nitg-s: cleaned useless ClassColoring uses
[nit.git] / src / separate_compiler.nit
index 61e22ec..cd9768b 100644 (file)
 # Separate compilation of a Nit program
 module separate_compiler
 
+import abstract_compiler
+intrude import coloring
+import rapid_type_analysis
 
-import global_compiler # TODO better separation of concerns
-import coloring
-
+# Add separate compiler specific options
 redef class ToolContext
        # --separate
        var opt_separate: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Use separate compilation", "--separate")
-
        # --no-inline-intern
        var opt_no_inline_intern: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Do not inline call to intern methods", "--no-inline-intern")
-
+       # --no-union-attribute
+       var opt_no_union_attribute: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Put primitive attibutes in a box instead of an union", "--no-union-attribute")
+       # --no-shortcut-equate
+       var opt_no_shortcut_equate: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Always call == in a polymorphic way", "--no-shortcut-equal")
        # --inline-coloring-numbers
        var opt_inline_coloring_numbers: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Inline colors and ids", "--inline-coloring-numbers")
-
        # --use-naive-coloring
        var opt_bm_typing: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Colorize items incrementaly, used to simulate binary matrix typing", "--bm-typing")
-
        # --use-mod-perfect-hashing
        var opt_phmod_typing: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Replace coloration by perfect hashing (with mod operator)", "--phmod-typing")
-
        # --use-and-perfect-hashing
        var opt_phand_typing: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Replace coloration by perfect hashing (with and operator)", "--phand-typing")
-
        # --generic-resolution-tree
-       var opt_generic_tree: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Use tree representation for live generic types instead of flattened representation", "--generic-resolution-tree")
+       var opt_typing_table_metrics: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Enable static size measuring of tables used for typing and resolution", "--typing-table-metrics")
 
        redef init
        do
                super
                self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_separate)
                self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_no_inline_intern)
+               self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_no_union_attribute)
+               self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_no_shortcut_equate)
                self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_inline_coloring_numbers)
                self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_bm_typing)
                self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_phmod_typing)
                self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_phand_typing)
-               self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_generic_tree)
+               self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_typing_table_metrics)
        end
 end
 
@@ -60,7 +61,8 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
                var time0 = get_time
                self.toolcontext.info("*** COMPILING TO C ***", 1)
 
-               var compiler = new SeparateCompiler(mainmodule, runtime_type_analysis, self)
+               var compiler = new SeparateCompiler(mainmodule, self, runtime_type_analysis)
+               compiler.compile_header
 
                # compile class structures
                for m in mainmodule.in_importation.greaters do
@@ -70,25 +72,23 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
                end
 
                # The main function of the C
+               compiler.new_file
                compiler.compile_main_function
 
                # compile methods
                for m in mainmodule.in_importation.greaters do
+                       compiler.new_file
                        compiler.compile_module_to_c(m)
                end
 
                # compile live & cast type structures
+               compiler.new_file
                var mtypes = compiler.do_type_coloring
                for t in mtypes do
                        compiler.compile_type_to_c(t)
                end
 
-               if self.toolcontext.opt_generic_tree.value then
-                       # compile live generic types selection structures
-                       for mclass in model.mclasses do
-                               compiler.compile_live_gentype_to_c(mclass)
-                       end
-               end
+               compiler.display_stats
 
                write_and_make(compiler)
        end
@@ -96,26 +96,27 @@ end
 
 # Singleton that store the knowledge about the separate compilation process
 class SeparateCompiler
-       super GlobalCompiler # TODO better separation of concerns
+       super AbstractCompiler
+
+       # Cache for classid
+       protected var classids: HashMap[MClassType, String] = new HashMap[MClassType, String]
+
+       # The result of the RTA (used to know live types and methods)
+       var runtime_type_analysis: RapidTypeAnalysis
 
        private var undead_types: Set[MType] = new HashSet[MType]
        private var partial_types: Set[MType] = new HashSet[MType]
-       protected var typeids: HashMap[MType, Int] protected writable = new HashMap[MType, Int]
 
-       private var type_colors: Map[MType, Int] = typeids
+       private var type_layout_builder: TypeLayoutBuilder
+       private var type_layout: nullable TypeLayout
        private var type_tables: nullable Map[MType, Array[nullable MType]] = null
 
-       private var livetypes_colors: nullable Map[MType, Int]
-       private var livetypes_tables: nullable Map[MClass, Array[nullable Object]]
-       private var livetypes_tables_sizes: nullable Map[MClass, Array[Int]]
        private var live_unanchored_types: Map[MClassDef, Set[MType]] = new HashMap[MClassDef, HashSet[MType]]
 
-       private var unanchored_types_colors: nullable Map[MClassType, Int]
-       private var unanchored_types_tables: nullable Map[MClassType, Array[nullable MClassType]]
+       private var unanchored_types_colors: nullable Map[MType, Int]
+       private var unanchored_types_tables: nullable Map[MClassType, Array[nullable MType]]
        private var unanchored_types_masks: nullable Map[MClassType, Int]
 
-       protected var class_coloring: ClassColoring
-
        protected var method_colors: Map[MMethod, Int]
        protected var method_tables: Map[MClass, Array[nullable MMethodDef]]
 
@@ -130,21 +131,37 @@ class SeparateCompiler
        private var ft_tables: nullable Map[MClass, Array[nullable MParameterType]]
        private var ft_masks: nullable Map[MClass, Int]
 
-       init(mainmodule: MModule, runtime_type_analysis: RapidTypeAnalysis, mmbuilder: ModelBuilder) do
+       init(mainmodule: MModule, mmbuilder: ModelBuilder, runtime_type_analysis: RapidTypeAnalysis) do
+               super
+               self.header = new_visitor
+               self.init_layout_builders
+               self.runtime_type_analysis = runtime_type_analysis
                self.do_property_coloring
                self.compile_box_kinds
        end
 
+       protected fun init_layout_builders do
+               # Typing Layout
+               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_bm_typing.value then
+                       self.type_layout_builder = new BMTypeLayoutBuilder(self.mainmodule)
+               else if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value then
+                       self.type_layout_builder = new PHTypeLayoutBuilder(self.mainmodule, new PHModOperator)
+                       self.header.add_decl("#define HASH(mask, id) ((mask)%(id))")
+               else if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
+                       self.type_layout_builder = new PHTypeLayoutBuilder(self.mainmodule, new PHAndOperator)
+                       self.header.add_decl("#define HASH(mask, id) ((mask)&(id))")
+               else
+                       self.type_layout_builder = new CLTypeLayoutBuilder(self.mainmodule)
+               end
+       end
+
        redef fun compile_header_structs do
                self.header.add_decl("typedef void(*nitmethod_t)(void); /* general C type representing a Nit method. */")
-               self.header.add_decl("typedef void* nitattribute_t; /* general C type representing a Nit attribute. */")
+               self.compile_header_attribute_structs
                self.header.add_decl("struct class \{ int box_kind; nitmethod_t vft[1]; \}; /* general C type representing a Nit class. */")
 
-               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_generic_tree.value then
-                       self.header.add_decl("struct type \{ int id; const char *name; int color; short int is_nullable; int livecolor; struct types *vts_table; struct types *fts_table; int table_size; int type_table[1]; \}; /* general C type representing a Nit type. */")
-               else
-                       self.header.add_decl("struct type \{ int id; const char *name; int color; short int is_nullable; struct types *unanchored_table; struct types *vts_table; struct types *fts_table; int table_size; int type_table[1]; \}; /* general C type representing a Nit type. */")
-               end
+               # With unanchored_table, all live type resolution are stored in a big table: unanchored_table
+               self.header.add_decl("struct type \{ int id; const char *name; int color; short int is_nullable; struct types *unanchored_table; int table_size; int type_table[1]; \}; /* general C type representing a Nit type. */")
 
                if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
                        self.header.add_decl("struct types \{ int mask; struct type *types[1]; \}; /* a list types (used for vts, fts and unanchored lists). */")
@@ -152,12 +169,22 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                        self.header.add_decl("struct types \{ struct type *types[1]; \}; /* a list types (used for vts, fts and unanchored lists). */")
                end
 
-
                self.header.add_decl("typedef struct \{ struct type *type; struct class *class; nitattribute_t attrs[1]; \} val; /* general C type representing a Nit instance. */")
        end
 
-       redef fun compile_class_names do
-               abort # There is no class name compilation since the name is stored in the type structure
+       fun compile_header_attribute_structs
+       do
+               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_union_attribute.value then
+                       self.header.add_decl("typedef void* nitattribute_t; /* general C type representing a Nit attribute. */")
+               else
+                       self.header.add_decl("typedef union \{")
+                       self.header.add_decl("void* val;")
+                       for c, v in self.box_kinds do
+                               var t = c.mclass_type
+                               self.header.add_decl("{t.ctype} {t.ctypename};")
+                       end
+                       self.header.add_decl("\} nitattribute_t; /* general C type representing a Nit attribute. */")
+               end
        end
 
        fun compile_box_kinds
@@ -210,43 +237,39 @@ class SeparateCompiler
        fun do_property_coloring do
 
                # classes coloration
-               self.class_coloring = new ClassColoring(mainmodule)
-               class_coloring.colorize(modelbuilder.model.mclasses)
+               var mclasses = new HashSet[MClass].from(modelbuilder.model.mclasses)
+               var class_coloring = new ClassColoring(mainmodule)
+               class_coloring.colorize(mclasses)
 
                # methods coloration
-               var method_coloring = new MethodColoring(self.class_coloring)
+               var method_coloring = new MethodColoring(class_coloring)
                self.method_colors = method_coloring.colorize
                self.method_tables = method_coloring.build_property_tables
                self.compile_color_consts(self.method_colors)
 
                # attributes coloration
-               var attribute_coloring = new AttributeColoring(self.class_coloring)
+               var attribute_coloring = new AttributeColoring(class_coloring)
                self.attr_colors = attribute_coloring.colorize
                self.attr_tables = attribute_coloring.build_property_tables
                self.compile_color_consts(self.attr_colors)
 
-               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_bm_typing.value then
-                       self.class_coloring = new NaiveClassColoring(mainmodule)
-                       self.class_coloring.colorize(modelbuilder.model.mclasses)
-               end
-
                # vt coloration
                if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_bm_typing.value then
-                       var vt_coloring = new NaiveVTColoring(self.class_coloring)
+                       var vt_coloring = new NaiveVTColoring(class_coloring)
                        self.vt_colors = vt_coloring.colorize
                        self.vt_tables = vt_coloring.build_property_tables
                else if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value then
-                       var vt_coloring = new VTModPerfectHashing(self.class_coloring)
+                       var vt_coloring = new VTModPerfectHashing(class_coloring)
                        self.vt_colors = vt_coloring.colorize
                        self.vt_masks = vt_coloring.compute_masks
                        self.vt_tables = vt_coloring.build_property_tables
                else if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
-                       var vt_coloring = new VTAndPerfectHashing(self.class_coloring)
+                       var vt_coloring = new VTAndPerfectHashing(class_coloring)
                        self.vt_colors = vt_coloring.colorize
                        self.vt_masks = vt_coloring.compute_masks
                        self.vt_tables = vt_coloring.build_property_tables
                else
-                       var vt_coloring = new VTColoring(self.class_coloring)
+                       var vt_coloring = new VTColoring(class_coloring)
                        self.vt_colors = vt_coloring.colorize
                        self.vt_tables = vt_coloring.build_property_tables
                end
@@ -259,143 +282,107 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                mtypes.add_all(self.runtime_type_analysis.live_types)
                mtypes.add_all(self.runtime_type_analysis.live_cast_types)
                mtypes.add_all(self.undead_types)
+               for c in self.box_kinds.keys do
+                       mtypes.add(c.mclass_type)
+               end
 
                for mtype in mtypes do
                        retieve_live_partial_types(mtype)
                end
                mtypes.add_all(self.partial_types)
 
-               # set type unique id
-               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
-                       var sorted_mtypes = new OrderedSet[MType].from(mtypes)
-                       sorted_mtypes.linearize(new ReverseTypeSorter(self.mainmodule))
-                       for mtype in sorted_mtypes do
-                               self.typeids[mtype] = self.typeids.length + 1
-                       end
-               else
-                       for mtype in mtypes do
-                               self.typeids[mtype] = self.typeids.length
-                       end
-               end
+               # VT and FT are stored with other unresolved types in the big unanchored_tables
+               self.compile_unanchored_tables(mtypes)
 
-               # fts coloration for non-erased compilation
-               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_bm_typing.value then
-                       var ft_coloring = new NaiveFTColoring(self.class_coloring)
-                       self.ft_colors = ft_coloring.colorize
-                       self.ft_tables = ft_coloring.build_ft_tables
-               else if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value then
-                       var ft_coloring = new FTModPerfectHashing(self.class_coloring)
-                       self.ft_colors = ft_coloring.colorize
-                       self.ft_masks = ft_coloring.compute_masks
-                       self.ft_tables = ft_coloring.build_ft_tables
-               else if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
-                       var ft_coloring = new FTAndPerfectHashing(self.class_coloring)
-                       self.ft_colors = ft_coloring.colorize
-                       self.ft_masks = ft_coloring.compute_masks
-                       self.ft_tables = ft_coloring.build_ft_tables
-               else
-                       var ft_coloring = new FTColoring(self.class_coloring)
-                       self.ft_colors = ft_coloring.colorize
-                       self.ft_tables = ft_coloring.build_ft_tables
-               end
-               self.compile_color_consts(self.ft_colors.as(not null))
+               # colorize types
+               self.type_layout = self.type_layout_builder.build_layout(mtypes)
+               self.type_tables = self.build_type_tables(mtypes)
+               return mtypes
+       end
 
-               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_generic_tree.value then
-                       # colorize live entries
-                       var entries_coloring
-                       if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_bm_typing.value then
-                               entries_coloring = new NaiveLiveEntryColoring
-                       else
-                               entries_coloring = new LiveEntryColoring
+       # Build type tables
+       fun build_type_tables(mtypes: Set[MType]): Map[MType, Array[nullable MType]] do
+               var tables = new HashMap[MType, Array[nullable MType]]
+               var layout = self.type_layout
+               for mtype in mtypes do
+                       var table = new Array[nullable MType]
+                       var supers = new HashSet[MType]
+                       supers.add_all(self.mainmodule.super_mtypes(mtype, mtypes))
+                       supers.add(mtype)
+                       for sup in supers do
+                               var color: Int
+                               if layout isa PHTypeLayout then
+                                       color = layout.hashes[mtype][sup]
+                               else
+                                       color = layout.pos[sup]
+                               end
+                               if table.length <= color then
+                                       for i in [table.length .. color[ do
+                                               table[i] = null
+                                       end
+                               end
+                               table[color] = sup
                        end
-                       self.livetypes_colors = entries_coloring.colorize(mtypes)
-                       self.livetypes_tables = entries_coloring.build_livetype_tables(mtypes)
-                       self.livetypes_tables_sizes = entries_coloring.livetypes_tables_sizes
-               else
-                       self.compile_unanchored_tables(mtypes)
-               end
-
-               # colorize types
-               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_bm_typing.value then
-                       var type_coloring = new NaiveTypeColoring(self.mainmodule, mtypes)
-                       self.type_colors = type_coloring.colorize(mtypes)
-                       self.type_tables = type_coloring.build_type_tables(mtypes, type_colors)
-               else if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value then
-                       var type_coloring = new TypeModPerfectHashing(self.mainmodule, mtypes)
-                       self.type_colors = type_coloring.compute_masks(mtypes, typeids)
-                       self.type_tables = type_coloring.hash_type_tables(mtypes, typeids, type_colors)
-                       self.header.add_decl("#define HASH(mask, id) ((mask)%(id))")
-               else if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
-                       var type_coloring = new TypeAndPerfectHashing(self.mainmodule, mtypes)
-                       self.type_colors = type_coloring.compute_masks(mtypes, typeids)
-                       self.type_tables = type_coloring.hash_type_tables(mtypes, typeids, type_colors)
-                       self.header.add_decl("#define HASH(mask, id) ((mask)&(id))")
-               else
-                       var type_coloring = new TypeColoring(self.mainmodule, mtypes)
-                       self.type_colors = type_coloring.colorize(mtypes)
-                       self.type_tables = type_coloring.build_type_tables(mtypes, type_colors)
+                       tables[mtype] = table
                end
-
-
-               return mtypes
+               return tables
        end
 
        protected fun compile_unanchored_tables(mtypes: Set[MType]) do
-               var mtype2anchored = new HashMap[MClassType, Set[MClassType]]
+               # Unanchored_tables is used to perform a type resolution at runtime in O(1)
+
+               # During the visit of the body of classes, live_unanchored_types are collected
+               # and associated to
+               # Collect all live_unanchored_types (visited in the body of classes)
 
+               # Determinate fo each livetype what are its possible requested anchored types
+               var mtype2unanchored = new HashMap[MClassType, Set[MType]]
                for mtype in self.runtime_type_analysis.live_types do
+                       var set = new HashSet[MType]
                        for cd in mtype.collect_mclassdefs(self.mainmodule) do
                                if self.live_unanchored_types.has_key(cd) then
-                                       if not mtype2anchored.has_key(mtype) then
-                                               mtype2anchored[mtype] = new HashSet[MClassType]
-                                       end
-                                       for unanchored in self.live_unanchored_types[cd] do
-                                               var anchored = unanchored.anchor_to(self.mainmodule, mtype)
-                                               if anchored isa MClassType then
-                                                       mtype2anchored[mtype].add(anchored)
-                                               else if anchored isa MNullableType then
-                                                       mtype2anchored[mtype].add(anchored.mtype.as(MClassType))
-                                               else
-                                                       print "NOT YET IMPLEMENTED: try compile_unanchored_tables with {unanchored}"
-                                               end
-                                       end
+                                       set.add_all(self.live_unanchored_types[cd])
                                end
                        end
+                       mtype2unanchored[mtype] = set
                end
 
+               # Compute the table layout with the prefered method
                if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_bm_typing.value then
                        var unanchored_type_coloring = new NaiveUnanchoredTypeColoring
-                       self.unanchored_types_colors = unanchored_type_coloring.colorize(mtype2anchored)
-                       self.unanchored_types_tables = unanchored_type_coloring.build_tables(mtype2anchored)
+                       self.unanchored_types_colors = unanchored_type_coloring.colorize(mtype2unanchored)
+                       self.unanchored_types_tables = unanchored_type_coloring.build_tables(mtype2unanchored)
                else if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value then
                        var unanchored_type_coloring = new UnanchoredTypeModPerfectHashing
-                       self.unanchored_types_colors = unanchored_type_coloring.colorize(mtype2anchored)
-                       self.unanchored_types_masks = unanchored_type_coloring.compute_masks(mtype2anchored)
-                       self.unanchored_types_tables = unanchored_type_coloring.build_tables(mtype2anchored)
+                       self.unanchored_types_colors = unanchored_type_coloring.colorize(mtype2unanchored)
+                       self.unanchored_types_masks = unanchored_type_coloring.compute_masks(mtype2unanchored)
+                       self.unanchored_types_tables = unanchored_type_coloring.build_tables(mtype2unanchored)
                else if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
                        var unanchored_type_coloring = new UnanchoredTypeAndPerfectHashing
-                       self.unanchored_types_colors = unanchored_type_coloring.colorize(mtype2anchored)
-                       self.unanchored_types_masks = unanchored_type_coloring.compute_masks(mtype2anchored)
-                       self.unanchored_types_tables = unanchored_type_coloring.build_tables(mtype2anchored)
+                       self.unanchored_types_colors = unanchored_type_coloring.colorize(mtype2unanchored)
+                       self.unanchored_types_masks = unanchored_type_coloring.compute_masks(mtype2unanchored)
+                       self.unanchored_types_tables = unanchored_type_coloring.build_tables(mtype2unanchored)
                else
                        var unanchored_type_coloring = new UnanchoredTypeColoring
-                       self.unanchored_types_colors = unanchored_type_coloring.colorize(mtype2anchored)
-                       self.unanchored_types_tables = unanchored_type_coloring.build_tables(mtype2anchored)
+                       self.unanchored_types_colors = unanchored_type_coloring.colorize(mtype2unanchored)
+                       self.unanchored_types_tables = unanchored_type_coloring.build_tables(mtype2unanchored)
                end
 
-               var unanchored_mtypes = new HashMap[MType, Int]
-               for mclass in modelbuilder.model.mclasses do
-                       var mtype = mclass.mclass_type
-                       if unanchored_types_colors.has_key(mtype) then
-                               unanchored_mtypes[mtype] = unanchored_types_colors[mtype]
+               # Compile a C constant for each collected unanchored type.
+               # Either to a color, or to -1 if the unanchored type is dead (no live receiver can require it)
+               var all_unanchored = new HashSet[MType]
+               for t in self.live_unanchored_types.values do
+                       all_unanchored.add_all(t)
+               end
+               var all_unanchored_types_colors = new HashMap[MType, Int]
+               for t in all_unanchored do
+                       if unanchored_types_colors.has_key(t) then
+                               all_unanchored_types_colors[t] = unanchored_types_colors[t]
                        else
-                               unanchored_mtypes[mtype] = -1
+                               all_unanchored_types_colors[t] = -1
                        end
                end
-               for mtype, color in unanchored_types_colors.as(not null) do
-                       unanchored_mtypes[mtype] = color
-               end
-               self.compile_color_consts(unanchored_mtypes)
+               self.compile_color_consts(all_unanchored_types_colors)
 
                #print "tables"
                #for k, v in unanchored_types_tables.as(not null) do
@@ -432,46 +419,6 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                end
        end
 
-       # declare live generic types tables selection
-       private fun compile_live_gentype_to_c(mclass: MClass) do
-               if mclass.arity > 0 then
-                       if self.livetypes_tables.has_key(mclass) then
-                               var table = self.livetypes_tables[mclass]
-                               var sign = self.livetypes_tables_sizes[mclass]
-                               var table_buffer = new Buffer.from("const struct type *livetypes_{mclass.c_name}[{sign.join("][")}] = \{\n")
-                               compile_livetype_table(table, table_buffer, 1, mclass.arity)
-                               table_buffer.append("\};")
-
-                               var v = new SeparateCompilerVisitor(self)
-                               self.header.add_decl("extern const struct type *livetypes_{mclass.c_name}[{sign.join("][")}];")
-                               v.add_decl(table_buffer.to_s)
-                       else
-                               var sign = new Array[Int].filled_with(0, mclass.arity)
-                               var v = new SeparateCompilerVisitor(self)
-                               self.header.add_decl("extern const struct type *livetypes_{mclass.c_name}[{sign.join("][")}];")
-                               v.add_decl("const struct type *livetypes_{mclass.c_name}[{sign.join("][")}];")
-                       end
-               end
-       end
-
-       private fun compile_livetype_table(table: Array[nullable Object], buffer: Buffer, depth: Int, max: Int) do
-               for obj in table do
-                       if obj == null then
-                               if depth == max then
-                                       buffer.append("NULL,\n")
-                               else
-                                       buffer.append("\{\},\n")
-                               end
-                       else if obj isa MClassType then
-                               buffer.append("(struct type*) &type_{obj.c_name}, /* {obj} */\n")
-                       else if obj isa Array[nullable Object] then
-                               buffer.append("\{\n")
-                               compile_livetype_table(obj, buffer, depth + 1, max)
-                               buffer.append("\},\n")
-                       end
-               end
-       end
-
        # Separately compile all the method definitions of the module
        fun compile_module_to_c(mmodule: MModule)
        do
@@ -506,43 +453,28 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                self.header.add_decl("const char *name;")
                self.header.add_decl("int color;")
                self.header.add_decl("short int is_nullable;")
-               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_generic_tree.value then
-                       self.header.add_decl("int livecolor;")
-               else
-                       self.header.add_decl("const struct unanchored_table_{c_name} *types;")
-               end
-               self.header.add_decl("const struct vts_table_{c_name} *vts_table;")
-               self.header.add_decl("const struct fts_table_{c_name} *fts_table;")
+               self.header.add_decl("const struct types *unanchored_table;")
                self.header.add_decl("int table_size;")
                self.header.add_decl("int type_table[{self.type_tables[mtype].length}];")
                self.header.add_decl("\};")
 
                # const struct type_X
                v.add_decl("const struct type_{c_name} type_{c_name} = \{")
-               v.add_decl("{self.typeids[mtype]},")
+               v.add_decl("{self.type_layout.ids[mtype]},")
                v.add_decl("\"{mtype}\", /* class_name_string */")
-               v.add_decl("{self.type_colors[mtype]},")
+               var layout = self.type_layout
+               if layout isa PHTypeLayout then
+                       v.add_decl("{layout.masks[mtype]},")
+               else
+                       v.add_decl("{layout.pos[mtype]},")
+               end
                if mtype isa MNullableType then
                        v.add_decl("1,")
                else
                        v.add_decl("0,")
                end
-               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_generic_tree.value then
-                       v.add_decl("{self.livetypes_colors[mtype]},")
-               else
-                       if compile_type_unanchored_table(mtype) then
-                               v.add_decl("&unanchored_table_{c_name},")
-                       else
-                               v.add_decl("NULL,")
-                       end
-               end
-               if compile_type_vts_table(mtype) then
-                       v.add_decl("&vts_table_{c_name},")
-               else
-                       v.add_decl("NULL,")
-               end
-               if compile_type_fts_table(mtype) then
-                       v.add_decl("&fts_table_{c_name},")
+               if compile_type_unanchored_table(mtype) then
+                       v.add_decl("(struct types*) &unanchored_table_{c_name},")
                else
                        v.add_decl("NULL,")
                end
@@ -552,7 +484,7 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                        if stype == null then
                                v.add_decl("-1, /* empty */")
                        else
-                               v.add_decl("{self.typeids[stype]}, /* {stype} */")
+                               v.add_decl("{self.type_layout.ids[stype]}, /* {stype} */")
                        end
                end
                v.add_decl("\},")
@@ -575,7 +507,7 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
                        self.header.add_decl("int mask;")
                end
-               self.header.add_decl("struct type *fts[{self.ft_tables[mclass_type.mclass].length}];")
+               self.header.add_decl("struct type *types[{self.ft_tables[mclass_type.mclass].length}];")
                self.header.add_decl("\};")
 
                # const struct fts_table_X fts_table_X
@@ -595,7 +527,7 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                                else
                                        ntype = ft.anchor_to(self.mainmodule, mclass_type)
                                end
-                               if self.typeids.has_key(ntype) then
+                               if self.type_layout.ids.has_key(ntype) then
                                        v.add_decl("(struct type*)&type_{ntype.c_name}, /* {ft} ({ntype}) */")
                                else
                                        v.add_decl("NULL, /* empty ({ft} not a live type) */")
@@ -623,7 +555,7 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
                        self.header.add_decl("int mask;")
                end
-               self.header.add_decl("struct type *vts[{self.vt_tables[mclass_type.mclass].length}];")
+               self.header.add_decl("struct type *types[{self.vt_tables[mclass_type.mclass].length}];")
                self.header.add_decl("\};")
 
                # const struct vts_table_X vts_table_X
@@ -661,7 +593,7 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                                                abort
                                        end
 
-                                       if self.typeids.has_key(bound) then
+                                       if self.type_layout.ids.has_key(bound) then
                                                v.add_decl("(struct type*)&type_{is_nullable}{bound.c_name}, /* {bound} */")
                                        else
                                                v.add_decl("NULL, /* dead type {bound} */")
@@ -705,10 +637,15 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                        if t == null then
                                v.add_decl("NULL, /* empty */")
                        else
-                               if self.typeids.has_key(t) then
-                                       v.add_decl("(struct type*)&type_{t.c_name}, /* {t} */")
+                               # The table stores the result of the type resolution
+                               # Therefore, for a receiver `mclass_type`, and a unresolved type `t`
+                               # the value stored is tv.
+                               var tv = t.resolve_for(mclass_type, mclass_type, self.mainmodule, true)
+                               # FIXME: What typeids means here? How can a tv not be live?
+                               if self.type_layout.ids.has_key(tv) then
+                                       v.add_decl("(struct type*)&type_{tv.c_name}, /* {t}: {tv} */")
                                else
-                                       v.add_decl("NULL, /* empty ({t} not a live type) */")
+                                       v.add_decl("NULL, /* empty ({t}: {tv} not a live type) */")
                                end
                        end
                end
@@ -815,8 +752,16 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                else
                        v.add("{res} = GC_MALLOC(sizeof(struct instance_{c_name}));")
                end
-               #v.add("{res} = calloc(sizeof(struct instance_{c_name}), 1);")
                v.add("{res}->type = type;")
+               if v.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_hardening.value then
+                       v.add("if(type == NULL) \{")
+                       v.add_abort("type null")
+                       v.add("\}")
+                       v.add("if(type->unanchored_table == NULL) \{")
+                       v.add("fprintf(stderr, \"Insantiation of a dead type: %s\\n\", type->name);")
+                       v.add_abort("type dead")
+                       v.add("\}")
+               end
                v.add("{res}->class = (struct class*) &class_{c_name};")
 
                self.generate_init_attr(v, res, mtype)
@@ -841,174 +786,51 @@ class SeparateCompiler
        end
 
        redef fun new_visitor do return new SeparateCompilerVisitor(self)
-end
-
-# The C function associated to a methoddef separately compiled
-class SeparateRuntimeFunction
-       super AbstractRuntimeFunction
-
-       redef fun build_c_name: String
-       do
-               return "{mmethoddef.c_name}"
-       end
 
-       redef fun to_s do return self.mmethoddef.to_s
+       # Stats
 
-       redef fun compile_to_c(compiler)
+       redef fun display_stats
        do
-               var mmethoddef = self.mmethoddef
-
-               var recv = self.mmethoddef.mclassdef.bound_mtype
-               var v = compiler.new_visitor
-               var selfvar = new RuntimeVariable("self", recv, recv)
-               var arguments = new Array[RuntimeVariable]
-               var frame = new Frame(v, mmethoddef, recv, arguments)
-               v.frame = frame
-
-               var msignature = mmethoddef.msignature.resolve_for(mmethoddef.mclassdef.bound_mtype, mmethoddef.mclassdef.bound_mtype, mmethoddef.mclassdef.mmodule, true)
-
-               var sig = new Buffer
-               var comment = new Buffer
-               var ret = msignature.return_mtype
-               if ret != null then
-                       sig.append("{ret.ctype} ")
-               else if mmethoddef.mproperty.is_new then
-                       ret = recv
-                       sig.append("{ret.ctype} ")
-               else
-                       sig.append("void ")
-               end
-               sig.append(self.c_name)
-               sig.append("({selfvar.mtype.ctype} {selfvar}")
-               comment.append("(self: {selfvar}")
-               arguments.add(selfvar)
-               for i in [0..msignature.arity[ do
-                       var mtype = msignature.mparameters[i].mtype
-                       if i == msignature.vararg_rank then
-                               mtype = v.get_class("Array").get_mtype([mtype])
-                       end
-                       comment.append(", {mtype}")
-                       sig.append(", {mtype.ctype} p{i}")
-                       var argvar = new RuntimeVariable("p{i}", mtype, mtype)
-                       arguments.add(argvar)
-               end
-               sig.append(")")
-               comment.append(")")
-               if ret != null then
-                       comment.append(": {ret}")
-               end
-               compiler.header.add_decl("{sig};")
-
-               v.add_decl("/* method {self} for {comment} */")
-               v.add_decl("{sig} \{")
-               if ret != null then
-                       frame.returnvar = v.new_var(ret)
-               end
-               frame.returnlabel = v.get_name("RET_LABEL")
-
-               if recv != arguments.first.mtype then
-                       #print "{self} {recv} {arguments.first}"
-               end
-               mmethoddef.compile_inside_to_c(v, arguments)
-
-               v.add("{frame.returnlabel.as(not null)}:;")
-               if ret != null then
-                       v.add("return {frame.returnvar.as(not null)};")
+               super
+               if self.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_typing_table_metrics.value then
+                       display_sizes
                end
-               v.add("\}")
        end
-end
-
-# The C function associated to a methoddef on a primitive type, stored into a VFT of a class
-# The first parameter (the reciever) is always typed by val* in order to accept an object value
-class VirtualRuntimeFunction
-       super AbstractRuntimeFunction
 
-       redef fun build_c_name: String
+       fun display_sizes
        do
-               return "VIRTUAL_{mmethoddef.c_name}"
-       end
-
-       redef fun to_s do return self.mmethoddef.to_s
-
-       redef fun compile_to_c(compiler)
-       do
-               var mmethoddef = self.mmethoddef
-
-               var recv = self.mmethoddef.mclassdef.bound_mtype
-               var v = compiler.new_visitor
-               var selfvar = new RuntimeVariable("self", v.object_type, recv)
-               var arguments = new Array[RuntimeVariable]
-               var frame = new Frame(v, mmethoddef, recv, arguments)
-               v.frame = frame
-
-               var sig = new Buffer
-               var comment = new Buffer
-
-               # Because the function is virtual, the signature must match the one of the original class
-               var intromclassdef = self.mmethoddef.mproperty.intro.mclassdef
-               var msignature = mmethoddef.mproperty.intro.msignature.resolve_for(intromclassdef.bound_mtype, intromclassdef.bound_mtype, intromclassdef.mmodule, true)
-               var ret = msignature.return_mtype
-               if ret != null then
-                       sig.append("{ret.ctype} ")
-               else if mmethoddef.mproperty.is_new then
-                       ret = recv
-                       sig.append("{ret.ctype} ")
-               else
-                       sig.append("void ")
-               end
-               sig.append(self.c_name)
-               sig.append("({selfvar.mtype.ctype} {selfvar}")
-               comment.append("(self: {selfvar}")
-               arguments.add(selfvar)
-               for i in [0..msignature.arity[ do
-                       var mtype = msignature.mparameters[i].mtype
-                       if i == msignature.vararg_rank then
-                               mtype = v.get_class("Array").get_mtype([mtype])
+               print "# size of tables"
+               print "\trs size\trs hole\tst size\tst hole"
+               var rt_table = 0
+               var rt_holes = 0
+               var st_table = 0
+               var st_holes = 0
+               var rtables = unanchored_types_tables
+               if rtables != null then
+                       for unanch, table in rtables do
+                               rt_table += table.length
+                               for e in table do if e == null then rt_holes += 1
                        end
-                       comment.append(", {mtype}")
-                       sig.append(", {mtype.ctype} p{i}")
-                       var argvar = new RuntimeVariable("p{i}", mtype, mtype)
-                       arguments.add(argvar)
                end
-               sig.append(")")
-               comment.append(")")
-               if ret != null then
-                       comment.append(": {ret}")
-               end
-               compiler.header.add_decl("{sig};")
 
-               v.add_decl("/* method {self} for {comment} */")
-               v.add_decl("{sig} \{")
-               if ret != null then
-                       frame.returnvar = v.new_var(ret)
-               end
-               frame.returnlabel = v.get_name("RET_LABEL")
-
-               if recv != arguments.first.mtype then
-                       #print "{self} {recv} {arguments.first}"
-               end
-               mmethoddef.compile_inside_to_c(v, arguments)
-
-               v.add("{frame.returnlabel.as(not null)}:;")
-               if ret != null then
-                       v.add("return {frame.returnvar.as(not null)};")
+               var ttables = type_tables
+               if ttables != null then
+                       for t, table in ttables do
+                               st_table += table.length
+                               for e in table do if e == null then st_holes += 1
+                       end
                end
-               v.add("\}")
-       end
-
-       redef fun call(v, arguments)
-       do
-               abort
-               # TODO ?
+               print "\t{rt_table}\t{rt_holes}\t{st_table}\t{st_holes}"
        end
 end
 
 # A visitor on the AST of property definition that generate the C code of a separate compilation process.
 class SeparateCompilerVisitor
-       super GlobalCompilerVisitor # TODO better separation of concerns
+       super AbstractCompilerVisitor
+
+       redef type COMPILER: SeparateCompiler
 
-       redef fun adapt_signature(m: MMethodDef, args: Array[RuntimeVariable])
+       redef fun adapt_signature(m, args)
        do
                var msignature = m.msignature.resolve_for(m.mclassdef.bound_mtype, m.mclassdef.bound_mtype, m.mclassdef.mmodule, true)
                var recv = args.first
@@ -1024,9 +846,7 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                end
        end
 
-       # Box or unbox a value to another type iff a C type conversion is needed
-       # ENSURE: result.mtype.ctype == mtype.ctype
-       redef fun autobox(value: RuntimeVariable, mtype: MType): RuntimeVariable
+       redef fun autobox(value, mtype)
        do
                if value.mtype == mtype then
                        return value
@@ -1053,6 +873,17 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                end
        end
 
+       # Return a C expression returning the runtime type structure of the value
+       # The point of the method is to works also with primitives types.
+       fun type_info(value: RuntimeVariable): String
+       do
+               if value.mtype.ctype == "val*" then
+                       return "{value}->type"
+               else
+                       return "(&type_{value.mtype.c_name})"
+               end
+       end
+
        redef fun send(mmethod, arguments)
        do
                if arguments.first.mcasttype.ctype != "val*" then
@@ -1077,7 +908,7 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                var recv = arguments.first
                s.append("val*")
                ss.append("{recv}")
-               self.varargize(msignature, arguments)
+               self.varargize(mmethod.intro, mmethod.intro.msignature.as(not null), arguments)
                for i in [0..msignature.arity[ do
                        var a = arguments[i+1]
                        var t = msignature.mparameters[i].mtype
@@ -1118,6 +949,22 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                        end
                        self.add("\} else \{")
                end
+               if not self.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_shortcut_equate.value and (mmethod.name == "==" or mmethod.name == "!=") then
+                       assert res != null
+                       # Recv is not null, thus is arg is, it is easy to conclude (and respect the invariants)
+                       var arg = arguments[1]
+                       if arg.mcasttype isa MNullType then
+                               if mmethod.name == "==" then
+                                       self.add("{res} = 0; /* arg is null but recv is not */")
+                               else
+                                       self.add("{res} = 1; /* arg is null and recv is not */")
+                               end
+                               if maybenull then
+                                       self.add("\}")
+                               end
+                               return res
+                       end
+               end
 
                var r
                if ret == null then r = "void" else r = ret.ctype
@@ -1179,11 +1026,50 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                return res
        end
 
+       redef fun vararg_instance(mpropdef, recv, varargs, elttype)
+       do
+               # A vararg must be stored into an new array
+               # The trick is that the dymaic type of the array may depends on the receiver
+               # of the method (ie recv) if the static type is unresolved
+               # This is more complex than usual because the unanchored type must not be resolved
+               # with the current receiver (ie self).
+               # Therefore to isolate the resolution from self, a local Frame is created.
+               # One can see this implementation as an inlined method of the receiver whose only
+               # job is to allocate the array
+               var old_frame = self.frame
+               var frame = new Frame(self, mpropdef, mpropdef.mclassdef.bound_mtype, [recv])
+               self.frame = frame
+               #print "required Array[{elttype}] for recv {recv.inspect}. bound=Array[{self.resolve_for(elttype, recv)}]. selfvar={frame.arguments.first.inspect}"
+               var res = self.array_instance(varargs, elttype)
+               self.frame = old_frame
+               return res
+       end
+
        redef fun isset_attribute(a, recv)
        do
                self.check_recv_notnull(recv)
                var res = self.new_var(bool_type)
-               self.add("{res} = {recv}->attrs[{a.const_color}] != NULL; /* {a} on {recv.inspect}*/")
+
+               # What is the declared type of the attribute?
+               var mtype = a.intro.static_mtype.as(not null)
+               var intromclassdef = a.intro.mclassdef
+               mtype = mtype.resolve_for(intromclassdef.bound_mtype, intromclassdef.bound_mtype, intromclassdef.mmodule, true)
+
+               if mtype isa MNullableType then
+                       self.add("{res} = 1; /* easy isset: {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
+                       return res
+               end
+
+               if self.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_union_attribute.value then
+                       self.add("{res} = {recv}->attrs[{a.const_color}] != NULL; /* {a} on {recv.inspect}*/")
+               else
+
+                       if mtype.ctype == "val*" then
+                               self.add("{res} = {recv}->attrs[{a.const_color}].val != NULL; /* {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
+                       else
+                               self.add("{res} = 1; /* NOT YET IMPLEMENTED: isset of primitives: {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
+                       end
+               end
                return res
        end
 
@@ -1196,22 +1082,37 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                var intromclassdef = a.intro.mclassdef
                ret = ret.resolve_for(intromclassdef.bound_mtype, intromclassdef.bound_mtype, intromclassdef.mmodule, true)
 
-               # Get the attribute or a box (ie. always a val*)
-               var cret = self.object_type.as_nullable
-               var res = self.new_var(cret)
-               res.mcasttype = ret
-               self.add("{res} = {recv}->attrs[{a.const_color}]; /* {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
+               if self.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_union_attribute.value then
+                       # Get the attribute or a box (ie. always a val*)
+                       var cret = self.object_type.as_nullable
+                       var res = self.new_var(cret)
+                       res.mcasttype = ret
 
-               # Check for Uninitialized attribute
-               if not ret isa MNullableType and not self.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_check_initialization.value then
-                       self.add("if ({res} == NULL) \{")
-                       self.add_abort("Uninitialized attribute {a.name}")
-                       self.add("\}")
-               end
+                       self.add("{res} = {recv}->attrs[{a.const_color}]; /* {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
+
+                       # Check for Uninitialized attribute
+                       if not ret isa MNullableType and not self.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_check_initialization.value then
+                               self.add("if ({res} == NULL) \{")
+                               self.add_abort("Uninitialized attribute {a.name}")
+                               self.add("\}")
+                       end
+
+                       # Return the attribute or its unboxed version
+                       # Note: it is mandatory since we reuse the box on write, we do not whant that the box escapes
+                       return self.autobox(res, ret)
+               else
+                       var res = self.new_var(ret)
+                       self.add("{res} = {recv}->attrs[{a.const_color}].{ret.ctypename}; /* {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
 
-               # Return the attribute or its unboxed version
-               # Note: it is mandatory since we reuse the box on write, we do not whant that the box escapes
-               return self.autobox(res, ret)
+                       # Check for Uninitialized attribute
+                       if ret.ctype == "val*" and not ret isa MNullableType and not self.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_check_initialization.value then
+                               self.add("if ({res} == NULL) \{")
+                               self.add_abort("Uninitialized attribute {a.name}")
+                               self.add("\}")
+                       end
+
+                       return res
+               end
        end
 
        redef fun write_attribute(a, recv, value)
@@ -1225,29 +1126,34 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
 
                # Adapt the value to the declared type
                value = self.autobox(value, mtype)
-               var attr = "{recv}->attrs[{a.const_color}]"
-               if mtype.ctype != "val*" then
-                       assert mtype isa MClassType
-                       # The attribute is primitive, thus we store it in a box
-                       # The trick is to create the box the first time then resuse the box
-                       self.add("if ({attr} != NULL) \{")
-                       self.add("((struct instance_{mtype.c_name}*){attr})->value = {value}; /* {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
-                       self.add("\} else \{")
-                       value = self.autobox(value, self.object_type.as_nullable)
-                       self.add("{attr} = {value}; /* {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
-                       self.add("\}")
+
+               if self.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_union_attribute.value then
+                       var attr = "{recv}->attrs[{a.const_color}]"
+                       if mtype.ctype != "val*" then
+                               assert mtype isa MClassType
+                               # The attribute is primitive, thus we store it in a box
+                               # The trick is to create the box the first time then resuse the box
+                               self.add("if ({attr} != NULL) \{")
+                               self.add("((struct instance_{mtype.c_name}*){attr})->value = {value}; /* {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
+                               self.add("\} else \{")
+                               value = self.autobox(value, self.object_type.as_nullable)
+                               self.add("{attr} = {value}; /* {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
+                               self.add("\}")
+                       else
+                               # The attribute is not primitive, thus store it direclty
+                               self.add("{attr} = {value}; /* {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
+                       end
                else
-                       # The attribute is not primitive, thus store it direclty
-                       self.add("{attr} = {value}; /* {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
+                       self.add("{recv}->attrs[{a.const_color}].{mtype.ctypename} = {value}; /* {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
                end
        end
 
        # Build livetype structure retrieving
-       #ENSURE: mtype.need_anchor
+       # ENSURE: mtype.need_anchor
        fun retrieve_anchored_livetype(mtype: MGenericType, buffer: Buffer) do
                assert mtype.need_anchor
 
-               var compiler = self.compiler.as(SeparateCompiler)
+               var compiler = self.compiler
                for ft in mtype.arguments do
 
                        var ntype = ft
@@ -1256,17 +1162,19 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                                ntype = ntype.mtype
                        end
 
+                       var recv = self.frame.arguments.first
+                       var recv_type_info = self.type_info(recv)
                        if ntype isa MParameterType then
                                if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
-                                       buffer.append("[self->type->fts_table->types[HASH(self->type->fts_table->mask, {ntype.const_color})]->livecolor]")
+                                       buffer.append("[{recv_type_info}->fts_table->types[HASH({recv_type_info}->fts_table->mask, {ntype.const_color})]->livecolor]")
                                else
-                                       buffer.append("[self->type->fts_table->types[{ntype.const_color}]->livecolor]")
+                                       buffer.append("[{recv_type_info}->fts_table->types[{ntype.const_color}]->livecolor]")
                                end
                        else if ntype isa MVirtualType then
                                if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
-                                       buffer.append("[self->type->vts_table->types[HASH(self->type->vts_table->mask, {ntype.mproperty.const_color})]->livecolor]")
+                                       buffer.append("[{recv_type_info}->vts_table->types[HASH({recv_type_info}->vts_table->mask, {ntype.mproperty.const_color})]->livecolor]")
                                else
-                                       buffer.append("[self->type->vts_table->types[{ntype.mproperty.const_color}]->livecolor]")
+                                       buffer.append("[{recv_type_info}->vts_table->types[{ntype.mproperty.const_color}]->livecolor]")
                                end
                        else if ntype isa MGenericType and ntype.need_anchor then
                                var bbuff = new Buffer
@@ -1283,22 +1191,15 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
 
        redef fun init_instance(mtype)
        do
-               var compiler = self.compiler.as(SeparateCompiler)
+               var compiler = self.compiler
                if mtype isa MGenericType and mtype.need_anchor then
-                       if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_generic_tree.value then
-                               var buff = new Buffer
-                               retrieve_anchored_livetype(mtype, buff)
-                               mtype = self.anchor(mtype).as(MClassType)
-                               return self.new_expr("NEW_{mtype.mclass.c_name}((struct type *) livetypes_{mtype.mclass.c_name}{buff.to_s})", mtype)
+                       link_unanchored_type(self.frame.mpropdef.mclassdef, mtype)
+                       var recv = self.frame.arguments.first
+                       var recv_type_info = self.type_info(recv)
+                       if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
+                               return self.new_expr("NEW_{mtype.mclass.c_name}((struct type *) {recv_type_info}->unanchored_table->types[HASH({recv_type_info}->unanchored_table->mask, {mtype.const_color})])", mtype)
                        else
-                               link_unanchored_type(self.frame.mpropdef.mclassdef, mtype)
-                               var recv = self.frame.arguments.first
-                               var recv_boxed = self.autobox(recv, self.object_type)
-                               if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
-                                       return self.new_expr("NEW_{mtype.mclass.c_name}((struct type *) {recv_boxed}->type->unanchored_table->types[HASH({recv_boxed}->type->unanchored_table->mask, {mtype.mclass.mclass_type.const_color})])", mtype)
-                               else
-                                       return self.new_expr("NEW_{mtype.mclass.c_name}((struct type *) {recv_boxed}->type->unanchored_table->types[{mtype.mclass.mclass_type.const_color}])", mtype)
-                               end
+                               return self.new_expr("NEW_{mtype.mclass.c_name}((struct type *) {recv_type_info}->unanchored_table->types[{mtype.const_color}])", mtype)
                        end
                end
                compiler.undead_types.add(mtype)
@@ -1311,100 +1212,91 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                self.add("CHECK_NEW_{mtype.mclass.c_name}({value});")
        end
 
-
-       redef fun type_test(value, mtype)
+       redef fun type_test(value, mtype, tag)
        do
                self.add("/* {value.inspect} isa {mtype} */")
-               var compiler = self.compiler.as(SeparateCompiler)
+               var compiler = self.compiler
 
                var recv = self.frame.arguments.first
-               var recv_boxed = self.autobox(recv, self.object_type)
+               var recv_type_info = self.type_info(recv)
 
                var res = self.new_var(bool_type)
 
-               var type_struct = self.get_name("type_struct")
-               self.add_decl("struct type* {type_struct};")
                var cltype = self.get_name("cltype")
                self.add_decl("int {cltype};")
                var idtype = self.get_name("idtype")
                self.add_decl("int {idtype};")
-               var is_nullable = self.get_name("is_nullable")
-               self.add_decl("short int {is_nullable};")
-
-               var boxed = self.autobox(value, self.object_type)
-
-               if not compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_generic_tree.value and mtype.need_anchor then
-                       link_unanchored_type(self.frame.mpropdef.mclassdef, mtype)
-               end
 
+               var maybe_null = self.maybe_null(value)
+               var accept_null = "0"
                var ntype = mtype
                if ntype isa MNullableType then
                        ntype = ntype.mtype
+                       accept_null = "1"
                end
 
-               if ntype isa MParameterType then
+               if value.mcasttype.is_subtype(self.frame.mpropdef.mclassdef.mmodule, self.frame.mpropdef.mclassdef.bound_mtype, mtype) then
+                       self.add("{res} = 1; /* easy {value.inspect} isa {mtype}*/")
+                       if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_typing_test_metrics.value then
+                               self.compiler.count_type_test_skipped[tag] += 1
+                               self.add("count_type_test_skipped_{tag}++;")
+                       end
+                       return res
+               end
+
+               if ntype.need_anchor then
+                       var type_struct = self.get_name("type_struct")
+                       self.add_decl("struct type* {type_struct};")
+
+                       # Either with unanchored_table with a direct resolution
+                       link_unanchored_type(self.frame.mpropdef.mclassdef, ntype)
                        if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
-                               self.add("{type_struct} = {recv_boxed}->type->fts_table->types[HASH({recv_boxed}->type->fts_table->mask, {ntype.const_color})];")
+                               self.add("{type_struct} = {recv_type_info}->unanchored_table->types[HASH({recv_type_info}->unanchored_table->mask, {ntype.const_color})];")
                        else
-                               self.add("{type_struct} = {recv_boxed}->type->fts_table->types[{ntype.const_color}];")
+                               self.add("{type_struct} = {recv_type_info}->unanchored_table->types[{ntype.const_color}];")
+                       end
+                       if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_typing_test_metrics.value then
+                               self.compiler.count_type_test_unresolved[tag] += 1
+                               self.add("count_type_test_unresolved_{tag}++;")
                        end
                        self.add("{cltype} = {type_struct}->color;")
                        self.add("{idtype} = {type_struct}->id;")
-                       self.add("{is_nullable} = {type_struct}->is_nullable;")
-               else if ntype isa MGenericType and ntype.need_anchor then
-                       if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_generic_tree.value then
-                               var buff = new Buffer
-                               retrieve_anchored_livetype(ntype, buff)
-                               self.add("{type_struct} = (struct type*)livetypes_{ntype.mclass.c_name}{buff.to_s};")
-                               self.add("{cltype} = {type_struct}->color;")
-                               self.add("{idtype} = {type_struct}->id;")
-                               self.add("{is_nullable} = {type_struct}->is_nullable;")
-                       else
-                               if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
-                                       self.add("{type_struct} = {recv_boxed}->type->unanchored_table->types[HASH({recv_boxed}->type->unanchored_table->mask, {ntype.mclass.mclass_type.const_color})];")
-                               else
-                                       self.add("{type_struct} = {recv_boxed}->type->unanchored_table->types[{ntype.mclass.mclass_type.const_color}];")
-                               end
-                               self.add("{cltype} = {type_struct}->color;")
-                               self.add("{idtype} = {type_struct}->id;")
+                       if maybe_null and accept_null == "0" then
+                               var is_nullable = self.get_name("is_nullable")
+                               self.add_decl("short int {is_nullable};")
                                self.add("{is_nullable} = {type_struct}->is_nullable;")
+                               accept_null = is_nullable.to_s
                        end
                else if ntype isa MClassType then
                        compiler.undead_types.add(mtype)
                        self.add("{cltype} = type_{mtype.c_name}.color;")
                        self.add("{idtype} = type_{mtype.c_name}.id;")
-                       self.add("{is_nullable} = type_{mtype.c_name}.is_nullable;")
-               else if ntype isa MVirtualType then
-                       var vtcolor = ntype.mproperty.const_color
-                       if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
-                               self.add("{type_struct} = {recv_boxed}->type->vts_table->types[HASH({recv_boxed}->type->vts_table->mask, {vtcolor})];")
-                       else
-                               self.add("{type_struct} = {recv_boxed}->type->vts_table->types[{vtcolor}];")
+                       if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_typing_test_metrics.value then
+                               self.compiler.count_type_test_resolved[tag] += 1
+                               self.add("count_type_test_resolved_{tag}++;")
                        end
-                       self.add("{cltype} = {type_struct}->color;")
-                       self.add("{idtype} = {type_struct}->id;")
-                       self.add("{is_nullable} = {type_struct}->is_nullable;")
                else
-                       self.add("printf(\"NOT YET IMPLEMENTED: type_test(%s, {mtype}).\\n\", \"{boxed.inspect}\"); exit(1);")
-               end
-
-               if mtype isa MNullableType then
-                       self.add("{is_nullable} = 1;")
+                       self.add("printf(\"NOT YET IMPLEMENTED: type_test(%s, {mtype}).\\n\", \"{value.inspect}\"); exit(1);")
                end
 
                # check color is in table
-               self.add("if({boxed} == NULL) \{")
-               self.add("{res} = {is_nullable};")
-               self.add("\} else \{")
+               if maybe_null then
+                       self.add("if({value} == NULL) \{")
+                       self.add("{res} = {accept_null};")
+                       self.add("\} else \{")
+               end
+               var value_type_info = self.type_info(value)
                if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
-                       self.add("{cltype} = HASH({boxed}->type->color, {idtype});")
+                       self.add("{cltype} = HASH({value_type_info}->color, {idtype});")
                end
-               self.add("if({cltype} >= {boxed}->type->table_size) \{")
+               self.add("if({cltype} >= {value_type_info}->table_size) \{")
                self.add("{res} = 0;")
                self.add("\} else \{")
-               self.add("{res} = {boxed}->type->type_table[{cltype}] == {idtype};")
-               self.add("\}")
+               self.add("{res} = {value_type_info}->type_table[{cltype}] == {idtype};")
                self.add("\}")
+               if maybe_null then
+                       self.add("\}")
+               end
 
                return res
        end
@@ -1522,7 +1414,7 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                else if can_be_primitive(value1) and can_be_primitive(value2) then
                        test.add("{value1}->class == {value2}->class")
                        var s = new Array[String]
-                       for t, v in self.compiler.as(SeparateCompiler).box_kinds do
+                       for t, v in self.compiler.box_kinds do
                                s.add "({value1}->class->box_kind == {v} && ((struct instance_{t.c_name}*){value1})->value == ((struct instance_{t.c_name}*){value2})->value)"
                        end
                        test.add("({s.join(" || ")})")
@@ -1572,22 +1464,15 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
        do
                var mtype = self.get_class("NativeArray").get_mtype([elttype])
                assert mtype isa MGenericType
-               var compiler = self.compiler.as(SeparateCompiler)
+               var compiler = self.compiler
                if mtype.need_anchor then
-                       if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_generic_tree.value then
-                               var buff = new Buffer
-                               retrieve_anchored_livetype(mtype, buff)
-                               mtype = self.anchor(mtype).as(MClassType)
-                               return self.new_expr("NEW_{mtype.mclass.c_name}({length}, (struct type *) livetypes_{mtype.mclass.c_name}{buff.to_s})", mtype)
+                       link_unanchored_type(self.frame.mpropdef.mclassdef, mtype)
+                       var recv = self.frame.arguments.first
+                       var recv_type_info = self.type_info(recv)
+                       if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
+                               return self.new_expr("NEW_{mtype.mclass.c_name}({length}, (struct type *) {recv_type_info}->unanchored_table->types[HASH({recv_type_info}->unanchored_table->mask, {mtype.const_color})])", mtype)
                        else
-                               link_unanchored_type(self.frame.mpropdef.mclassdef, mtype)
-                               var recv = self.frame.arguments.first
-                               var recv_boxed = self.autobox(recv, self.object_type)
-                               if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
-                                       return self.new_expr("NEW_{mtype.mclass.c_name}({length}, (struct type *) {recv_boxed}->type->unanchored_table->types[HASH({recv_boxed}->type->unanchored_table->mask, {mtype.mclass.mclass_type.const_color})])", mtype)
-                               else
-                                       return self.new_expr("NEW_{mtype.mclass.c_name}({length}, (struct type *) {recv_boxed}->type->unanchored_table->types[{mtype.mclass.mclass_type.const_color}])", mtype)
-                               end
+                               return self.new_expr("NEW_{mtype.mclass.c_name}({length}, (struct type *) {recv_type_info}->unanchored_table->types[{mtype.const_color}])", mtype)
                        end
                end
                compiler.undead_types.add(mtype)
@@ -1614,31 +1499,15 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
 
        redef fun calloc_array(ret_type, arguments)
        do
-               var ret = ret_type.as(MGenericType)
-               var compiler = self.compiler.as(SeparateCompiler)
-               compiler.undead_types.add(ret)
                var mclass = self.get_class("ArrayCapable")
-               var nclass = self.get_class("NativeArray")
-
-               if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_generic_tree.value then
-                       var ft = mclass.mclass_type.arguments.first.as(MParameterType)
-                       self.ret(self.new_expr("NEW_{nclass.c_name}({arguments[1]}, (struct type*) livetypes_array__NativeArray[self->type->fts_table->types[{ft.const_color}]->livecolor])", ret_type))
-               else
-                       var res = nclass.get_mtype(mclass.mclass_type.arguments)
-                       link_unanchored_type(self.frame.mpropdef.mclassdef, res)
-                       var recv = self.frame.arguments.first
-                       var recv_boxed = self.autobox(recv, self.object_type)
-                       if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
-                               self.ret(self.new_expr("NEW_{nclass.c_name}({arguments[1]}, (struct type *) {recv_boxed}->type->unanchored_table->types[HASH({recv_boxed}->type->unanchored_table->mask, {nclass.mclass_type.const_color})])", ret_type))
-                       else
-                               self.ret(self.new_expr("NEW_{nclass.c_name}({arguments[1]}, (struct type *) {recv_boxed}->type->unanchored_table->types[{nclass.mclass_type.const_color}])", ret_type))
-                       end
-               end
+               var ft = mclass.mclass_type.arguments.first.as(MParameterType)
+               var res = self.native_array_instance(ft, arguments[1])
+               self.ret(res)
        end
 
        fun link_unanchored_type(mclassdef: MClassDef, mtype: MType) do
                assert mtype.need_anchor
-               var compiler = self.compiler.as(SeparateCompiler)
+               var compiler = self.compiler
                if not compiler.live_unanchored_types.has_key(self.frame.mpropdef.mclassdef) then
                        compiler.live_unanchored_types[self.frame.mpropdef.mclassdef] = new HashSet[MType]
                end
@@ -1646,53 +1515,162 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
        end
 end
 
-redef class MClass
-       # Return the name of the C structure associated to a Nit class
-       fun c_name: String do
-               var res = self.c_name_cache
-               if res != null then return res
-               res = "{intro_mmodule.name.to_cmangle}__{name.to_cmangle}"
-               self.c_name_cache = res
-               return res
-       end
-       private var c_name_cache: nullable String
-end
+# The C function associated to a methoddef separately compiled
+class SeparateRuntimeFunction
+       super AbstractRuntimeFunction
 
-redef class MType
-       fun const_color: String do return "COLOR_{c_name}"
-end
+       redef fun build_c_name: String do return "{mmethoddef.c_name}"
+
+       redef fun to_s do return self.mmethoddef.to_s
 
-redef class MParameterType
-       redef fun c_name
+       redef fun compile_to_c(compiler)
        do
-               var res = self.c_name_cache
-               if res != null then return res
-               res = "{self.mclass.c_name}_FT{self.rank}"
-               self.c_name_cache = res
-               return res
+               var mmethoddef = self.mmethoddef
+
+               var recv = self.mmethoddef.mclassdef.bound_mtype
+               var v = compiler.new_visitor
+               var selfvar = new RuntimeVariable("self", recv, recv)
+               var arguments = new Array[RuntimeVariable]
+               var frame = new Frame(v, mmethoddef, recv, arguments)
+               v.frame = frame
+
+               var msignature = mmethoddef.msignature.resolve_for(mmethoddef.mclassdef.bound_mtype, mmethoddef.mclassdef.bound_mtype, mmethoddef.mclassdef.mmodule, true)
+
+               var sig = new Buffer
+               var comment = new Buffer
+               var ret = msignature.return_mtype
+               if ret != null then
+                       sig.append("{ret.ctype} ")
+               else if mmethoddef.mproperty.is_new then
+                       ret = recv
+                       sig.append("{ret.ctype} ")
+               else
+                       sig.append("void ")
+               end
+               sig.append(self.c_name)
+               sig.append("({selfvar.mtype.ctype} {selfvar}")
+               comment.append("(self: {selfvar}")
+               arguments.add(selfvar)
+               for i in [0..msignature.arity[ do
+                       var mtype = msignature.mparameters[i].mtype
+                       if i == msignature.vararg_rank then
+                               mtype = v.get_class("Array").get_mtype([mtype])
+                       end
+                       comment.append(", {mtype}")
+                       sig.append(", {mtype.ctype} p{i}")
+                       var argvar = new RuntimeVariable("p{i}", mtype, mtype)
+                       arguments.add(argvar)
+               end
+               sig.append(")")
+               comment.append(")")
+               if ret != null then
+                       comment.append(": {ret}")
+               end
+               compiler.header.add_decl("{sig};")
+
+               v.add_decl("/* method {self} for {comment} */")
+               v.add_decl("{sig} \{")
+               if ret != null then
+                       frame.returnvar = v.new_var(ret)
+               end
+               frame.returnlabel = v.get_name("RET_LABEL")
+
+               if recv != arguments.first.mtype then
+                       #print "{self} {recv} {arguments.first}"
+               end
+               mmethoddef.compile_inside_to_c(v, arguments)
+
+               v.add("{frame.returnlabel.as(not null)}:;")
+               if ret != null then
+                       v.add("return {frame.returnvar.as(not null)};")
+               end
+               v.add("\}")
        end
 end
 
-redef class MNullableType
-       redef fun c_name
+# The C function associated to a methoddef on a primitive type, stored into a VFT of a class
+# The first parameter (the reciever) is always typed by val* in order to accept an object value
+class VirtualRuntimeFunction
+       super AbstractRuntimeFunction
+
+       redef fun build_c_name: String do return "VIRTUAL_{mmethoddef.c_name}"
+
+       redef fun to_s do return self.mmethoddef.to_s
+
+       redef fun compile_to_c(compiler)
        do
-               var res = self.c_name_cache
-               if res != null then return res
-               res = "nullable_{self.mtype.c_name}"
-               self.c_name_cache = res
-               return res
+               var mmethoddef = self.mmethoddef
+
+               var recv = self.mmethoddef.mclassdef.bound_mtype
+               var v = compiler.new_visitor
+               var selfvar = new RuntimeVariable("self", v.object_type, recv)
+               var arguments = new Array[RuntimeVariable]
+               var frame = new Frame(v, mmethoddef, recv, arguments)
+               v.frame = frame
+
+               var sig = new Buffer
+               var comment = new Buffer
+
+               # Because the function is virtual, the signature must match the one of the original class
+               var intromclassdef = self.mmethoddef.mproperty.intro.mclassdef
+               var msignature = mmethoddef.mproperty.intro.msignature.resolve_for(intromclassdef.bound_mtype, intromclassdef.bound_mtype, intromclassdef.mmodule, true)
+               var ret = msignature.return_mtype
+               if ret != null then
+                       sig.append("{ret.ctype} ")
+               else if mmethoddef.mproperty.is_new then
+                       ret = recv
+                       sig.append("{ret.ctype} ")
+               else
+                       sig.append("void ")
+               end
+               sig.append(self.c_name)
+               sig.append("({selfvar.mtype.ctype} {selfvar}")
+               comment.append("(self: {selfvar}")
+               arguments.add(selfvar)
+               for i in [0..msignature.arity[ do
+                       var mtype = msignature.mparameters[i].mtype
+                       if i == msignature.vararg_rank then
+                               mtype = v.get_class("Array").get_mtype([mtype])
+                       end
+                       comment.append(", {mtype}")
+                       sig.append(", {mtype.ctype} p{i}")
+                       var argvar = new RuntimeVariable("p{i}", mtype, mtype)
+                       arguments.add(argvar)
+               end
+               sig.append(")")
+               comment.append(")")
+               if ret != null then
+                       comment.append(": {ret}")
+               end
+               compiler.header.add_decl("{sig};")
+
+               v.add_decl("/* method {self} for {comment} */")
+               v.add_decl("{sig} \{")
+               if ret != null then
+                       frame.returnvar = v.new_var(ret)
+               end
+               frame.returnlabel = v.get_name("RET_LABEL")
+
+               if recv != arguments.first.mtype then
+                       #print "{self} {recv} {arguments.first}"
+               end
+               mmethoddef.compile_inside_to_c(v, arguments)
+
+               v.add("{frame.returnlabel.as(not null)}:;")
+               if ret != null then
+                       v.add("return {frame.returnvar.as(not null)};")
+               end
+               v.add("\}")
        end
+
+       # TODO ?
+       redef fun call(v, arguments) do abort
 end
 
-redef class MProperty
-       fun c_name: String do
-               var res = self.c_name_cache
-               if res != null then return res
-               res = "{self.intro.c_name}"
-               self.c_name_cache = res
-               return res
-       end
-       private var c_name_cache: nullable String
+redef class MType
+       fun const_color: String do return "COLOR_{c_name}"
+end
 
+redef class MProperty
        fun const_color: String do return "COLOR_{c_name}"
 end