model: use the robust `intro_mmodule` instead of `intro.mmodule`.
[nit.git] / src / modelize / modelize_property.nit
index 468852b..aadfb5c 100644 (file)
@@ -86,7 +86,8 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
                # Force building recursively
                if nclassdef.build_properties_is_done then return
                nclassdef.build_properties_is_done = true
-               var mclassdef = nclassdef.mclassdef.as(not null)
+               var mclassdef = nclassdef.mclassdef
+               if mclassdef == null then return # skip error
                if mclassdef.in_hierarchy == null then return # Skip error
                for superclassdef in mclassdef.in_hierarchy.direct_greaters do
                        if not mclassdef2nclassdef.has_key(superclassdef) then continue
@@ -102,6 +103,18 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
                                npropdef.build_signature(self)
                        end
                        for npropdef in nclassdef2.n_propdefs do
+                               if not npropdef isa ATypePropdef then continue
+                               # Check circularity
+                               var mpropdef = npropdef.mpropdef
+                               if mpropdef == null then continue
+                               if mpropdef.bound == null then continue
+                               if not check_virtual_types_circularity(npropdef, mpropdef.mproperty, mclassdef.bound_mtype, mclassdef.mmodule) then
+                                       # Invalidate the bound
+                                       mpropdef.is_broken = true
+                                       mpropdef.bound = mclassdef.mmodule.model.null_type
+                               end
+                       end
+                       for npropdef in nclassdef2.n_propdefs do
                                # Check ATypePropdef first since they may be required for the other properties
                                if not npropdef isa ATypePropdef then continue
                                npropdef.check_signature(self)
@@ -146,9 +159,6 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
                        return
                end
 
-               # Is the class forbid constructors?
-               if not mclassdef.mclass.kind.need_init then return
-
                # Is there already a constructor defined?
                var defined_init: nullable MMethodDef = null
                for mpropdef in mclassdef.mpropdefs do
@@ -170,18 +180,11 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
                var initializers = new Array[MProperty]
                for npropdef in nclassdef.n_propdefs do
                        if npropdef isa AMethPropdef then
-                               if npropdef.mpropdef == null then return # Skip broken attribute
-                               var at = npropdef.get_single_annotation("autoinit", self)
-                               if at == null then continue # Skip non tagged init
-
+                               if not npropdef.is_autoinit then continue # Skip non tagged autoinit
+                               if npropdef.mpropdef == null then return # Skip broken method
                                var sig = npropdef.mpropdef.msignature
                                if sig == null then continue # Skip broken method
 
-                               if not npropdef.mpropdef.is_intro then
-                                       self.error(at, "Error: `autoinit` cannot be set on redefinitions")
-                                       continue
-                               end
-
                                for param in sig.mparameters do
                                        var ret_type = param.mtype
                                        var mparameter = new MParameter(param.name, ret_type, false)
@@ -191,25 +194,26 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
                                npropdef.mpropdef.mproperty.is_autoinit = true
                        end
                        if npropdef isa AAttrPropdef then
-                               if npropdef.mpropdef == null then return # Skip broken attribute
+                               var mreadpropdef = npropdef.mreadpropdef
+                               if mreadpropdef == null or mreadpropdef.msignature == null then return # Skip broken attribute
                                if npropdef.noinit then continue # Skip noinit attribute
-                               var atautoinit = npropdef.get_single_annotation("autoinit", self)
-                               if atautoinit != null then
-                                       # For autoinit attributes, call the reader to force
+                               var atlateinit = npropdef.get_single_annotation("lateinit", self)
+                               if atlateinit != null then
+                                       # For lateinit attributes, call the reader to force
                                        # the lazy initialization of the attribute.
-                                       initializers.add(npropdef.mreadpropdef.mproperty)
-                                       npropdef.mreadpropdef.mproperty.is_autoinit = true
+                                       initializers.add(mreadpropdef.mproperty)
+                                       mreadpropdef.mproperty.is_autoinit = true
                                        continue
                                end
                                if npropdef.has_value then continue
-                               var paramname = npropdef.mpropdef.mproperty.name.substring_from(1)
-                               var ret_type = npropdef.mpropdef.static_mtype
+                               var paramname = mreadpropdef.mproperty.name
+                               var ret_type = mreadpropdef.msignature.return_mtype
                                if ret_type == null then return
                                var mparameter = new MParameter(paramname, ret_type, false)
                                mparameters.add(mparameter)
                                var msetter = npropdef.mwritepropdef
                                if msetter == null then
-                                       # No setter, it is a old-style attribute, so just add it
+                                       # No setter, it is a readonly attribute, so just add it
                                        initializers.add(npropdef.mpropdef.mproperty)
                                        npropdef.mpropdef.mproperty.is_autoinit = true
                                else
@@ -225,7 +229,7 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
                # Look for most-specific new-stype init definitions
                var spropdefs = the_root_init_mmethod.lookup_super_definitions(mclassdef.mmodule, mclassdef.bound_mtype)
                if spropdefs.is_empty then
-                       toolcontext.error(nclassdef.location, "Error: {mclassdef} does not specialize {the_root_init_mmethod.intro_mclassdef}. Possible duplication of the root class `Object`?")
+                       toolcontext.error(nclassdef.location, "Error: `{mclassdef}` does not specialize `{the_root_init_mmethod.intro_mclassdef}`. Possible duplication of the root class `Object`?")
                        return
                end
 
@@ -242,14 +246,14 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
                        end
 
                        if autoinit.n_args.is_empty then
-                               error(autoinit, "Syntax error: `autoinit` expects method identifiers, use `noautoinit` to clear all autoinits.")
+                               error(autoinit, "Syntax Error: `autoinit` expects method identifiers, use `noautoinit` to clear all autoinits.")
                        end
 
                        # Get and check each argument
                        for narg in autoinit.n_args do
                                var id = narg.as_id
                                if id == null then
-                                       error(narg, "Syntax error: `autoinit` expects method identifiers.")
+                                       error(narg, "Syntax Error: `autoinit` expects method identifiers.")
                                        return
                                end
 
@@ -274,35 +278,35 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
                                if pd isa MMethodDef then
                                        # Get the signature resolved for the current receiver
                                        var sig = pd.msignature.resolve_for(mclassdef.mclass.mclass_type, mclassdef.bound_mtype, mclassdef.mmodule, false)
-                                       mparameters.add_all sig.mparameters
+                                       mparameters.add_all(sig.mparameters)
                                else
                                        # TODO attributes?
                                        abort
                                end
                        end
-               else if noautoinit != null then
-                       if initializers.is_empty then
-                               warning(noautoinit, "useless-noautoinit", "Warning: the list of autoinit is already empty.")
-                       end
-                       # Just clear initializers
-                       mparameters.clear
-                       initializers.clear
                else
                        # Search the longest-one and checks for conflict
                        var longest = spropdefs.first
                        if spropdefs.length > 1 then
-                               # Check for conflict in the order of initializers
-                               # Each initializer list must me a prefix of the longest list
                                # part 1. find the longest list
                                for spd in spropdefs do
                                        if spd.initializers.length > longest.initializers.length then longest = spd
                                end
                                # part 2. compare
-                               for spd in spropdefs do
+                               # Check for conflict in the order of initializers
+                               # Each initializer list must me a prefix of the longest list
+                               # If `noautoinit` is set, just ignore conflicts
+                               if noautoinit == null then for spd in spropdefs do
                                        var i = 0
                                        for p in spd.initializers do
                                                if p != longest.initializers[i] then
-                                                       self.error(nclassdef, "Error: conflict for inherited inits {spd}({spd.initializers.join(", ")}) and {longest}({longest.initializers.join(", ")})")
+                                                       var proposal = new ArraySet[MProperty]
+                                                       for spd2 in spropdefs do
+                                                               proposal.add_all spd2.initializers
+                                                       end
+                                                       proposal.add_all initializers
+                                                       self.error(nclassdef, "Error: cannot generate automatic init for class {mclassdef.mclass}. Conflict in the order in inherited initializers {spd}({spd.initializers.join(", ")}) and {longest}({longest.initializers.join(", ")}). Use `autoinit` to order initializers. eg `autoinit {proposal.join(", ")}`")
+                                                       # TODO: invalidate the initializer to avoid more errors
                                                        return
                                                end
                                                i += 1
@@ -310,17 +314,27 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
                                end
                        end
 
-                       # Can we just inherit?
-                       if spropdefs.length == 1 and mparameters.is_empty and defined_init == null then
-                               self.toolcontext.info("{mclassdef} inherits the basic constructor {longest}", 3)
-                               mclassdef.mclass.root_init = longest
-                               return
-                       end
+                       if noautoinit != null then
+                               # If there is local or inherited initializers, then complain.
+                               if initializers.is_empty and longest.initializers.is_empty then
+                                       warning(noautoinit, "useless-noautoinit", "Warning: the list of autoinit is already empty.")
+                               end
+                               # Just clear initializers
+                               mparameters.clear
+                               initializers.clear
+                       else
+                               # Can we just inherit?
+                               if spropdefs.length == 1 and mparameters.is_empty and defined_init == null then
+                                       self.toolcontext.info("{mclassdef} inherits the basic constructor {longest}", 3)
+                                       mclassdef.mclass.root_init = longest
+                                       return
+                               end
 
-                       # Combine the inherited list to what is collected
-                       if longest.initializers.length > 0 then
-                               mparameters.prepend longest.new_msignature.mparameters
-                               initializers.prepend longest.initializers
+                               # Combine the inherited list to what is collected
+                               if longest.initializers.length > 0 then
+                                       mparameters.prepend longest.new_msignature.mparameters
+                                       initializers.prepend longest.initializers
+                               end
                        end
                end
 
@@ -357,15 +371,17 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
                # It is a case-by case
                var vis_type: nullable MVisibility = null # The own visibility of the type
                var mmodule_type: nullable MModule = null # The original module of the type
-               mtype = mtype.as_notnullable
+               mtype = mtype.undecorate
                if mtype isa MClassType then
                        vis_type = mtype.mclass.visibility
-                       mmodule_type = mtype.mclass.intro.mmodule
+                       mmodule_type = mtype.mclass.intro_mmodule
                else if mtype isa MVirtualType then
                        vis_type = mtype.mproperty.visibility
                        mmodule_type = mtype.mproperty.intro_mclassdef.mmodule
                else if mtype isa MParameterType then
                        # nothing, always visible
+               else if mtype isa MNullType then
+                       # nothing to do.
                else
                        node.debug "Unexpected type {mtype}"
                        abort
@@ -375,10 +391,10 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
                        assert mmodule_type != null
                        var vis_module_type = mmodule.visibility_for(mmodule_type) # the visibility of the original module
                        if mproperty.visibility > vis_type then
-                               error(node, "Error: The {mproperty.visibility} property `{mproperty}` cannot contain the {vis_type} type `{mtype}`")
+                               error(node, "Error: the {mproperty.visibility} property `{mproperty}` cannot contain the {vis_type} type `{mtype}`.")
                                return
                        else if mproperty.visibility > vis_module_type then
-                               error(node, "Error: The {mproperty.visibility} property `{mproperty}` cannot contain the type `{mtype}` from the {vis_module_type} module `{mmodule_type}`")
+                               error(node, "Error: the {mproperty.visibility} property `{mproperty}` cannot contain the type `{mtype}` from the {vis_module_type} module `{mmodule_type}`.")
                                return
                        end
                end
@@ -394,6 +410,72 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
                        for t in mtype.arguments do check_visibility(node, t, mpropdef)
                end
        end
+
+       # Detect circularity errors for virtual types.
+       fun check_virtual_types_circularity(node: ANode, mproperty: MVirtualTypeProp, recv: MType, mmodule: MModule): Bool
+       do
+               # Check circularity
+               # Slow case: progress on each resolution until we visit all without getting a loop
+
+               # The graph used to detect loops
+               var mtype = mproperty.mvirtualtype
+               var poset = new POSet[MType]
+
+               # The work-list of types to resolve
+               var todo = new List[MType]
+               todo.add mtype
+
+               while not todo.is_empty do
+                       # The visited type
+                       var t = todo.pop
+
+                       if not t.need_anchor then continue
+
+                       # Get the types derived of `t` (subtypes and bounds)
+                       var nexts
+                       if t isa MNullableType then
+                               nexts = [t.mtype]
+                       else if t isa MGenericType then
+                               nexts = t.arguments
+                       else if t isa MVirtualType then
+                               var vt = t.mproperty
+                               # Because `vt` is possibly unchecked, we have to do the bound-lookup manually
+                               var defs = vt.lookup_definitions(mmodule, recv)
+                               # TODO something to manage correctly bound conflicts
+                               assert not defs.is_empty
+                               nexts = new Array[MType]
+                               for d in defs do
+                                       var next = defs.first.bound
+                                       if next == null then return false
+                                       nexts.add next
+                               end
+                       else if t isa MClassType then
+                               # Basic type, nothing to to
+                               continue
+                       else if t isa MParameterType then
+                               # Parameter types cannot depend on virtual types, so nothing to do
+                               continue
+                       else
+                               abort
+                       end
+
+                       # For each one
+                       for next in nexts do
+                               if poset.has_edge(next, t) then
+                                       if mtype == next then
+                                               error(node, "Error: circularity of virtual type definition: {next} <-> {t}.")
+                                       else
+                                               error(node, "Error: circularity of virtual type definition: {mtype} -> {next} <-> {t}.")
+                                       end
+                                       return false
+                               else
+                                       poset.add_edge(t, next)
+                                       todo.add next
+                               end
+                       end
+               end
+               return true
+       end
 end
 
 redef class MPropDef
@@ -446,17 +528,17 @@ redef class MClassDef
 
                        # SELF must be declared in Object, otherwise this will create conflicts
                        if intro_mclassdef.mclass.name != "Object" then
-                               modelbuilder.error(nintro, "Error: the virtual type SELF must be declared in Object.")
+                               modelbuilder.error(nintro, "Error: the virtual type `SELF` must be declared in `Object`.")
                        end
 
                        # SELF must be public
                        if mprop.visibility != public_visibility then
-                               modelbuilder.error(nintro, "Error: the virtual type SELF must be public.")
+                               modelbuilder.error(nintro, "Error: the virtual type `SELF` must be public.")
                        end
 
                        # SELF must not be fixed
                        if intro.is_fixed then
-                               modelbuilder.error(nintro, "Error: the virtual type SELF cannot be fixed.")
+                               modelbuilder.error(nintro, "Error: the virtual type `SELF` cannot be fixed.")
                        end
 
                        return
@@ -485,17 +567,17 @@ redef class APropdef
                if nvisibility != null then
                        mvisibility = nvisibility.mvisibility
                        if mvisibility == intrude_visibility then
-                               modelbuilder.error(nvisibility, "Error: intrude is not a legal visibility for properties.")
+                               modelbuilder.error(nvisibility, "Error: `intrude` is not a legal visibility for properties.")
                                mvisibility = public_visibility
                        end
                end
                if mclassdef.mclass.visibility == private_visibility then
                        if mvisibility == protected_visibility then
                                assert nvisibility != null
-                               modelbuilder.error(nvisibility, "Error: The only legal visibility for properties in a private class is private.")
+                               modelbuilder.error(nvisibility, "Error: `private` is the only legal visibility for properties in a private class.")
                        else if mvisibility == private_visibility then
                                assert nvisibility != null
-                               modelbuilder.advice(nvisibility, "useless-visibility", "Warning: private is superfluous since the only legal visibility for properties in a private class is private.")
+                               modelbuilder.advice(nvisibility, "useless-visibility", "Warning: `private` is superfluous since the only legal visibility for properties in a private class is private.")
                        end
                        mvisibility = private_visibility
                end
@@ -531,38 +613,29 @@ redef class APropdef
                if nvisibility == null then return
                var mvisibility = nvisibility.mvisibility
                if mvisibility != mprop.visibility and mvisibility != public_visibility then
-                               modelbuilder.error(nvisibility, "Error: redefinition changed the visibility from a {mprop.visibility} to a {mvisibility}")
+                               modelbuilder.error(nvisibility, "Error: redefinition changed the visibility from `{mprop.visibility}` to `{mvisibility}`.")
                end
        end
 
        private fun check_redef_keyword(modelbuilder: ModelBuilder, mclassdef: MClassDef, kwredef: nullable Token, need_redef: Bool, mprop: MProperty): Bool
        do
                if mclassdef.mprop2npropdef.has_key(mprop) then
-                       modelbuilder.error(self, "Error: A property {mprop} is already defined in class {mclassdef.mclass} at line {mclassdef.mprop2npropdef[mprop].location.line_start}.")
+                       modelbuilder.error(self, "Error: a property `{mprop}` is already defined in class `{mclassdef.mclass}` at line {mclassdef.mprop2npropdef[mprop].location.line_start}.")
                        return false
                end
-               if mprop isa MMethod and mprop.is_toplevel != (parent isa ATopClassdef) then
-                       if mprop.is_toplevel then
-                               modelbuilder.error(self, "Error: {mprop} is a top level method.")
-                       else
-                               modelbuilder.error(self, "Error: {mprop} is not a top level method.")
-                       end
-                       return false
-
-               end
                if mprop isa MMethod and mprop.is_root_init then return true
                if kwredef == null then
                        if need_redef then
-                               modelbuilder.error(self, "Redef error: {mclassdef.mclass}::{mprop.name} is an inherited property. To redefine it, add the redef keyword.")
+                               modelbuilder.error(self, "Redef Error: `{mclassdef.mclass}::{mprop.name}` is an inherited property. To redefine it, add the `redef` keyword.")
                                return false
                        end
 
-                       # Check for full-name conflicts in the project.
-                       # A public property should have a unique qualified name `project::class::prop`.
+                       # Check for full-name conflicts in the package.
+                       # A public property should have a unique qualified name `package::class::prop`.
                        if mprop.intro_mclassdef.mmodule.mgroup != null and mprop.visibility >= protected_visibility then
                                var others = modelbuilder.model.get_mproperties_by_name(mprop.name)
                                if others != null then for other in others do
-                                       if other != mprop and other.intro_mclassdef.mmodule.mgroup != null and other.intro_mclassdef.mmodule.mgroup.mproject == mprop.intro_mclassdef.mmodule.mgroup.mproject and other.intro_mclassdef.mclass.name == mprop.intro_mclassdef.mclass.name and other.visibility >= protected_visibility then
+                                       if other != mprop and other.intro_mclassdef.mmodule.mgroup != null and other.intro_mclassdef.mmodule.mgroup.mpackage == mprop.intro_mclassdef.mmodule.mgroup.mpackage and other.intro_mclassdef.mclass.name == mprop.intro_mclassdef.mclass.name and other.visibility >= protected_visibility then
                                                modelbuilder.advice(self, "full-name-conflict", "Warning: A property named `{other.full_name}` is already defined in module `{other.intro_mclassdef.mmodule}` for the class `{other.intro_mclassdef.mclass.name}`.")
                                                break
                                        end
@@ -570,13 +643,15 @@ redef class APropdef
                        end
                else
                        if not need_redef then
-                               modelbuilder.error(self, "Error: No property {mclassdef.mclass}::{mprop.name} is inherited. Remove the redef keyword to define a new property.")
+                               modelbuilder.error(self, "Error: no property `{mclassdef.mclass}::{mprop.name}` is inherited. Remove the `redef` keyword to define a new property.")
                                return false
                        end
                end
                return true
        end
 
+       # Checks for useless type in redef signatures.
+       private fun check_repeated_types(modelbuilder: ModelBuilder) do end
 end
 
 redef class ASignature
@@ -611,7 +686,7 @@ redef class ASignature
                                end
                                if np.n_dotdotdot != null then
                                        if self.vararg_rank != -1 then
-                                               modelbuilder.error(np, "Error: {param_names[self.vararg_rank]} is already a vararg")
+                                               modelbuilder.error(np, "Error: `{param_names[self.vararg_rank]}` is already a vararg")
                                                return false
                                        else
                                                self.vararg_rank = param_names.length - 1
@@ -646,6 +721,7 @@ redef class ASignature
                                res = false
                        end
                end
+               if not res then is_broken = true
                return res
        end
 end
@@ -658,6 +734,8 @@ end
 redef class AMethPropdef
        redef type MPROPDEF: MMethodDef
 
+       # Is the method annotated `autoinit`?
+       var is_autoinit = false
 
        # Can self be used as a root init?
        private fun look_like_a_root_init(modelbuilder: ModelBuilder, mclassdef: MClassDef): Bool
@@ -718,8 +796,19 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
                        name = amethodid.collect_text
                        name_node = amethodid
 
-                       if name == "-" and self.n_signature.n_params.length == 0 then
+                       var arity = self.n_signature.n_params.length
+                       if name == "+" and arity == 0 then
+                               name = "unary +"
+                       else if name == "-" and arity == 0 then
                                name = "unary -"
+                       else if name == "~" and arity == 0 then
+                               name = "unary ~"
+                       else
+                               if amethodid.is_binary and arity != 1 then
+                                       modelbuilder.error(self.n_signature, "Syntax Error: binary operator `{name}` requires exactly one parameter; got {arity}.")
+                               else if amethodid.min_arity > arity then
+                                       modelbuilder.error(self.n_signature, "Syntax Error: `{name}` requires at least {amethodid.min_arity} parameter(s); got {arity}.")
+                               end
                        end
                end
 
@@ -743,9 +832,15 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
                        mprop.is_init = is_init
                        mprop.is_new = n_kwnew != null
                        if mprop.is_new then mclassdef.mclass.has_new_factory = true
-                       if parent isa ATopClassdef then mprop.is_toplevel = true
-                       self.check_redef_keyword(modelbuilder, mclassdef, n_kwredef, false, mprop)
+                       if name == "sys" then mprop.is_toplevel = true # special case for sys allowed in `new` factories
+                       if not self.check_redef_keyword(modelbuilder, mclassdef, n_kwredef, false, mprop) then
+                               mprop.is_broken = true
+                               return
+                       end
                else
+                       if mprop.is_broken then
+                               return
+                       end
                        if not self.check_redef_keyword(modelbuilder, mclassdef, n_kwredef, not self isa AMainMethPropdef, mprop) then return
                        check_redef_property_visibility(modelbuilder, self.n_visibility, mprop)
                end
@@ -754,7 +849,10 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
                if is_init then
                        for p, n in mclassdef.mprop2npropdef do
                                if p != mprop and p isa MMethod and p.name == name then
-                                       check_redef_keyword(modelbuilder, mclassdef, n_kwredef, false, p)
+                                       if not check_redef_keyword(modelbuilder, mclassdef, n_kwredef, false, p) then
+                                               mprop.is_broken = true
+                                               return
+                                       end
                                        break
                                end
                        end
@@ -793,6 +891,9 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
                        end
                end
 
+               var accept_special_last_parameter = self.n_methid == null or self.n_methid.accept_special_last_parameter
+               var return_is_mandatory = self.n_methid != null and self.n_methid.return_is_mandatory
+
                # Retrieve info from the signature AST
                var param_names = new Array[String] # Names of parameters from the AST
                var param_types = new Array[MType] # Types of parameters from the AST
@@ -820,7 +921,7 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
                        if param_names.length != msignature.arity then
                                var node: ANode
                                if nsig != null then node = nsig else node = self
-                               modelbuilder.error(node, "Redef error: {mpropdef} redefines {mpropdef.mproperty.intro} with {param_names.length} parameter(s), {msignature.arity} expected. Signature is {mpropdef}{msignature}")
+                               modelbuilder.error(node, "Redef Error: expected {msignature.arity} parameter(s) for `{mpropdef.mproperty.name}{msignature}`; got {param_names.length}. See introduction at `{mpropdef.mproperty.full_name}`.")
                                return
                        end
                else if mpropdef.mproperty.is_init and not mpropdef.mproperty.is_new then
@@ -852,7 +953,7 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
 
                if param_names.length != param_types.length then
                        # Some parameters are typed, other parameters are not typed.
-                       modelbuilder.error(nsig.n_params[param_types.length], "Error: Untyped parameter `{param_names[param_types.length]}'.")
+                       modelbuilder.error(nsig.n_params[param_types.length], "Error: untyped parameter `{param_names[param_types.length]}'.")
                        return
                end
 
@@ -866,6 +967,14 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
                # In `new`-factories, the return type is by default the classtype.
                if ret_type == null and mpropdef.mproperty.is_new then ret_type = mclassdef.mclass.mclass_type
 
+               # Special checks for operator methods
+               if not accept_special_last_parameter and mparameters.not_empty and mparameters.last.is_vararg then
+                       modelbuilder.error(self.n_signature.n_params.last, "Error: illegal variadic parameter `{mparameters.last}` for `{mpropdef.mproperty.name}`.")
+               end
+               if ret_type == null and return_is_mandatory then
+                       modelbuilder.error(self.n_methid, "Error: mandatory return type for `{mpropdef.mproperty.name}`.")
+               end
+
                msignature = new MSignature(mparameters, ret_type)
                mpropdef.msignature = msignature
                mpropdef.is_abstract = self.get_single_annotation("abstract", modelbuilder) != null
@@ -874,7 +983,18 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
 
                # Check annotations
                var at = self.get_single_annotation("lazy", modelbuilder)
-               if at != null then modelbuilder.error(at, "Syntax error: `lazy` must be used on attributes.")
+               if at != null then modelbuilder.error(at, "Syntax Error: `lazy` must be used on attributes.")
+
+               var atautoinit = self.get_single_annotation("autoinit", modelbuilder)
+               if atautoinit != null then
+                       if not mpropdef.is_intro then
+                               modelbuilder.error(atautoinit, "Error: `autoinit` cannot be set on redefinitions.")
+                       else if not mclassdef.is_intro then
+                               modelbuilder.error(atautoinit, "Error: `autoinit` cannot be used in class refinements.")
+                       else
+                               self.is_autoinit = true
+                       end
+               end
        end
 
        redef fun check_signature(modelbuilder)
@@ -884,13 +1004,14 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
                var mclassdef = mpropdef.mclassdef
                var mmodule = mclassdef.mmodule
                var nsig = self.n_signature
-               var mysignature = self.mpropdef.msignature
+               var mysignature = mpropdef.msignature
                if mysignature == null then return # Error thus skiped
 
                # Check
                if nsig != null then
                        if not nsig.check_signature(modelbuilder, mclassdef) then
-                               self.mpropdef.msignature = null # invalidate
+                               mpropdef.msignature = null # invalidate
+                               mpropdef.is_broken = true
                                return # Forward error
                        end
                end
@@ -904,7 +1025,9 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
                        var precursor_ret_type = msignature.return_mtype
                        var ret_type = mysignature.return_mtype
                        if ret_type != null and precursor_ret_type == null then
-                               modelbuilder.error(nsig.n_type.as(not null), "Redef Error: {mpropdef.mproperty} is a procedure, not a function.")
+                               modelbuilder.error(nsig.n_type.as(not null), "Redef Error: `{mpropdef.mproperty}` is a procedure, not a function.")
+                               mpropdef.msignature = null
+                               mpropdef.is_broken = true
                                return
                        end
 
@@ -915,7 +1038,9 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
                                        var prt = msignature.mparameters[i].mtype
                                        var node = nsig.n_params[i]
                                        if not modelbuilder.check_sametype(node, mmodule, mclassdef.bound_mtype, myt, prt) then
-                                               modelbuilder.error(node, "Redef Error: Wrong type for parameter `{mysignature.mparameters[i].name}'. found {myt}, expected {prt} as in {mpropdef.mproperty.intro}.")
+                                               modelbuilder.error(node, "Redef Error: expected `{prt}` for parameter `{mysignature.mparameters[i].name}'; got `{myt}`.")
+                                               mpropdef.msignature = null
+                                               mpropdef.is_broken = true
                                        end
                                end
                        end
@@ -927,7 +1052,9 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
                                        # Inherit the return type
                                        ret_type = precursor_ret_type
                                else if not modelbuilder.check_subtype(node, mmodule, mclassdef.bound_mtype, ret_type, precursor_ret_type) then
-                                       modelbuilder.error(node, "Redef Error: Wrong return type. found {ret_type}, expected {precursor_ret_type} as in {mpropdef.mproperty.intro}.")
+                                       modelbuilder.error(node, "Redef Error: expected `{precursor_ret_type}` for return type; got `{ret_type}`.")
+                                       mpropdef.msignature = null
+                                       mpropdef.is_broken = true
                                end
                        end
                end
@@ -941,12 +1068,88 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
                        var nt = nsig.n_type
                        if nt != null then modelbuilder.check_visibility(nt, nt.mtype.as(not null), mpropdef)
                end
+               check_repeated_types(modelbuilder)
        end
+
+       # For parameters, type is always useless in a redef.
+       # For return type, type is useless if not covariant with introduction.
+       redef fun check_repeated_types(modelbuilder) do
+               if mpropdef.is_intro or n_signature == null then return
+               # check params
+               for param in n_signature.n_params do
+                       if param.n_type != null then
+                               modelbuilder.advice(param.n_type, "useless-signature", "Warning: useless type repetition on parameter `{param.n_id.text}` for redefined method `{mpropdef.name}`")
+                       end
+               end
+               # get intro
+               var intro = mpropdef.mproperty.intro
+               var n_intro = modelbuilder.mpropdef2npropdef.get_or_null(intro)
+               if n_intro == null or not n_intro isa AMethPropdef then return
+               # check return type
+               var ret_type = n_signature.ret_type
+               if ret_type != null and ret_type == n_intro.n_signature.ret_type then
+                       modelbuilder.advice(n_signature.n_type, "useless-signature", "Warning: useless return type repetition for redefined method `{mpropdef.name}`")
+               end
+       end
+end
+
+redef class AMethid
+       # Is a return required?
+       #
+       # * True for operators and brackets.
+       # * False for id and assignment.
+       fun return_is_mandatory: Bool do return true
+
+       # Can the last parameter be special like a vararg?
+       #
+       # * False for operators: the last one is in fact the only one.
+       # * False for assignments: it is the right part of the assignment.
+       # * True for ids and brackets.
+       fun accept_special_last_parameter: Bool do return false
+
+       # The minimum required number of parameters.
+       #
+       # * 1 for binary operators
+       # * 1 for brackets
+       # * 1 for assignments
+       # * 2 for bracket assignments
+       # * 0 for ids
+       fun min_arity: Int do return 1
+
+       # Is the `self` a binary operator?
+       fun is_binary: Bool do return true
+end
+
+redef class AIdMethid
+       redef fun return_is_mandatory do return false
+       redef fun accept_special_last_parameter do return true
+       redef fun min_arity do return 0
+       redef fun is_binary do return false
+end
+
+redef class ABraMethid
+       redef fun accept_special_last_parameter do return true
+       redef fun is_binary do return false
+end
+
+redef class ABraassignMethid
+       redef fun return_is_mandatory do return false
+       redef fun min_arity do return 2
+       redef fun is_binary do return false
+end
+
+redef class AAssignMethid
+       redef fun return_is_mandatory do return false
+       redef fun is_binary do return false
 end
 
 redef class AAttrPropdef
        redef type MPROPDEF: MAttributeDef
 
+       # The static type of the property (declared, inferred or inherited)
+       # This attribute is also used to check if the property was analyzed and is valid.
+       var mtype: nullable MType
+
        # Is the node tagged `noinit`?
        var noinit = false
 
@@ -976,12 +1179,8 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
 
                var atabstract = self.get_single_annotation("abstract", modelbuilder)
                if atabstract == null then
-                       if mclass.kind == interface_kind then
-                               modelbuilder.error(self, "Error: Attempt to define attribute {name} in the interface {mclass}.")
-                       else if mclass.kind == enum_kind then
-                               modelbuilder.error(self, "Error: Attempt to define attribute {name} in the enum class {mclass}.")
-                       else if mclass.kind == extern_kind then
-                               modelbuilder.error(self, "Error: Attempt to define attribute {name} in the extern class {mclass}.")
+                       if not mclass.kind.need_init then
+                               modelbuilder.error(self, "Error: attempt to define attribute `{name}` in the {mclass.kind} `{mclass}`.")
                        end
 
                        var mprop = new MAttribute(mclassdef, "_" + name, private_visibility)
@@ -1012,7 +1211,7 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
                has_value = n_expr != null or n_block != null
 
                if atabstract != null and has_value then
-                       modelbuilder.error(atabstract, "Error: `abstract` attributes cannot have an initial value")
+                       modelbuilder.error(atabstract, "Error: `abstract` attributes cannot have an initial value.")
                        return
                end
 
@@ -1021,28 +1220,28 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
                if atnoinit != null then
                        noinit = true
                        if has_value then
-                               modelbuilder.error(atnoinit, "Error: `noautoinit` attributes cannot have an initial value")
+                               modelbuilder.error(atnoinit, "Error: `noautoinit` attributes cannot have an initial value.")
                                return
                        end
                        if atabstract != null then
-                               modelbuilder.error(atnoinit, "Error: `noautoinit` attributes cannot be abstract")
-                               return
+                               modelbuilder.warning(atnoinit, "useless-noautoinit", "Warning: superfluous `noautoinit` on abstract attribute.")
                        end
                end
 
                var atlazy = self.get_single_annotation("lazy", modelbuilder)
-               var atautoinit = self.get_single_annotation("autoinit", modelbuilder)
-               if atlazy != null or atautoinit != null then
-                       if atlazy != null and atautoinit != null then
-                               modelbuilder.error(atlazy, "Error: lazy incompatible with autoinit")
+               var atlateinit = self.get_single_annotation("lateinit", modelbuilder)
+               if atlazy != null or atlateinit != null then
+                       if atlazy != null and atlateinit != null then
+                               modelbuilder.error(atlazy, "Error: `lazy` incompatible with `lateinit`.")
                                return
                        end
                        if not has_value then
                                if atlazy != null then
-                                       modelbuilder.error(atlazy, "Error: a lazy attribute needs a value")
-                               else if atautoinit != null then
-                                       modelbuilder.error(atautoinit, "Error: a autoinit attribute needs a value")
+                                       modelbuilder.error(atlazy, "Error: `lazy` attributes need a value.")
+                               else if atlateinit != null then
+                                       modelbuilder.error(atlateinit, "Error: `lateinit` attributes need a value.")
                                end
+                               has_value = true
                                return
                        end
                        is_lazy = true
@@ -1054,12 +1253,16 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
                var atreadonly = self.get_single_annotation("readonly", modelbuilder)
                if atreadonly != null then
                        if not has_value then
-                               modelbuilder.error(atreadonly, "Error: a readonly attribute needs a value")
+                               modelbuilder.error(atreadonly, "Error: `readonly` attributes need a value.")
                        end
                        # No setter, so just leave
                        return
                end
 
+               if not mclassdef.is_intro and not has_value and not noinit then
+                       modelbuilder.advice(self, "attr-in-refinement", "Warning: attributes in refinement need a value or `noautoinit`.")
+               end
+
                var writename = name + "="
                var atwritable = self.get_single_annotation("writable", modelbuilder)
                if atwritable != null then
@@ -1075,7 +1278,9 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
                        if atwritable != null then
                                mvisibility = new_property_visibility(modelbuilder, mclassdef, atwritable.n_visibility)
                        else
-                               mvisibility = private_visibility
+                               mvisibility = mreadprop.visibility
+                               # By default, use protected visibility at most
+                               if mvisibility > protected_visibility then mvisibility = protected_visibility
                        end
                        mwriteprop = new MMethod(mclassdef, writename, mvisibility)
                        if not self.check_redef_keyword(modelbuilder, mclassdef, nwkwredef, false, mwriteprop) then return
@@ -1093,6 +1298,22 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
                modelbuilder.mpropdef2npropdef[mwritepropdef] = self
                mwritepropdef.mdoc = mreadpropdef.mdoc
                if atabstract != null then mwritepropdef.is_abstract = true
+
+               var atautoinit = self.get_single_annotation("autoinit", modelbuilder)
+               if atautoinit != null then
+                       if has_value then
+                               modelbuilder.error(atautoinit, "Error: `autoinit` attributes cannot have an initial value.")
+                       else if not mwritepropdef.is_intro then
+                               modelbuilder.error(atautoinit, "Error: `autoinit` attributes cannot be set on redefinitions.")
+                       else if not mclassdef.is_intro then
+                               modelbuilder.error(atautoinit, "Error: `autoinit` attributes cannot be used in class refinements.")
+                       else if atabstract == null then
+                               modelbuilder.warning(atautoinit, "useless-autoinit", "Warning: superfluous `autoinit` on attribute.")
+                       end
+               else if atabstract != null then
+                       # By default, abstract attribute are not autoinit
+                       noinit = true
+               end
        end
 
        redef fun build_signature(modelbuilder)
@@ -1129,8 +1350,26 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
                        if nexpr != null then
                                if nexpr isa ANewExpr then
                                        mtype = modelbuilder.resolve_mtype_unchecked(mmodule, mclassdef, nexpr.n_type, true)
-                               else if nexpr isa AIntExpr then
-                                       var cla = modelbuilder.try_get_mclass_by_name(nexpr, mmodule, "Int")
+                               else if nexpr isa AIntegerExpr then
+                                       var cla: nullable MClass = null
+                                       if nexpr.value isa Int then
+                                               cla = modelbuilder.try_get_mclass_by_name(nexpr, mmodule, "Int")
+                                       else if nexpr.value isa Byte then
+                                               cla = modelbuilder.try_get_mclass_by_name(nexpr, mmodule, "Byte")
+                                       else if nexpr.value isa Int8 then
+                                               cla = modelbuilder.try_get_mclass_by_name(nexpr, mmodule, "Int8")
+                                       else if nexpr.value isa Int16 then
+                                               cla = modelbuilder.try_get_mclass_by_name(nexpr, mmodule, "Int16")
+                                       else if nexpr.value isa UInt16 then
+                                               cla = modelbuilder.try_get_mclass_by_name(nexpr, mmodule, "UInt16")
+                                       else if nexpr.value isa Int32 then
+                                               cla = modelbuilder.try_get_mclass_by_name(nexpr, mmodule, "Int32")
+                                       else if nexpr.value isa UInt32 then
+                                               cla = modelbuilder.try_get_mclass_by_name(nexpr, mmodule, "UInt32")
+                                       else
+                                               # Should not happen, and should be updated as new types are added
+                                               abort
+                                       end
                                        if cla != null then mtype = cla.mclass_type
                                else if nexpr isa AFloatExpr then
                                        var cla = modelbuilder.try_get_mclass_by_name(nexpr, mmodule, "Float")
@@ -1148,7 +1387,7 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
                                        var cla = modelbuilder.try_get_mclass_by_name(nexpr, mmodule, "String")
                                        if cla != null then mtype = cla.mclass_type
                                else
-                                       modelbuilder.error(self, "Error: Untyped attribute {mreadpropdef}. Implicit typing allowed only for literals and new.")
+                                       modelbuilder.error(self, "Error: untyped attribute `{mreadpropdef}`. Implicit typing allowed only for literals and new.")
                                end
 
                                if mtype == null then return
@@ -1163,10 +1402,12 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
                end
 
                if mtype == null then
-                       modelbuilder.error(self, "Error: Untyped attribute {mreadpropdef}")
+                       modelbuilder.error(self, "Error: untyped attribute `{mreadpropdef}`.")
                        return
                end
 
+               self.mtype = mtype
+
                if mpropdef != null then
                        mpropdef.static_mtype = mtype
                end
@@ -1189,6 +1430,7 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
                if mlazypropdef != null then
                        mlazypropdef.static_mtype = modelbuilder.model.get_mclasses_by_name("Bool").first.mclass_type
                end
+               check_repeated_types(modelbuilder)
        end
 
        redef fun check_signature(modelbuilder)
@@ -1196,7 +1438,7 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
                var mpropdef = self.mpropdef
                if mpropdef == null then return # Error thus skipped
                var ntype = self.n_type
-               var mtype = self.mpropdef.static_mtype
+               var mtype = self.mtype
                if mtype == null then return # Error thus skipped
 
                var mclassdef = mpropdef.mclassdef
@@ -1218,7 +1460,7 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
                        if precursor_type == null then return
 
                        if mtype != precursor_type then
-                               modelbuilder.error(ntype.as(not null), "Redef Error: Wrong static type. found {mtype}, expected {precursor_type}.")
+                               modelbuilder.error(ntype.as(not null), "Redef Error: expected `{precursor_type}` type as a bound; got `{mtype}`.")
                                return
                        end
                end
@@ -1257,7 +1499,7 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
                        if mysignature.arity != msignature.arity then
                                var node: ANode
                                if nsig != null then node = nsig else node = self
-                               modelbuilder.error(node, "Redef Error: {mysignature.arity} parameters found, {msignature.arity} expected. Signature is {mpropdef}{msignature}")
+                               modelbuilder.error(node, "Redef Error: expected {msignature.arity} parameter(s) for `{mpropdef.mproperty.name}{msignature}`; got {mysignature.arity}. See introduction at `{mpropdef.mproperty.full_name}`.")
                                return
                        end
                        var precursor_ret_type = msignature.return_mtype
@@ -1265,7 +1507,7 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
                        if ret_type != null and precursor_ret_type == null then
                                var node: ANode
                                if nsig != null then node = nsig else node = self
-                               modelbuilder.error(node, "Redef Error: {mpropdef.mproperty} is a procedure, not a function.")
+                               modelbuilder.error(node, "Redef Error: `{mpropdef.mproperty}` is a procedure, not a function.")
                                return
                        end
 
@@ -1277,7 +1519,7 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
                                        var node: ANode
                                        if nsig != null then node = nsig else node = self
                                        if not modelbuilder.check_sametype(node, mmodule, mclassdef.bound_mtype, myt, prt) then
-                                               modelbuilder.error(node, "Redef Error: Wrong type for parameter `{mysignature.mparameters[i].name}'. found {myt}, expected {prt}.")
+                                               modelbuilder.error(node, "Redef Error: expected `{prt}` type for parameter `{mysignature.mparameters[i].name}'; got `{myt}`.")
                                        end
                                end
                        end
@@ -1288,11 +1530,30 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
                                        # Inherit the return type
                                        ret_type = precursor_ret_type
                                else if not modelbuilder.check_subtype(node, mmodule, mclassdef.bound_mtype, ret_type, precursor_ret_type) then
-                                       modelbuilder.error(node, "Redef Error: Wrong return type. found {ret_type}, expected {precursor_ret_type}.")
+                                       modelbuilder.error(node, "Redef Error: expected `{precursor_ret_type}` return type; got `{ret_type}`.")
                                end
                        end
                end
        end
+
+       # Type is useless if the attribute type is the same thant the intro.
+       redef fun check_repeated_types(modelbuilder) do
+               if mreadpropdef.is_intro or n_type == null then return
+               # get intro
+               var intro = mreadpropdef.mproperty.intro
+               var n_intro = modelbuilder.mpropdef2npropdef.get_or_null(intro)
+               if n_intro == null then return
+               # get intro type
+               var ntype = null
+               if n_intro isa AMethPropdef then
+                       ntype = n_intro.n_signature.ret_type
+               else if n_intro isa AAttrPropdef and n_intro.n_type != null then
+                       ntype = n_intro.n_type.mtype
+               end
+               # check
+               if ntype ==null or ntype != n_type.mtype then return
+               modelbuilder.advice(n_type, "useless-signature", "Warning: useless type repetition on redefined attribute `{mpropdef.name}`")
+       end
 end
 
 redef class ATypePropdef
@@ -1306,7 +1567,7 @@ redef class ATypePropdef
                        var mvisibility = new_property_visibility(modelbuilder, mclassdef, self.n_visibility)
                        mprop = new MVirtualTypeProp(mclassdef, name, mvisibility)
                        for c in name.chars do if c >= 'a' and c<= 'z' then
-                               modelbuilder.warning(n_id, "bad-type-name", "Warning: lowercase in the virtual type {name}")
+                               modelbuilder.warning(n_id, "bad-type-name", "Warning: lowercase in the virtual type `{name}`.")
                                break
                        end
                        if not self.check_redef_keyword(modelbuilder, mclassdef, self.n_kwredef, false, mprop) then return
@@ -1354,7 +1615,7 @@ redef class ATypePropdef
                var mpropdef = self.mpropdef
                if mpropdef == null then return # Error thus skipped
 
-               var bound = self.mpropdef.bound
+               var bound = mpropdef.bound
                if bound == null then return # Error thus skipped
 
                modelbuilder.check_visibility(n_type, bound, mpropdef)
@@ -1363,23 +1624,6 @@ redef class ATypePropdef
                var mmodule = mclassdef.mmodule
                var anchor = mclassdef.bound_mtype
 
-               # Check circularity
-               if bound isa MVirtualType then
-                       # Slow case: progress on each resolution until: (i) we loop, or (ii) we found a non formal type
-                       var seen = [self.mpropdef.mproperty.mvirtualtype]
-                       loop
-                               if seen.has(bound) then
-                                       seen.add(bound)
-                                       modelbuilder.error(self, "Error: circularity of virtual type definition: {seen.join(" -> ")}")
-                                       return
-                               end
-                               seen.add(bound)
-                               var next = bound.lookup_bound(mmodule, anchor)
-                               if not next isa MVirtualType then break
-                               bound = next
-                       end
-               end
-
                var ntype = self.n_type
                if modelbuilder.resolve_mtype(mmodule, mclassdef, ntype) == null then
                        mpropdef.bound = null
@@ -1387,12 +1631,11 @@ redef class ATypePropdef
                end
 
                # Check redefinitions
-               bound = mpropdef.bound.as(not null)
                for p in mpropdef.mproperty.lookup_super_definitions(mmodule, anchor) do
                        var supbound = p.bound
                        if supbound == null then break # broken super bound, skip error
                        if p.is_fixed then
-                               modelbuilder.error(self, "Redef Error: Virtual type {mpropdef.mproperty} is fixed in super-class {p.mclassdef.mclass}")
+                               modelbuilder.error(self, "Redef Error: virtual type `{mpropdef.mproperty}` is fixed in super-class `{p.mclassdef.mclass}`.")
                                break
                        end
                        if p.mclassdef.mclass == mclassdef.mclass then
@@ -1401,7 +1644,7 @@ redef class ATypePropdef
                                break
                        end
                        if not modelbuilder.check_subtype(n_type, mmodule, anchor, bound, supbound) then
-                               modelbuilder.error(n_type, "Redef Error: Wrong bound type. Found {bound}, expected a subtype of {supbound}, as in {p}.")
+                               modelbuilder.error(n_type, "Redef Error: expected `{supbound}` bound type; got `{bound}`.")
                                break
                        end
                end