
+
+               # Collect all super calls (dead or not)
+               var all_super_calls = new HashSet[MMethodDef]
+               for mmodule in self.mainmodule.in_importation.greaters do
+                       for mclassdef in mmodule.mclassdefs do
+                               for mpropdef in mclassdef.mpropdefs do
+                                       if not mpropdef isa MMethodDef then continue
+                                       if mpropdef.has_supercall then
+                                               all_super_calls.add(mpropdef)
+                                       end
+                               end
+                       end
+               end
+
+               # lookup super calls and add it to the list of mmethods to build layout with
+               var super_calls
+               if runtime_type_analysis != null then
+                       super_calls = runtime_type_analysis.live_super_sends
+               else
+                       super_calls = all_super_calls
+               end
+
+               for mmethoddef in super_calls do
+                       var mclass = mmethoddef.mclassdef.mclass
+                       mmethods[mclass].add(mmethoddef)
+                       for descendant in mclass.in_hierarchy(self.mainmodule).smallers do
+                               mmethods[descendant].add(mmethoddef)
+                       end
+               end
+
                # methods coloration
-               var method_layout = method_layout_builder.build_layout(mclasses)
-               self.method_tables = build_method_tables(mclasses, method_layout)
+               self.method_layout = method_layout_builder.build_layout(mmethods)
+               self.method_tables = build_method_tables(mclasses, super_calls)
                self.compile_color_consts(method_layout.pos)
-               self.method_layout = method_layout
+
+               # attribute null color to dead supercalls
+               for mpropdef in all_super_calls do
+                       if super_calls.has(mpropdef) then continue
+                       compile_color_const(new_visitor, mpropdef, -1)
+               end
 
                # attributes coloration
-               var attr_layout = attribute_layout_builder.build_layout(mclasses)
-               self.attr_tables = build_attr_tables(mclasses, attr_layout)
+               self.attr_layout = attribute_layout_builder.build_layout(mattributes)
+               self.attr_tables = build_attr_tables(mclasses)
                self.compile_color_consts(attr_layout.pos)
-               self.attr_layout = attr_layout
        end
 
-       fun build_method_tables(mclasses: Set[MClass], layout: Layout[MProperty]): Map[MClass, Array[nullable MPropDef]] do
+       fun build_method_tables(mclasses: Set[MClass], super_calls: Set[MMethodDef]): Map[MClass, Array[nullable MPropDef]] do
+               var layout = self.method_layout
                var tables = new HashMap[MClass, Array[nullable MPropDef]]
                for mclass in mclasses do
                        var table = new Array[nullable MPropDef]
+                       var supercalls = new List[MMethodDef]
+
                        # first, fill table from parents by reverse linearization order
-                       var parents = self.mainmodule.super_mclasses(mclass)
-                       var lin = self.mainmodule.reverse_linearize_mclasses(parents)
-                       for parent in lin do
+                       var parents = new Array[MClass]
+                       if mainmodule.flatten_mclass_hierarchy.has(mclass) then
+                               parents = mclass.in_hierarchy(mainmodule).greaters.to_a
+                               self.mainmodule.linearize_mclasses(parents)
+                       end
+
+                       for parent in parents do
+                               if parent == mclass then continue
                                for mproperty in self.mainmodule.properties(parent) do
                                        if not mproperty isa MMethod then continue
                                        var color = layout.pos[mproperty]
@@ -273,6 +360,15 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                                                end
                                        end
                                end
+
+                               # lookup for super calls in super classes
+                               for mmethoddef in super_calls do
+                                       for mclassdef in parent.mclassdefs do
+                                               if mclassdef.mpropdefs.has(mmethoddef) then
+                                                       supercalls.add(mmethoddef)
+                                               end
+                                       end
+                               end
                        end
 
                        # then override with local properties
@@ -290,19 +386,44 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                                        end
                                end
                        end
+
+                       # lookup for super calls in local class
+                       for mmethoddef in super_calls do
+                               for mclassdef in mclass.mclassdefs do
+                                       if mclassdef.mpropdefs.has(mmethoddef) then
+                                               supercalls.add(mmethoddef)
+                                       end
+                               end
+                       end
+                       # insert super calls in table according to receiver
+                       for supercall in supercalls do
+                               var color = layout.pos[supercall]
+                               if table.length <= color then
+                                       for i in [table.length .. color[ do
+                                               table[i] = null
+                                       end
+                               end
+                               var mmethoddef = supercall.lookup_next_definition(self.mainmodule, mclass.intro.bound_mtype)
+                               table[color] = mmethoddef
+                       end
                        tables[mclass] = table
                end
                return tables
        end
 
-       fun build_attr_tables(mclasses: Set[MClass], layout: Layout[MProperty]): Map[MClass, Array[nullable MPropDef]] do
+       fun build_attr_tables(mclasses: Set[MClass]): Map[MClass, Array[nullable MPropDef]] do
+               var layout = self.attr_layout
                var tables = new HashMap[MClass, Array[nullable MPropDef]]
                for mclass in mclasses do
                        var table = new Array[nullable MPropDef]
                        # first, fill table from parents by reverse linearization order
-                       var parents = self.mainmodule.super_mclasses(mclass)
-                       var lin = self.mainmodule.reverse_linearize_mclasses(parents)
-                       for parent in lin do
+                       var parents = new Array[MClass]
+                       if mainmodule.flatten_mclass_hierarchy.has(mclass) then
+                               parents = mclass.in_hierarchy(mainmodule).greaters.to_a
+                               self.mainmodule.linearize_mclasses(parents)
+                       end
+                       for parent in parents do
+                               if parent == mclass then continue
                                for mproperty in self.mainmodule.properties(parent) do
                                        if not mproperty isa MAttribute then continue
                                        var color = layout.pos[mproperty]
@@ -340,20 +461,14 @@ class SeparateCompiler
        end
 
        # colorize live types of the program
-       private fun do_type_coloring: Set[MType] do
+       private fun do_type_coloring: POSet[MType] do
                var mtypes = new HashSet[MType]
                mtypes.add_all(self.runtime_type_analysis.live_types)
                mtypes.add_all(self.runtime_type_analysis.live_cast_types)
-               mtypes.add_all(self.undead_types)
                for c in self.box_kinds.keys do
                        mtypes.add(c.mclass_type)
                end
 
-               for mtype in mtypes do
-                       retrieve_partial_types(mtype)
-               end
-               mtypes.add_all(self.partial_types)
-
                # Typing Layout
                var layout_builder: TypingLayoutBuilder[MType]
                if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_bm_typing.value then
@@ -368,24 +483,22 @@ class SeparateCompiler
 
                # colorize types
                self.type_layout = layout_builder.build_layout(mtypes)
-               self.type_tables = self.build_type_tables(mtypes)
+               var poset = layout_builder.poset.as(not null)
+               self.type_tables = self.build_type_tables(poset)
 
                # VT and FT are stored with other unresolved types in the big resolution_tables
                self.compile_resolution_tables(mtypes)
 
-               return mtypes
+               return poset
        end
 
        # Build type tables
-       fun build_type_tables(mtypes: Set[MType]): Map[MType, Array[nullable MType]] do
+       fun build_type_tables(mtypes: POSet[MType]): Map[MType, Array[nullable MType]] do
                var tables = new HashMap[MType, Array[nullable MType]]
                var layout = self.type_layout
                for mtype in mtypes do
                        var table = new Array[nullable MType]
-                       var supers = new HashSet[MType]
-                       supers.add_all(self.mainmodule.super_mtypes(mtype, mtypes))
-                       supers.add(mtype)
-                       for sup in supers do
+                       for sup in mtypes[mtype].greaters do
                                var color: Int
                                if layout isa PHLayout[MType, MType] then
                                        color = layout.hashes[mtype][sup]
@@ -484,34 +597,6 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                return tables
        end
 
-       fun retrieve_partial_types(mtype: MType) do
-               # add formal types arguments to mtypes
-               if mtype isa MGenericType then
-                       for ft in mtype.arguments do
-                               if ft.need_anchor then
-                                       print("Why do we need anchor here ?")
-                                       abort
-                               end
-                               self.partial_types.add(ft)
-                               retrieve_partial_types(ft)
-                       end
-               end
-               var mclass_type: MClassType
-               if mtype isa MNullableType then
-                       mclass_type = mtype.mtype.as(MClassType)
-               else
-                       mclass_type = mtype.as(MClassType)
-               end
-
-               # add virtual types to mtypes
-               for vt in self.mainmodule.properties(mclass_type.mclass) do
-                       if vt isa MVirtualTypeProp then
-                               var anchored = vt.mvirtualtype.lookup_bound(self.mainmodule, mclass_type).anchor_to(self.mainmodule, mclass_type)
-                               self.partial_types.add(anchored)
-                       end
-               end
-       end
-
        # Separately compile all the method definitions of the module
        fun compile_module_to_c(mmodule: MModule)
        do
@@ -533,6 +618,10 @@ class SeparateCompiler
        # Globaly compile the type structure of a live type
        fun compile_type_to_c(mtype: MType)
        do
+               assert not mtype.need_anchor
+               var layout = self.type_layout
+               var is_live = mtype isa MClassType and runtime_type_analysis.live_types.has(mtype)
+               var is_cast_live = runtime_type_analysis.live_cast_types.has(mtype)
                var c_name = mtype.c_name
                var v = new SeparateCompilerVisitor(self)
                v.add_decl("/* runtime type {mtype} */")
@@ -542,39 +631,70 @@ class SeparateCompiler
 
                # const struct type_X
                v.add_decl("const struct type type_{c_name} = \{")
-               v.add_decl("{self.type_layout.ids[mtype]},")
+
+               # type id (for cast target)
+               if is_cast_live then
+                       v.add_decl("{layout.ids[mtype]},")
+               else
+                       v.add_decl("-1, /*CAST DEAD*/")
+               end
+
+               # type name
                v.add_decl("\"{mtype}\", /* class_name_string */")
-               var layout = self.type_layout
-               if layout isa PHLayout[MType, MType] then
-                       v.add_decl("{layout.masks[mtype]},")
+
+               # type color (for cast target)
+               if is_cast_live then
+                       if layout isa PHLayout[MType, MType] then
+                               v.add_decl("{layout.masks[mtype]},")
+                       else
+                               v.add_decl("{layout.pos[mtype]},")
+                       end
                else
-                       v.add_decl("{layout.pos[mtype]},")
+                       v.add_decl("-1, /*CAST DEAD*/")
                end
+
+               # is_nullable bit
                if mtype isa MNullableType then
                        v.add_decl("1,")
                else
                        v.add_decl("0,")
                end
-               if compile_type_resolution_table(mtype) then
-                       v.require_declaration("resolution_table_{c_name}")
-                       v.add_decl("&resolution_table_{c_name},")
+
+               # resolution table (for receiver)
+               if is_live then
+                       var mclass_type = mtype
+                       if mclass_type isa MNullableType then mclass_type = mclass_type.mtype
+                       assert mclass_type isa MClassType
+                       if resolution_tables[mclass_type].is_empty then
+                               v.add_decl("NULL, /*NO RESOLUTIONS*/")
+                       else
+                               compile_type_resolution_table(mtype)
+                               v.require_declaration("resolution_table_{c_name}")
+                               v.add_decl("&resolution_table_{c_name},")
+                       end
                else
-                       v.add_decl("NULL,")
+                       v.add_decl("NULL, /*DEAD*/")
                end
-               v.add_decl("{self.type_tables[mtype].length},")
-               v.add_decl("\{")
-               for stype in self.type_tables[mtype] do
-                       if stype == null then
-                               v.add_decl("-1, /* empty */")
-                       else
-                               v.add_decl("{self.type_layout.ids[stype]}, /* {stype} */")
+
+               # cast table (for receiver)
+               if is_live then
+                       v.add_decl("{self.type_tables[mtype].length},")
+                       v.add_decl("\{")
+                       for stype in self.type_tables[mtype] do
+                               if stype == null then
+                                       v.add_decl("-1, /* empty */")
+                               else
+                                       v.add_decl("{layout.ids[stype]}, /* {stype} */")
+                               end
                        end
+                       v.add_decl("\},")
+               else
+                       v.add_decl("0, \{\}, /*DEAD TYPE*/")
                end
-               v.add_decl("\},")
                v.add_decl("\};")
        end
 
-       fun compile_type_resolution_table(mtype: MType): Bool do
+       fun compile_type_resolution_table(mtype: MType) do
 
                var mclass_type: MClassType
                if mtype isa MNullableType then
@@ -582,7 +702,6 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                else
                        mclass_type = mtype.as(MClassType)
                end
-               if not self.resolution_tables.has_key(mclass_type) then return false
 
                var layout = self.resolution_layout
 
@@ -617,7 +736,6 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                end
                v.add_decl("\}")
                v.add_decl("\};")
-               return true
        end
 
        # Globally compile the table of the class mclass
@@ -627,12 +745,13 @@ class SeparateCompiler
        do
                var mtype = mclass.intro.bound_mtype
                var c_name = mclass.c_name
+               var c_instance_name = mclass.c_instance_name
 
                var vft = self.method_tables[mclass]
                var attrs = self.attr_tables[mclass]
                var v = new_visitor
 
-               var is_dead = not runtime_type_analysis.live_classes.has(mclass) and mtype.ctype == "val*" and mclass.name != "NativeArray"
+               var is_dead = runtime_type_analysis != null and not runtime_type_analysis.live_classes.has(mclass) and mtype.ctype == "val*" and mclass.name != "NativeArray"
 
                v.add_decl("/* runtime class {c_name} */")
 
@@ -658,20 +777,22 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                end
 
                if mtype.ctype != "val*" then
-                       #Build instance struct
-                       self.header.add_decl("struct instance_{c_name} \{")
-                       self.header.add_decl("const struct type *type;")
-                       self.header.add_decl("const struct class *class;")
-                       self.header.add_decl("{mtype.ctype} value;")
-                       self.header.add_decl("\};")
+                       if mtype.mclass.name == "Pointer" or mtype.mclass.kind != extern_kind then
+                               #Build instance struct
+                               self.header.add_decl("struct instance_{c_instance_name} \{")
+                               self.header.add_decl("const struct type *type;")
+                               self.header.add_decl("const struct class *class;")
+                               self.header.add_decl("{mtype.ctype} value;")
+                               self.header.add_decl("\};")
+                       end
 
                        if not self.runtime_type_analysis.live_types.has(mtype) then return
 
                        #Build BOX
-                       self.header.add_decl("val* BOX_{c_name}({mtype.ctype});")
+                       self.provide_declaration("BOX_{c_name}", "val* BOX_{c_name}({mtype.ctype});")
                        v.add_decl("/* allocate {mtype} */")
                        v.add_decl("val* BOX_{mtype.c_name}({mtype.ctype} value) \{")
-                       v.add("struct instance_{c_name}*res = nit_alloc(sizeof(struct instance_{c_name}));")
+                       v.add("struct instance_{c_instance_name}*res = nit_alloc(sizeof(struct instance_{c_instance_name}));")
                        v.require_declaration("type_{c_name}")
                        v.add("res->type = &type_{c_name};")
                        v.require_declaration("class_{c_name}")
@@ -682,10 +803,11 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                        return
                else if mclass.name == "NativeArray" then
                        #Build instance struct
-                       self.header.add_decl("struct instance_{c_name} \{")
+                       self.header.add_decl("struct instance_{c_instance_name} \{")
                        self.header.add_decl("const struct type *type;")
                        self.header.add_decl("const struct class *class;")
-                       # NativeArrays are just a instance header followed by an array of values
+                       # NativeArrays are just a instance header followed by a length and an array of values
+                       self.header.add_decl("int length;")
                        self.header.add_decl("val* values[0];")
                        self.header.add_decl("\};")
 
@@ -693,15 +815,16 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                        self.provide_declaration("NEW_{c_name}", "{mtype.ctype} NEW_{c_name}(int length, const struct type* type);")
                        v.add_decl("/* allocate {mtype} */")
                        v.add_decl("{mtype.ctype} NEW_{c_name}(int length, const struct type* type) \{")
-                       var res = v.new_named_var(mtype, "self")
-                       res.is_exact = true
+                       var res = v.get_name("self")
+                       v.add_decl("struct instance_{c_instance_name} *{res};")
                        var mtype_elt = mtype.arguments.first
-                       v.add("{res} = nit_alloc(sizeof(struct instance_{c_name}) + length*sizeof({mtype_elt.ctype}));")
+                       v.add("{res} = nit_alloc(sizeof(struct instance_{c_instance_name}) + length*sizeof({mtype_elt.ctype}));")
                        v.add("{res}->type = type;")
                        hardening_live_type(v, "type")
                        v.require_declaration("class_{c_name}")
                        v.add("{res}->class = &class_{c_name};")
-                       v.add("return {res};")
+                       v.add("{res}->length = length;")
+                       v.add("return (val*){res};")
                        v.add("\}")
                        return
                end
@@ -724,8 +847,6 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                        v.add("return {res};")
                end
                v.add("\}")
-
-               generate_check_init_instance(mtype)
        end
 
        # Add a dynamic test to ensure that the type referenced by `t` is a live type
@@ -735,30 +856,12 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                v.add("if({t} == NULL) \{")
                v.add_abort("type null")
                v.add("\}")
-               v.add("if({t}->resolution_table == NULL) \{")
+               v.add("if({t}->table_size == 0) \{")
                v.add("fprintf(stderr, \"Insantiation of a dead type: %s\\n\", {t}->name);")
                v.add_abort("type dead")
                v.add("\}")
        end
 
-       redef fun generate_check_init_instance(mtype)
-       do
-               if self.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_check_initialization.value then return
-
-               var v = self.new_visitor
-               var c_name = mtype.mclass.c_name
-               var res = new RuntimeVariable("self", mtype, mtype)
-               self.provide_declaration("CHECK_NEW_{c_name}", "void CHECK_NEW_{c_name}({mtype.ctype});")
-               v.add_decl("/* allocate {mtype} */")
-               v.add_decl("void CHECK_NEW_{c_name}({mtype.ctype} {res}) \{")
-               if runtime_type_analysis.live_classes.has(mtype.mclass) then
-                       self.generate_check_attr(v, res, mtype)
-               else
-                       v.add_abort("{mtype.mclass} is DEAD")
-               end
-               v.add("\}")
-       end
-
        redef fun new_visitor do return new SeparateCompilerVisitor(self)
 
        # Stats
@@ -774,6 +877,14 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                if self.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_tables_metrics.value then
                        display_sizes
                end
+
+               var tc = self.modelbuilder.toolcontext
+               tc.info("# implementation of method invocation",2)
+               var nb_invok_total = modelbuilder.nb_invok_by_tables + modelbuilder.nb_invok_by_direct + modelbuilder.nb_invok_by_inline
+               tc.info("total number of invocations: {nb_invok_total}",2)
+               tc.info("invocations by VFT send:     {modelbuilder.nb_invok_by_tables} ({div(modelbuilder.nb_invok_by_tables,nb_invok_total)}%)",2)
+               tc.info("invocations by direct call:  {modelbuilder.nb_invok_by_direct} ({div(modelbuilder.nb_invok_by_direct,nb_invok_total)}%)",2)
+               tc.info("invocations by inlining:     {modelbuilder.nb_invok_by_inline} ({div(modelbuilder.nb_invok_by_inline,nb_invok_total)}%)",2)
        end
 
        fun display_sizes
@@ -818,6 +929,19 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                end
                print "\t{total}\t{holes}"
        end
+
+       redef fun compile_nitni_structs
+       do
+               self.header.add_decl("struct nitni_instance \{struct instance *value;\};")
+       end
+       
+       redef fun finalize_ffi_for_module(mmodule)
+       do
+               var old_module = self.mainmodule
+               self.mainmodule = mmodule
+               super
+               self.mainmodule = old_module
+       end
 end
 
 # A visitor on the AST of property definition that generate the C code of a separate compilation process.
@@ -849,22 +973,25 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                else if value.mtype.ctype == "val*" and mtype.ctype == "val*" then
                        return value
                else if value.mtype.ctype == "val*" then
-                       return self.new_expr("((struct instance_{mtype.c_name}*){value})->value; /* autounbox from {value.mtype} to {mtype} */", mtype)
+                       return self.new_expr("((struct instance_{mtype.c_instance_name}*){value})->value; /* autounbox from {value.mtype} to {mtype} */", mtype)
                else if mtype.ctype == "val*" then
                        var valtype = value.mtype.as(MClassType)
                        var res = self.new_var(mtype)
-                       if not compiler.runtime_type_analysis.live_types.has(valtype) then
+                       if compiler.runtime_type_analysis != null and not compiler.runtime_type_analysis.live_types.has(valtype) then
                                self.add("/*no autobox from {value.mtype} to {mtype}: {value.mtype} is not live! */")
-                               self.add("printf(\"Dead code executed!\\n\"); exit(1);")
+                               self.add("printf(\"Dead code executed!\\n\"); show_backtrace(1);")
                                return res
                        end
+                       self.require_declaration("BOX_{valtype.c_name}")
                        self.add("{res} = BOX_{valtype.c_name}({value}); /* autobox from {value.mtype} to {mtype} */")
                        return res
+               else if value.mtype.ctype == "void*" and mtype.ctype == "void*" then
+                       return value
                else
                        # Bad things will appen!
                        var res = self.new_var(mtype)
                        self.add("/* {res} left unintialized (cannot convert {value.mtype} to {mtype}) */")
-                       self.add("printf(\"Cast error: Cannot cast %s to %s.\\n\", \"{value.mtype}\", \"{mtype}\"); exit(1);")
+                       self.add("printf(\"Cast error: Cannot cast %s to %s.\\n\", \"{value.mtype}\", \"{mtype}\"); show_backtrace(1);")
                        return res
                end
        end
@@ -876,13 +1003,39 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                if value.mtype.ctype == "val*" then
                        return "{value}->type"
                else
+                       compiler.undead_types.add(value.mtype)
                        self.require_declaration("type_{value.mtype.c_name}")
                        return "(&type_{value.mtype.c_name})"
                end
        end
 
+       redef fun compile_callsite(callsite, args)
+       do
+               var rta = compiler.runtime_type_analysis
+               var recv = args.first.mtype
+               if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_direct_call_monomorph.value and rta != null then
+                       var tgs = rta.live_targets(callsite)
+                       if tgs.length == 1 then
+                               # DIRECT CALL
+                               var mmethod = callsite.mproperty
+                               self.varargize(mmethod.intro, mmethod.intro.msignature.as(not null), args)
+                               var res0 = before_send(mmethod, args)
+                               var res = call(tgs.first, tgs.first.mclassdef.bound_mtype, args)
+                               if res0 != null then
+                                       assert res != null
+                                       self.assign(res0, res)
+                                       res = res0
+                               end
+                               add("\}") # close the before_send
+                               return res
+                       end
+               end
+               return super
+       end
        redef fun send(mmethod, arguments)
        do
+               self.varargize(mmethod.intro, mmethod.intro.msignature.as(not null), arguments)
+
                if arguments.first.mcasttype.ctype != "val*" then
                        # In order to shortcut the primitive, we need to find the most specific method
                        # Howverr, because of performance (no flattening), we always work on the realmainmodule
@@ -893,42 +1046,30 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                        return res
                end
 
-               var res: nullable RuntimeVariable
-               var msignature = mmethod.intro.msignature.resolve_for(mmethod.intro.mclassdef.bound_mtype, mmethod.intro.mclassdef.bound_mtype, mmethod.intro.mclassdef.mmodule, true)
-               var ret = msignature.return_mtype
-               if mmethod.is_new then
-                       ret = arguments.first.mtype
-                       res = self.new_var(ret)
-               else if ret == null then
-                       res = null
-               else
-                       res = self.new_var(ret)
-               end
-
-               var s = new Buffer
-               var ss = new Buffer
+               return table_send(mmethod, arguments, mmethod.const_color)
+       end
 
+       # Handel common special cases before doing the effective method invocation
+       # This methods handle the `==` and `!=` methods and the case of the null receiver.
+       # Note: a { is open in the generated C, that enclose and protect the effective method invocation.
+       # Client must not forget to close the } after them.
+       #
+       # The value returned is the result of the common special cases.
+       # If not null, client must compine it with the result of their own effective method invocation.
+       #
+       # If `before_send` can shortcut the whole message sending, a dummy `if(0){`
+       # is generated to cancel the effective method invocation that will follow
+       # TODO: find a better approach
+       private fun before_send(mmethod: MMethod, arguments: Array[RuntimeVariable]): nullable RuntimeVariable
+       do
+               var res: nullable RuntimeVariable = null
                var recv = arguments.first
-               s.append("val*")
-               ss.append("{recv}")
-               self.varargize(mmethod.intro, mmethod.intro.msignature.as(not null), arguments)
-               for i in [0..msignature.arity[ do
-                       var a = arguments[i+1]
-                       var t = msignature.mparameters[i].mtype
-                       if i == msignature.vararg_rank then
-                               t = arguments[i+1].mcasttype
-                       end
-                       s.append(", {t.ctype}")
-                       a = self.autobox(a, t)
-                       ss.append(", {a}")
-               end
-
                var consider_null = not self.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_check_other.value or mmethod.name == "==" or mmethod.name == "!="
                var maybenull = recv.mcasttype isa MNullableType and consider_null
                if maybenull then
                        self.add("if ({recv} == NULL) \{")
                        if mmethod.name == "==" then
-                               assert res != null
+                               res = self.new_var(bool_type)
                                var arg = arguments[1]
                                if arg.mcasttype isa MNullableType then
                                        self.add("{res} = ({arg} == NULL);")
@@ -938,7 +1079,7 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                                        self.add("{res} = 0; /* {arg.inspect} cannot be null */")
                                end
                        else if mmethod.name == "!=" then
-                               assert res != null
+                               res = self.new_var(bool_type)
                                var arg = arguments[1]
                                if arg.mcasttype isa MNullableType then
                                        self.add("{res} = ({arg} != NULL);")
@@ -948,12 +1089,14 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                                        self.add("{res} = 1; /* {arg.inspect} cannot be null */")
                                end
                        else
-                               self.add_abort("Reciever is null")
+                               self.add_abort("Receiver is null")
                        end
                        self.add("\} else \{")
+               else
+                       self.add("\{")
                end
                if not self.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_shortcut_equate.value and (mmethod.name == "==" or mmethod.name == "!=") then
-                       assert res != null
+                       if res == null then res = self.new_var(bool_type)
                        # Recv is not null, thus is arg is, it is easy to conclude (and respect the invariants)
                        var arg = arguments[1]
                        if arg.mcasttype isa MNullType then
@@ -962,17 +1105,56 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                                else
                                        self.add("{res} = 1; /* arg is null and recv is not */")
                                end
-                               if maybenull then
-                                       self.add("\}")
-                               end
-                               return res
+                               self.add("\}") # closes the null case
+                               self.add("if (0) \{") # what follow is useless, CC will drop it
+                       end
+               end
+               return res
+       end
+
+       private fun table_send(mmethod: MMethod, arguments: Array[RuntimeVariable], const_color: String): nullable RuntimeVariable
+       do
+               compiler.modelbuilder.nb_invok_by_tables += 1
+               if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_invocation_metrics.value then add("count_invoke_by_tables++;")
+
+               assert arguments.length == mmethod.intro.msignature.arity + 1 else debug("Invalid arity for {mmethod}. {arguments.length} arguments given.")
+               var recv = arguments.first
+
+               var res0 = before_send(mmethod, arguments)
+
+               var res: nullable RuntimeVariable
+               var msignature = mmethod.intro.msignature.resolve_for(mmethod.intro.mclassdef.bound_mtype, mmethod.intro.mclassdef.bound_mtype, mmethod.intro.mclassdef.mmodule, true)
+               var ret = msignature.return_mtype
+               if mmethod.is_new then
+                       ret = arguments.first.mtype
+                       res = self.new_var(ret)
+               else if ret == null then
+                       res = null
+               else
+                       res = self.new_var(ret)
+               end
+
+               var s = new FlatBuffer
+               var ss = new FlatBuffer
+
+               s.append("val*")
+               ss.append("{recv}")
+               for i in [0..msignature.arity[ do
+                       var a = arguments[i+1]
+                       var t = msignature.mparameters[i].mtype
+                       if i == msignature.vararg_rank then
+                               t = arguments[i+1].mcasttype
                        end
+                       s.append(", {t.ctype}")
+                       a = self.autobox(a, t)
+                       ss.append(", {a}")
                end
 
+
                var r
                if ret == null then r = "void" else r = ret.ctype
-               self.require_declaration(mmethod.const_color)
-               var call = "(({r} (*)({s}))({arguments.first}->class->vft[{mmethod.const_color}]))({ss}) /* {mmethod} on {arguments.first.inspect}*/"
+               self.require_declaration(const_color)
+               var call = "(({r} (*)({s}))({arguments.first}->class->vft[{const_color}]))({ss}) /* {mmethod} on {arguments.first.inspect}*/"
 
                if res != null then
                        self.add("{res} = {call};")
@@ -980,15 +1162,21 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                        self.add("{call};")
                end
 
-               if maybenull then
-                       self.add("\}")
+               if res0 != null then
+                       assert res != null
+                       assign(res0,res)
+                       res = res0
                end
 
+               self.add("\}") # closes the null case
+
                return res
        end
 
        redef fun call(mmethoddef, recvtype, arguments)
        do
+               assert arguments.length == mmethoddef.msignature.arity + 1 else debug("Invalid arity for {mmethoddef}. {arguments.length} arguments given.")
+
                var res: nullable RuntimeVariable
                var ret = mmethoddef.msignature.return_mtype
                if mmethoddef.mproperty.is_new then
@@ -1001,28 +1189,31 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                        res = self.new_var(ret)
                end
 
-               if self.compiler.modelbuilder.mpropdef2npropdef.has_key(mmethoddef) and
-               self.compiler.modelbuilder.mpropdef2npropdef[mmethoddef] isa AInternMethPropdef and
-               not compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_inline_intern.value then
+               if (mmethoddef.is_intern and not compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_inline_intern.value) or
+                       (compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_inline_some_methods.value and mmethoddef.can_inline(self)) then
+                       compiler.modelbuilder.nb_invok_by_inline += 1
+                       if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_invocation_metrics.value then add("count_invoke_by_inline++;")
                        var frame = new Frame(self, mmethoddef, recvtype, arguments)
                        frame.returnlabel = self.get_name("RET_LABEL")
                        frame.returnvar = res
                        var old_frame = self.frame
                        self.frame = frame
-                       self.add("\{ /* Inline {mmethoddef} ({arguments.join(",")}) */")
+                       self.add("\{ /* Inline {mmethoddef} ({arguments.join(",")}) on {arguments.first.inspect} */")
                        mmethoddef.compile_inside_to_c(self, arguments)
                        self.add("{frame.returnlabel.as(not null)}:(void)0;")
                        self.add("\}")
                        self.frame = old_frame
                        return res
                end
+               compiler.modelbuilder.nb_invok_by_direct += 1
+               if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_invocation_metrics.value then add("count_invoke_by_direct++;")
 
                # Autobox arguments
                self.adapt_signature(mmethoddef, arguments)
 
                self.require_declaration(mmethoddef.c_name)
                if res == null then
-                       self.add("{mmethoddef.c_name}({arguments.join(", ")});")
+                       self.add("{mmethoddef.c_name}({arguments.join(", ")}); /* Direct call {mmethoddef} on {arguments.first.inspect}*/")
                        return null
                else
                        self.add("{res} = {mmethoddef.c_name}({arguments.join(", ")});")
@@ -1031,11 +1222,18 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                return res
        end
 
-       redef fun supercall(m: MMethodDef, recvtype: MClassType, args: Array[RuntimeVariable]): nullable RuntimeVariable
+       redef fun supercall(m: MMethodDef, recvtype: MClassType, arguments: Array[RuntimeVariable]): nullable RuntimeVariable
        do
-               # FIXME implements a polymorphic access in tables
-               m = m.lookup_next_definition(m.mclassdef.mmodule, m.mclassdef.bound_mtype)
-               return self.call(m, recvtype, args)
+               if arguments.first.mcasttype.ctype != "val*" then
+                       # In order to shortcut the primitive, we need to find the most specific method
+                       # However, because of performance (no flattening), we always work on the realmainmodule
+                       var main = self.compiler.mainmodule
+                       self.compiler.mainmodule = self.compiler.realmainmodule
+                       var res = self.monomorphic_super_send(m, recvtype, arguments)
+                       self.compiler.mainmodule = main
+                       return res
+               end
+               return table_send(m.mproperty, arguments, m.const_color)
        end
 
        redef fun vararg_instance(mpropdef, recv, varargs, elttype)
@@ -1105,8 +1303,8 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                        self.add("{res} = {recv}->attrs[{a.const_color}]; /* {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
 
                        # Check for Uninitialized attribute
-                       if not ret isa MNullableType and not self.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_check_initialization.value then
-                               self.add("if ({res} == NULL) \{")
+                       if not ret isa MNullableType and not self.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_check_attr_isset.value then
+                               self.add("if (unlikely({res} == NULL)) \{")
                                self.add_abort("Uninitialized attribute {a.name}")
                                self.add("\}")
                        end
@@ -1119,8 +1317,8 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                        self.add("{res} = {recv}->attrs[{a.const_color}].{ret.ctypename}; /* {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
 
                        # Check for Uninitialized attribute
-                       if ret.ctype == "val*" and not ret isa MNullableType and not self.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_check_initialization.value then
-                               self.add("if ({res} == NULL) \{")
+                       if ret.ctype == "val*" and not ret isa MNullableType and not self.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_check_attr_isset.value then
+                               self.add("if (unlikely({res} == NULL)) \{")
                                self.add_abort("Uninitialized attribute {a.name}")
                                self.add("\}")
                        end
@@ -1149,7 +1347,7 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                                # The attribute is primitive, thus we store it in a box
                                # The trick is to create the box the first time then resuse the box
                                self.add("if ({attr} != NULL) \{")
-                               self.add("((struct instance_{mtype.c_name}*){attr})->value = {value}; /* {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
+                               self.add("((struct instance_{mtype.c_instance_name}*){attr})->value = {value}; /* {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
                                self.add("\} else \{")
                                value = self.autobox(value, self.object_type.as_nullable)
                                self.add("{attr} = {value}; /* {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
@@ -1163,11 +1361,37 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                end
        end
 
+       # Check that mtype is a live open type
+       fun hardening_live_open_type(mtype: MType)
+       do
+               if not compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_hardening.value then return
+               self.require_declaration(mtype.const_color)
+               var col = mtype.const_color
+               self.add("if({col} == -1) \{")
+               self.add("fprintf(stderr, \"Resolution of a dead open type: %s\\n\", \"{mtype.to_s.escape_to_c}\");")
+               self.add_abort("open type dead")
+               self.add("\}")
+       end
+
+       # Check that mtype it a pointer to a live cast type
+       fun hardening_cast_type(t: String)
+       do
+               if not compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_hardening.value then return
+               add("if({t} == NULL) \{")
+               add_abort("cast type null")
+               add("\}")
+               add("if({t}->id == -1 || {t}->color == -1) \{")
+               add("fprintf(stderr, \"Try to cast on a dead cast type: %s\\n\", {t}->name);")
+               add_abort("cast type dead")
+               add("\}")
+       end
+
        redef fun init_instance(mtype)
        do
                self.require_declaration("NEW_{mtype.mclass.c_name}")
                var compiler = self.compiler
                if mtype isa MGenericType and mtype.need_anchor then
+                       hardening_live_open_type(mtype)
                        link_unresolved_type(self.frame.mpropdef.mclassdef, mtype)
                        var recv = self.frame.arguments.first
                        var recv_type_info = self.type_info(recv)
@@ -1183,13 +1407,6 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                return self.new_expr("NEW_{mtype.mclass.c_name}(&type_{mtype.c_name})", mtype)
        end
 
-       redef fun check_init_instance(value, mtype)
-       do
-               if self.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_check_initialization.value then return
-               self.require_declaration("CHECK_NEW_{mtype.mclass.c_name}")
-               self.add("CHECK_NEW_{mtype.mclass.c_name}({value});")
-       end
-
        redef fun type_test(value, mtype, tag)
        do
                self.add("/* {value.inspect} isa {mtype} */")
@@ -1227,17 +1444,19 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                        self.add_decl("const struct type* {type_struct};")
 
                        # Either with resolution_table with a direct resolution
-                       link_unresolved_type(self.frame.mpropdef.mclassdef, ntype)
-                       self.require_declaration(ntype.const_color)
+                       hardening_live_open_type(mtype)
+                       link_unresolved_type(self.frame.mpropdef.mclassdef, mtype)
+                       self.require_declaration(mtype.const_color)
                        if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
-                               self.add("{type_struct} = {recv_type_info}->resolution_table->types[HASH({recv_type_info}->resolution_table->mask, {ntype.const_color})];")
+                               self.add("{type_struct} = {recv_type_info}->resolution_table->types[HASH({recv_type_info}->resolution_table->mask, {mtype.const_color})];")
                        else
-                               self.add("{type_struct} = {recv_type_info}->resolution_table->types[{ntype.const_color}];")
+                               self.add("{type_struct} = {recv_type_info}->resolution_table->types[{mtype.const_color}];")
                        end
                        if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_typing_test_metrics.value then
                                self.compiler.count_type_test_unresolved[tag] += 1
                                self.add("count_type_test_unresolved_{tag}++;")
                        end
+                       hardening_cast_type(type_struct)
                        self.add("{cltype} = {type_struct}->color;")
                        self.add("{idtype} = {type_struct}->id;")
                        if maybe_null and accept_null == "0" then
@@ -1249,6 +1468,7 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                else if ntype isa MClassType then
                        compiler.undead_types.add(mtype)
                        self.require_declaration("type_{mtype.c_name}")
+                       hardening_cast_type("(&type_{mtype.c_name})")
                        self.add("{cltype} = type_{mtype.c_name}.color;")
                        self.add("{idtype} = type_{mtype.c_name}.id;")
                        if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_typing_test_metrics.value then
@@ -1256,7 +1476,7 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                                self.add("count_type_test_resolved_{tag}++;")
                        end
                else
-                       self.add("printf(\"NOT YET IMPLEMENTED: type_test(%s, {mtype}).\\n\", \"{value.inspect}\"); exit(1);")
+                       self.add("printf(\"NOT YET IMPLEMENTED: type_test(%s, {mtype}).\\n\", \"{value.inspect}\"); show_backtrace(1);")
                end
 
                # check color is in table
@@ -1312,6 +1532,8 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                self.add_decl("const char* {res};")
                if value.mtype.ctype == "val*" then
                        self.add "{res} = {value} == NULL ? \"null\" : {value}->type->name;"
+               else if value.mtype isa MClassType and value.mtype.as(MClassType).mclass.kind == extern_kind then
+                       self.add "{res} = \"{value.mtype.as(MClassType).mclass}\";"
                else
                        self.require_declaration("type_{value.mtype.c_name}")
                        self.add "{res} = type_{value.mtype.c_name}.name;"
@@ -1393,12 +1615,12 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                        end
                end
                if primitive != null then
-                       test.add("((struct instance_{primitive.c_name}*){value1})->value == ((struct instance_{primitive.c_name}*){value2})->value")
+                       test.add("((struct instance_{primitive.c_instance_name}*){value1})->value == ((struct instance_{primitive.c_instance_name}*){value2})->value")
                else if can_be_primitive(value1) and can_be_primitive(value2) then
                        test.add("{value1}->class == {value2}->class")
                        var s = new Array[String]
                        for t, v in self.compiler.box_kinds do
-                               s.add "({value1}->class->box_kind == {v} && ((struct instance_{t.c_name}*){value1})->value == ((struct instance_{t.c_name}*){value2})->value)"
+                               s.add "({value1}->class->box_kind == {v} && ((struct instance_{t.c_instance_name}*){value1})->value == ((struct instance_{t.c_instance_name}*){value2})->value)"
                        end
                        test.add("({s.join(" || ")})")
                else
@@ -1438,7 +1660,6 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                        self.add("((struct instance_{nclass.c_name}*){nat})->values[{i}] = (val*) {r};")
                end
                self.send(self.get_property("with_native", arrayclass.intro.bound_mtype), [res, nat, length])
-               self.check_init_instance(res, arraytype)
                self.add("\}")
                return res
        end
@@ -1450,6 +1671,7 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                assert mtype isa MGenericType
                var compiler = self.compiler
                if mtype.need_anchor then
+                       hardening_live_open_type(mtype)
                        link_unresolved_type(self.frame.mpropdef.mclassdef, mtype)
                        var recv = self.frame.arguments.first
                        var recv_type_info = self.type_info(recv)
@@ -1469,15 +1691,18 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
        do
                var elttype = arguments.first.mtype
                var nclass = self.get_class("NativeArray")
-               var recv = "((struct instance_{nclass.c_name}*){arguments[0]})->values"
+               var recv = "((struct instance_{nclass.c_instance_name}*){arguments[0]})->values"
                if pname == "[]" then
                        self.ret(self.new_expr("{recv}[{arguments[1]}]", ret_type.as(not null)))
                        return
                else if pname == "[]=" then
                        self.add("{recv}[{arguments[1]}]={arguments[2]};")
                        return
+               else if pname == "length" then
+                       self.ret(self.new_expr("((struct instance_{nclass.c_instance_name}*){arguments[0]})->length", ret_type.as(not null)))
+                       return
                else if pname == "copy_to" then
-                       var recv1 = "((struct instance_{nclass.c_name}*){arguments[1]})->values"
+                       var recv1 = "((struct instance_{nclass.c_instance_name}*){arguments[1]})->values"
                        self.add("memcpy({recv1}, {recv}, {arguments[2]}*sizeof({elttype.ctype}));")
                        return
                end
@@ -1546,8 +1771,8 @@ class SeparateRuntimeFunction
 
                var msignature = mmethoddef.msignature.resolve_for(mmethoddef.mclassdef.bound_mtype, mmethoddef.mclassdef.bound_mtype, mmethoddef.mclassdef.mmodule, true)
 
-               var sig = new Buffer
-               var comment = new Buffer
+               var sig = new FlatBuffer
+               var comment = new FlatBuffer
                var ret = msignature.return_mtype
                if ret != null then
                        sig.append("{ret.ctype} ")
@@ -1595,6 +1820,7 @@ class SeparateRuntimeFunction
                        v.add("return {frame.returnvar.as(not null)};")
                end
                v.add("\}")
+               if not self.c_name.has_substring("VIRTUAL", 0) then compiler.names[self.c_name] = "{mmethoddef.mclassdef.mmodule.name}::{mmethoddef.mclassdef.mclass.name}::{mmethoddef.mproperty.name} ({mmethoddef.location.file.filename}:{mmethoddef.location.line_start})"
        end
 end
 
@@ -1618,8 +1844,8 @@ class VirtualRuntimeFunction
                var frame = new Frame(v, mmethoddef, recv, arguments)
                v.frame = frame
 
-               var sig = new Buffer
-               var comment = new Buffer
+               var sig = new FlatBuffer
+               var comment = new FlatBuffer
 
                # Because the function is virtual, the signature must match the one of the original class
                var intromclassdef = self.mmethoddef.mproperty.intro.mclassdef
@@ -1672,6 +1898,7 @@ class VirtualRuntimeFunction
                        v.add("return {frame.returnvar.as(not null)};")
                end
                v.add("\}")
+               if not self.c_name.has_substring("VIRTUAL", 0) then compiler.names[self.c_name] = "{mmethoddef.mclassdef.mmodule.name}::{mmethoddef.mclassdef.mclass.name}::{mmethoddef.mproperty.name} ({mmethoddef.location.file.filename}--{mmethoddef.location.line_start})"
        end
 
        # TODO ?
@@ -1680,8 +1907,29 @@ end
 
 redef class MType
        fun const_color: String do return "COLOR_{c_name}"
+
+       # C name of the instance type to use
+       fun c_instance_name: String do return c_name
+end
+
+redef class MClassType
+       redef fun c_instance_name do return mclass.c_instance_name
+end
+
+redef class MClass
+       # Extern classes use the C instance of kernel::Pointer
+       fun c_instance_name: String
+       do
+               if kind == extern_kind then
+                       return "kernel__Pointer"
+               else return c_name
+       end
 end
 
 redef class MProperty
        fun const_color: String do return "COLOR_{c_name}"
 end
+
+redef class MPropDef
+       fun const_color: String do return "COLOR_{c_name}"
+end