nitg: move adding gc_chooser out of the makefile generation
[nit.git] / src / abstract_compiler.nit
index bd1e678..0ebdfc1 100644 (file)
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ module abstract_compiler
 import literal
 import typing
 import auto_super_init
+import frontend
 
 # Add compiling options
 redef class ToolContext
@@ -31,6 +32,8 @@ redef class ToolContext
        var opt_cc_path: OptionArray = new OptionArray("Set include path for C header files (may be used more than once)", "--cc-path")
        # --make-flags
        var opt_make_flags: OptionString = new OptionString("Additional options to make", "--make-flags")
+       # --compile-dir
+       var opt_compile_dir: OptionString = new OptionString("Directory used to generate temporary files", "--compile-dir")
        # --hardening
        var opt_hardening: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Generate contracts in the C code against bugs in the compiler", "--hardening")
        # --no-shortcut-range
@@ -47,13 +50,19 @@ redef class ToolContext
        var opt_no_check_other: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Disable implicit tests: unset attribute, null receiver (dangerous)", "--no-check-other")
        # --typing-test-metrics
        var opt_typing_test_metrics: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Enable static and dynamic count of all type tests", "--typing-test-metrics")
+       # --no-stacktrace
+       var opt_no_stacktrace: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Disables libunwind and generation of C stack traces (can be problematic when compiling to targets such as Android or NaCl)", "--no-stacktrace")
+       # --stack-trace-C-to-Nit-name-binding
+       var opt_stacktrace: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Enables the use of gperf to bind C to Nit function names when encountering a Stack trace at runtime", "--nit-stacktrace")
 
        redef init
        do
                super
-               self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_output, self.opt_no_cc, self.opt_make_flags, self.opt_hardening, self.opt_no_shortcut_range)
+               self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_output, self.opt_no_cc, self.opt_make_flags, self.opt_compile_dir, self.opt_hardening, self.opt_no_shortcut_range)
                self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_no_check_covariance, self.opt_no_check_initialization, self.opt_no_check_assert, self.opt_no_check_autocast, self.opt_no_check_other)
                self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_typing_test_metrics)
+               self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_stacktrace)
+               self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_no_stacktrace)
        end
 end
 
@@ -84,6 +93,11 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
                        toolcontext.error(null, "Cannot determine the nit clib path. define envvar NIT_DIR.")
                end
 
+               if toolcontext.opt_no_stacktrace.value and toolcontext.opt_stacktrace.value then
+                       print "Cannot use --nit-stacktrace when --no-stacktrace is activated"
+                       exit(1)
+               end
+
                # Add user defined cc_paths
                cc_paths.append(toolcontext.opt_cc_path.value)
 
@@ -104,15 +118,34 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
                var time0 = get_time
                self.toolcontext.info("*** WRITING C ***", 1)
 
-               ".nit_compile".mkdir
+               var compile_dir = toolcontext.opt_compile_dir.value
+               if compile_dir == null then compile_dir = ".nit_compile"
+
+               compile_dir.mkdir
+
+               if self.toolcontext.opt_stacktrace.value then compiler.build_c_to_nit_bindings
+
+               # Add gc_choser.h to aditionnal bodies
+               var gc_chooser = new ExternCFile("{cc_paths.first}/gc_chooser.c", "-DWITH_LIBGC")
+               compiler.extern_bodies.add(gc_chooser)
+
+               # Copy original .[ch] files to compile_dir
+               for src in compiler.files_to_copy do
+                       var basename = src.basename("")
+                       var dst = "{compile_dir}/{basename}"
+                       src.file_copy_to dst
+               end
+
+               var orig_dir=".." # FIXME only works if `compile_dir` is a subdirectory of cwd
 
                var outname = self.toolcontext.opt_output.value
                if outname == null then
                        outname = "{mainmodule.name}"
                end
+               var outpath = orig_dir.join_path(outname).simplify_path
 
                var hfilename = compiler.header.file.name + ".h"
-               var hfilepath = ".nit_compile/{hfilename}"
+               var hfilepath = "{compile_dir}/{hfilename}"
                var h = new OFStream.open(hfilepath)
                for l in compiler.header.decl_lines do
                        h.write l
@@ -130,8 +163,9 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
                        var i = 0
                        var hfile: nullable OFStream = null
                        var count = 0
-                       var cfilename = ".nit_compile/{f.name}.0.h"
-                       hfile = new OFStream.open(cfilename)
+                       var cfilename = "{f.name}.0.h"
+                       var cfilepath = "{compile_dir}/{cfilename}"
+                       hfile = new OFStream.open(cfilepath)
                        hfile.write "#include \"{hfilename}\"\n"
                        for key in f.required_declarations do
                                if not compiler.provided_declarations.has_key(key) then
@@ -151,10 +185,11 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
                                if file == null or count > 10000  then
                                        i += 1
                                        if file != null then file.close
-                                       cfilename = ".nit_compile/{f.name}.{i}.c"
-                                       self.toolcontext.info("new C source files to compile: {cfilename}", 3)
+                                       cfilename = "{f.name}.{i}.c"
+                                       cfilepath = "{compile_dir}/{cfilename}"
+                                       self.toolcontext.info("new C source files to compile: {cfilepath}", 3)
                                        cfiles.add(cfilename)
-                                       file = new OFStream.open(cfilename)
+                                       file = new OFStream.open(cfilepath)
                                        file.write "#include \"{f.name}.0.h\"\n"
                                        count = total_lines
                                end
@@ -174,16 +209,21 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
 
                # Generate the Makefile
 
-               var makename = ".nit_compile/{mainmodule.name}.mk"
-               var makefile = new OFStream.open(makename)
+               var makename = "{mainmodule.name}.mk"
+               var makepath = "{compile_dir}/{makename}"
+               var makefile = new OFStream.open(makepath)
 
                var cc_includes = ""
                for p in cc_paths do
-                       #p = "..".join_path(p)
+                       p = orig_dir.join_path(p).simplify_path
                        cc_includes += " -I \"" + p + "\""
                end
-               makefile.write("CC = ccache cc\nCFLAGS = -g -O2\nCINCL = {cc_includes}\nLDFLAGS ?= \nLDLIBS  ?= -lm -lgc\n\n")
-               makefile.write("all: {outname}\n\n")
+               if toolcontext.opt_no_stacktrace.value then
+                       makefile.write("CC = ccache cc\nCFLAGS = -g -O2\nCINCL = {cc_includes}\nLDFLAGS ?= \nLDLIBS  ?= -lm -lgc\n\n")
+               else
+                       makefile.write("CC = ccache cc\nCFLAGS = -g -O2\nCINCL = {cc_includes}\nLDFLAGS ?= \nLDLIBS  ?= -lunwind -lm -lgc\n\n")
+               end
+               makefile.write("all: {outpath}\n\n")
 
                var ofiles = new Array[String]
                # Compile each generated file
@@ -193,24 +233,21 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
                        ofiles.add(o)
                end
 
-               # Add gc_choser.h to aditionnal bodies
-               var gc_chooser = new ExternCFile("{cc_paths.first}/gc_chooser.c", "-DWITH_LIBGC")
-               compiler.extern_bodies.add(gc_chooser)
-
                # Compile each required extern body into a specific .o
                for f in compiler.extern_bodies do
                        var basename = f.filename.basename(".c")
-                       var o = ".nit_compile/{basename}.extern.o"
-                       makefile.write("{o}: {f.filename}\n\t$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -D NONITCNI {f.cflags} -c -o {o} {f.filename}\n\n")
+                       var o = "{basename}.extern.o"
+                       var ff = orig_dir.join_path(f.filename).simplify_path
+                       makefile.write("{o}: {ff}\n\t$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -D NONITCNI {f.cflags} -c -o {o} {ff}\n\n")
                        ofiles.add(o)
                end
 
                # Link edition
-               makefile.write("{outname}: {ofiles.join(" ")}\n\t$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) -o {outname} {ofiles.join(" ")} $(LDLIBS)\n\n")
+               makefile.write("{outpath}: {ofiles.join(" ")}\n\t$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) -o {outpath} {ofiles.join(" ")} $(LDLIBS)\n\n")
                # Clean
                makefile.write("clean:\n\trm {ofiles.join(" ")} 2>/dev/null\n\n")
                makefile.close
-               self.toolcontext.info("Generated makefile: {makename}", 2)
+               self.toolcontext.info("Generated makefile: {makepath}", 2)
 
                var time1 = get_time
                self.toolcontext.info("*** END WRITING C: {time1-time0} ***", 2)
@@ -223,13 +260,13 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
                self.toolcontext.info("*** COMPILING C ***", 1)
                var makeflags = self.toolcontext.opt_make_flags.value
                if makeflags == null then makeflags = ""
-               self.toolcontext.info("make -B -f {makename} -j 4 {makeflags}", 2)
+               self.toolcontext.info("make -B -C {compile_dir} -f {makename} -j 4 {makeflags}", 2)
 
                var res
                if self.toolcontext.verbose_level >= 3 then
-                       res = sys.system("make -B -f {makename} -j 4 {makeflags} 2>&1")
+                       res = sys.system("make -B -C {compile_dir} -f {makename} -j 4 {makeflags} 2>&1")
                else
-                       res = sys.system("make -B -f {makename} -j 4 {makeflags} 2>&1 >/dev/null")
+                       res = sys.system("make -B -C {compile_dir} -f {makename} -j 4 {makeflags} 2>&1 >/dev/null")
                end
                if res != 0 then
                        toolcontext.error(null, "make failed! Error code: {res}.")
@@ -244,6 +281,9 @@ end
 abstract class AbstractCompiler
        type VISITOR: AbstractCompilerVisitor
 
+       # Table corresponding c_names to nit names (methods)
+       var names = new HashMap[String, String]
+
        # The main module of the program currently compiled
        # Is assigned during the separate compilation
        var mainmodule: MModule writable
@@ -294,10 +334,45 @@ abstract class AbstractCompiler
 
        private var provided_declarations = new HashMap[String, String]
 
+       # Builds the .c and .h files to be used when generating a Stack Trace
+       # Binds the generated C function names to Nit function names
+       fun build_c_to_nit_bindings
+       do
+               var compile_dir = modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_compile_dir.value
+               if compile_dir == null then compile_dir = ".nit_compile"
+
+               var stream = new OFStream.open("{compile_dir}/C_fun_names")
+               stream.write("%\{\n#include \"c_functions_hash.h\"\n%\}\n")
+               stream.write("%define lookup-function-name get_nit_name\n")
+               stream.write("struct C_Nit_Names;\n")
+               stream.write("%%\n")
+               stream.write("####\n")
+               for i in names.keys do
+                       stream.write(i)
+                       stream.write(",\t\"")
+                       stream.write(names[i])
+                       stream.write("\"\n")
+               end
+               stream.write("####\n")
+               stream.write("%%\n")
+               stream.close
+
+               stream = new OFStream.open("{compile_dir}/c_functions_hash.h")
+               stream.write("typedef struct C_Nit_Names\{char* name; char* nit_name;\}C_Nit_Names;\n")
+               stream.write("const struct C_Nit_Names* get_nit_name(register const char *str, register unsigned int len);\n")
+               stream.close
+
+               var x = new Process("gperf","{compile_dir}/C_fun_names","-t","-7","--output-file={compile_dir}/c_functions_hash.c","-C")
+               x.wait
+
+               extern_bodies.add(new ExternCFile("{compile_dir}/c_functions_hash.c", ""))
+       end
+
        # Compile C headers
        # This method call compile_header_strucs method that has to be refined
        fun compile_header do
                var v = self.header
+               var toolctx = modelbuilder.toolcontext
                self.header.add_decl("#include <stdlib.h>")
                self.header.add_decl("#include <stdio.h>")
                self.header.add_decl("#include <string.h>")
@@ -305,6 +380,9 @@ abstract class AbstractCompiler
 
                compile_header_structs
 
+               # Signal handler function prototype
+               self.header.add_decl("void show_backtrace(int);")
+
                # Global variable used by the legacy native interface
                self.header.add_decl("extern int glob_argc;")
                self.header.add_decl("extern char **glob_argv;")
@@ -322,6 +400,14 @@ abstract class AbstractCompiler
        fun compile_main_function
        do
                var v = self.new_visitor
+               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_stacktrace.value then
+                       v.add_decl("#include \"c_functions_hash.h\"")
+               end
+               v.add_decl("#include <signal.h>")
+               if not modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_stacktrace.value then
+                       v.add_decl("#define UNW_LOCAL_ONLY")
+                       v.add_decl("#include <libunwind.h>")
+               end
                v.add_decl("int glob_argc;")
                v.add_decl("char **glob_argv;")
                v.add_decl("val *glob_sys;")
@@ -336,7 +422,49 @@ abstract class AbstractCompiler
                                v.compiler.header.add_decl("extern long count_type_test_skipped_{tag};")
                        end
                end
+
+               v.add_decl("void show_backtrace (int signo) \{")
+               if not modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_stacktrace.value then
+                       v.add_decl("char* opt = getenv(\"NIT_NO_STACK\");")
+                       v.add_decl("unw_cursor_t cursor;")
+                       v.add_decl("if(opt==NULL)\{")
+                       v.add_decl("unw_context_t uc;")
+                       v.add_decl("unw_word_t ip;")
+                       v.add_decl("char* procname = malloc(sizeof(char) * 100);")
+                       v.add_decl("unw_getcontext(&uc);")
+                       v.add_decl("unw_init_local(&cursor, &uc);")
+                       v.add_decl("printf(\"-------------------------------------------------\\n\");")
+                       v.add_decl("printf(\"--   Stack Trace   ------------------------------\\n\");")
+                       v.add_decl("printf(\"-------------------------------------------------\\n\");")
+                       v.add_decl("while (unw_step(&cursor) > 0) \{")
+                       v.add_decl("    unw_get_proc_name(&cursor, procname, 100, &ip);")
+                       if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_stacktrace.value then
+                       v.add_decl("    const C_Nit_Names* recv = get_nit_name(procname, strlen(procname));")
+                       v.add_decl("    if (recv != 0)\{")
+                       v.add_decl("            printf(\"` %s\\n\", recv->nit_name);")
+                       v.add_decl("    \}else\{")
+                       v.add_decl("            printf(\"` %s\\n\", procname);")
+                       v.add_decl("    \}")
+                       else
+                       v.add_decl("    printf(\"` %s \\n\",procname);")
+                       end
+                       v.add_decl("\}")
+                       v.add_decl("printf(\"-------------------------------------------------\\n\");")
+                       v.add_decl("free(procname);")
+                       v.add_decl("\}")
+               end
+               v.add_decl("exit(signo);")
+               v.add_decl("\}")
+
                v.add_decl("int main(int argc, char** argv) \{")
+
+               v.add("signal(SIGABRT, show_backtrace);")
+               v.add("signal(SIGFPE, show_backtrace);")
+               v.add("signal(SIGILL, show_backtrace);")
+               v.add("signal(SIGINT, show_backtrace);")
+               v.add("signal(SIGTERM, show_backtrace);")
+               v.add("signal(SIGSEGV, show_backtrace);")
+
                v.add("glob_argc = argc; glob_argv = argv;")
                v.add("initialize_gc_option();")
                var main_type = mainmodule.sys_type
@@ -379,6 +507,7 @@ abstract class AbstractCompiler
                                v.add("printf(\"\\t%ld (%.2f%%)\\n\", count_type_test_total_{tag}, 100.0*count_type_test_total_{tag}/count_type_test_total_total);")
                        end
                end
+
                v.add("return 0;")
                v.add("\}")
        end
@@ -386,12 +515,12 @@ abstract class AbstractCompiler
        # List of additional .c files required to compile (native interface)
        var extern_bodies = new Array[ExternCFile]
 
+       # List of source files to copy over to the compile dir
+       var files_to_copy = new Array[String]
+
        # This is used to avoid adding an extern file more than once
        private var seen_extern = new ArraySet[String]
 
-       # Generate code that check if an instance is correctly initialized
-       fun generate_check_init_instance(mtype: MClassType) is abstract
-
        # Generate code that initialize the attributes on a new instance
        fun generate_init_attr(v: VISITOR, recv: RuntimeVariable, mtype: MClassType)
        do
@@ -440,8 +569,8 @@ abstract class AbstractCompiler
 
        # Display stats about compilation process
        # Metrics used:
-       #       * type tests against resolved types (x isa Collection[Animal])
-       #       * type tests against unresolved types (x isa Collection[E])
+       #       * type tests against resolved types (`x isa Collection[Animal]`)
+       #       * type tests against unresolved types (`x isa Collection[E]`)
        #       * type tests skipped
        #       * type tests total
        #       *
@@ -524,7 +653,7 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
        # The current visited AST node
        var current_node: nullable ANode writable = null
 
-       # The current Frame
+       # The current `Frame`
        var frame: nullable Frame writable
 
        # Alias for self.compiler.mainmodule.object_type
@@ -541,10 +670,10 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
                self.writer = new CodeWriter(compiler.files.last)
        end
 
-       # Force to get the primitive class named `name' or abort
+       # Force to get the primitive class named `name` or abort
        fun get_class(name: String): MClass do return self.compiler.mainmodule.get_primitive_class(name)
 
-       # Force to get the primitive property named `name' in the instance `recv' or abort
+       # Force to get the primitive property named `name` in the instance `recv` or abort
        fun get_property(name: String, recv: MType): MMethod
        do
                assert recv isa MClassType
@@ -560,7 +689,7 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
 
        fun native_array_def(pname: String, ret_type: nullable MType, arguments: Array[RuntimeVariable]) is abstract
 
-       # Transform varargs, in raw arguments, into a single argument of type Array
+       # Transform varargs, in raw arguments, into a single argument of type `Array`
        # Note: this method modify the given `args`
        # If there is no vararg, then `args` is not modified.
        fun varargize(mpropdef: MPropDef, msignature: MSignature, args: Array[RuntimeVariable])
@@ -612,8 +741,8 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
 
        # Unsafely cast a value to a new type
        # ie the result share the same C variable but my have a different mcasttype
-       # NOTE: if the adaptation is useless then `value' is returned as it.
-       # ENSURE: return.name == value.name
+       # NOTE: if the adaptation is useless then `value` is returned as it.
+       # ENSURE: `result.name == value.name`
        fun autoadapt(value: RuntimeVariable, mtype: MType): RuntimeVariable
        do
                mtype = self.anchor(mtype)
@@ -637,7 +766,7 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
        fun adapt_signature(m: MMethodDef, args: Array[RuntimeVariable]) is abstract
 
        # Box or unbox a value to another type iff a C type conversion is needed
-       # ENSURE: result.mtype.ctype == mtype.ctype
+       # ENSURE: `result.mtype.ctype == mtype.ctype`
        fun autobox(value: RuntimeVariable, mtype: MType): RuntimeVariable is abstract
 
        #  Generate a polymorphic subtype test
@@ -654,10 +783,10 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
        #  Generate a static call on a method definition
        fun call(m: MMethodDef, recvtype: MClassType, args: Array[RuntimeVariable]): nullable RuntimeVariable is abstract
 
-       #  Generate a polymorphic send for the method `m' and the arguments `args'
+       #  Generate a polymorphic send for the method `m` and the arguments `args`
        fun send(m: MMethod, args: Array[RuntimeVariable]): nullable RuntimeVariable is abstract
 
-       # Generate a monomorphic send for the method `m', the type `t' and the arguments `args'
+       # Generate a monomorphic send for the method `m`, the type `t` and the arguments `args`
        fun monomorphic_send(m: MMethod, t: MType, args: Array[RuntimeVariable]): nullable RuntimeVariable
        do
                assert t isa MClassType
@@ -665,6 +794,14 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
                return self.call(propdef, t, args)
        end
 
+       # Generate a monomorphic super send from the method `m`, the type `t` and the arguments `args`
+       fun monomorphic_super_send(m: MMethodDef, t: MType, args: Array[RuntimeVariable]): nullable RuntimeVariable
+       do
+               assert t isa MClassType
+               m = m.lookup_next_definition(self.compiler.mainmodule, t)
+               return self.call(m, t, args)
+       end
+
        # Attributes handling
 
        # Generate a polymorphic attribute is_set test
@@ -691,15 +828,12 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
                end
        end
 
-       # Generate a check-init-instance
-       fun check_init_instance(recv: RuntimeVariable, mtype: MClassType) is abstract
-
        # Names handling
 
        private var names: HashSet[String] = new HashSet[String]
        private var last: Int = 0
 
-       # Return a new name based on `s' and unique in the visitor
+       # Return a new name based on `s` and unique in the visitor
        fun get_name(s: String): String
        do
                if not self.names.has(s) then
@@ -733,7 +867,7 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
        private var escapemark_names = new HashMap[EscapeMark, String]
 
        # Return a "const char*" variable associated to the classname of the dynamic type of an object
-       # NOTE: we do not return a RuntimeVariable "NativeString" as the class may not exist in the module/program
+       # NOTE: we do not return a `RuntimeVariable` "NativeString" as the class may not exist in the module/program
        fun class_name_string(value: RuntimeVariable): String is abstract
 
        # Variables handling
@@ -806,13 +940,11 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
                self.add("if ({name}) \{")
                self.add("{res} = {name};")
                self.add("\} else \{")
-               var nat = self.new_var(self.get_class("NativeString").mclass_type)
+               var native_mtype = self.get_class("NativeString").mclass_type
+               var nat = self.new_var(native_mtype)
                self.add("{nat} = \"{string.escape_to_c}\";")
-               var res2 = self.init_instance(mtype)
-               self.add("{res} = {res2};")
                var length = self.int_instance(string.length)
-               self.send(self.get_property("with_native", mtype), [res, nat, length])
-               self.check_init_instance(res, mtype)
+               self.add("{res} = {self.send(self.get_property("to_s_with_length", native_mtype), [nat, length]).as(not null)};")
                self.add("{name} = {res};")
                self.add("\}")
                return res
@@ -848,17 +980,19 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
        end
 
        # look for a needed .h and .c file for a given .nit source-file
-       # FIXME: bad API, parameter should be a MModule, not its source-file
+       # FIXME: bad API, parameter should be a `MModule`, not its source-file
        fun add_extern(file: String)
        do
                file = file.strip_extension(".nit")
                var tryfile = file + ".nit.h"
                if tryfile.file_exists then
                        self.declare_once("#include \"{"..".join_path(tryfile)}\"")
+                       self.compiler.files_to_copy.add(tryfile)
                end
                tryfile = file + "_nit.h"
                if tryfile.file_exists then
                        self.declare_once("#include \"{"..".join_path(tryfile)}\"")
+                       self.compiler.files_to_copy.add(tryfile)
                end
 
                if self.compiler.seen_extern.has(file) then return
@@ -870,9 +1004,10 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
                end
                var f = new ExternCFile(tryfile, "")
                self.compiler.extern_bodies.add(f)
+               self.compiler.files_to_copy.add(tryfile)
        end
 
-       # Return a new local runtime_variable initialized with the C expression `cexpr'.
+       # Return a new local runtime_variable initialized with the C expression `cexpr`.
        fun new_expr(cexpr: String, mtype: MType): RuntimeVariable
        do
                var res = new_var(mtype)
@@ -884,15 +1019,32 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
        # used by aborts, asserts, casts, etc.
        fun add_abort(message: String)
        do
+               self.add("fprintf(stderr, \"Runtime error: %s\", \"{message.escape_to_c}\");")
+               add_raw_abort
+       end
+
+       fun add_raw_abort
+       do
                if self.current_node != null and self.current_node.location.file != null then
-                       self.add("fprintf(stderr, \"Runtime error: %s (%s:%d)\\n\", \"{message.escape_to_c}\", \"{self.current_node.location.file.filename.escape_to_c}\", {current_node.location.line_start});")
+                       self.add("fprintf(stderr, \" (%s:%d)\\n\", \"{self.current_node.location.file.filename.escape_to_c}\", {current_node.location.line_start});")
                else
-                       self.add("fprintf(stderr, \"Runtime error: %s\\n\", \"{message.escape_to_c}\");")
+                       self.add("fprintf(stderr, \"\\n\");")
                end
-               self.add("exit(1);")
+               self.add("show_backtrace(1);")
        end
 
-       # Generate a return with the value `s'
+       # Add a dynamic cast
+       fun add_cast(value: RuntimeVariable, mtype: MType, tag: String)
+       do
+               var res = self.type_test(value, mtype, tag)
+               self.add("if (!{res}) \{")
+               var cn = self.class_name_string(value)
+               self.add("fprintf(stderr, \"Runtime error: Cast failed. Expected `%s`, got `%s`\", \"{mtype.to_s.escape_to_c}\", {cn});")
+               self.add_raw_abort
+               self.add("\}")
+       end
+
+       # Generate a return with the value `s`
        fun ret(s: RuntimeVariable)
        do
                self.assign(self.frame.returnvar.as(not null), s)
@@ -923,17 +1075,14 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
                res = autoadapt(res, nexpr.mtype.as(not null))
                var implicit_cast_to = nexpr.implicit_cast_to
                if implicit_cast_to != null and not self.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_check_autocast.value then
-                       var castres = self.type_test(res, implicit_cast_to, "auto")
-                       self.add("if (!{castres}) \{")
-                       self.add_abort("Cast failed")
-                       self.add("\}")
+                       add_cast(res, implicit_cast_to, "auto")
                        res = autoadapt(res, implicit_cast_to)
                end
                self.current_node = old
                return res
        end
 
-       # Alias for `self.expr(nexpr, self.bool_type)'
+       # Alias for `self.expr(nexpr, self.bool_type)`
        fun expr_bool(nexpr: AExpr): RuntimeVariable do return expr(nexpr, bool_type)
 
        # Safely show a debug message on the current node and repeat the message in the C code as a comment
@@ -979,7 +1128,7 @@ abstract class AbstractRuntimeFunction
        # May inline the body or generate a C function call
        fun call(v: VISITOR, arguments: Array[RuntimeVariable]): nullable RuntimeVariable is abstract
 
-       # Generate the code for the RuntimeFunction
+       # Generate the code for the `AbstractRuntimeFunction`
        # Warning: compile more than once compilation makes CC unhappy
        fun compile_to_c(compiler: COMPILER) is abstract
 end
@@ -987,7 +1136,7 @@ end
 # A runtime variable hold a runtime value in C.
 # Runtime variables are associated to Nit local variables and intermediate results in Nit expressions.
 #
-# The tricky point is that a single C variable can be associated to more than one RuntimeVariable because the static knowledge of the type of an expression can vary in the C code.
+# The tricky point is that a single C variable can be associated to more than one `RuntimeVariable` because the static knowledge of the type of an expression can vary in the C code.
 class RuntimeVariable
        # The name of the variable in the C code
        var name: String
@@ -1031,7 +1180,7 @@ class RuntimeVariable
        end
 end
 
-# A frame correspond to a visited property in a GlobalCompilerVisitor
+# A frame correspond to a visited property in a `GlobalCompilerVisitor`
 class Frame
 
        type VISITOR: AbstractCompilerVisitor
@@ -1064,63 +1213,6 @@ class ExternCFile
        var cflags: String
 end
 
-redef class String
-       # Mangle a string to be a unique valid C identifier
-       fun to_cmangle: String
-       do
-               var res = new Buffer
-               var underscore = false
-               for c in self do
-                       if (c >= 'a' and c <= 'z') or (c >='A' and c <= 'Z') then
-                               res.add(c)
-                               underscore = false
-                               continue
-                       end
-                       if underscore then
-                               res.append('_'.ascii.to_s)
-                               res.add('d')
-                       end
-                       if c >= '0' and c <= '9' then
-                               res.add(c)
-                               underscore = false
-                       else if c == '_' then
-                               res.add(c)
-                               underscore = true
-                       else
-                               res.add('_')
-                               res.append(c.ascii.to_s)
-                               res.add('d')
-                               underscore = false
-                       end
-               end
-               return res.to_s
-       end
-
-       # Escape " \ ' and non printable characters for literal C strings or characters
-       fun escape_to_c: String
-       do
-               var b = new Buffer
-               for c in self do
-                       if c == '\n' then
-                               b.append("\\n")
-                       else if c == '\0' then
-                               b.append("\\0")
-                       else if c == '"' then
-                               b.append("\\\"")
-                       else if c == '\'' then
-                               b.append("\\\'")
-                       else if c == '\\' then
-                               b.append("\\\\")
-                       else if c.ascii < 32 then
-                               b.append("\\{c.ascii.to_base(8, false)}")
-                       else
-                               b.add(c)
-                       end
-               end
-               return b.to_s
-       end
-end
-
 redef class MType
        # Return the C type associated to a given Nit static type
        fun ctype: String do return "val*"
@@ -1331,10 +1423,7 @@ redef class MMethodDef
                        # generate the cast
                        # note that v decides if and how to implements the cast
                        v.add("/* Covariant cast for argument {i} ({self.msignature.mparameters[i].name}) {arguments[i+1].inspect} isa {mtype} */")
-                       var cond = v.type_test(arguments[i+1], mtype, "covariance")
-                       v.add("if (!{cond}) \{")
-                       v.add_abort("Cast failed")
-                       v.add("\}")
+                       v.add_cast(arguments[i+1], mtype, "covariance")
                end
        end
 end
@@ -1464,7 +1553,7 @@ redef class AInternMethPropdef
                                v.add("printf(\"%c\", {arguments.first});")
                                return
                        else if pname == "object_id" then
-                               v.ret(arguments.first)
+                               v.ret(v.new_expr("(long){arguments.first}", ret.as(not null)))
                                return
                        else if pname == "+" then
                                v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} + {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
@@ -1509,7 +1598,7 @@ redef class AInternMethPropdef
                                v.add("printf({arguments.first}?\"true\\n\":\"false\\n\");")
                                return
                        else if pname == "object_id" then
-                               v.ret(arguments.first)
+                               v.ret(v.new_expr("(long){arguments.first}", ret.as(not null)))
                                return
                        else if pname == "==" then
                                v.ret(v.equal_test(arguments[0], arguments[1]))
@@ -1570,24 +1659,6 @@ redef class AInternMethPropdef
                                v.ret(v.new_expr("(long){arguments[0]}", ret.as(not null)))
                                return
                        end
-               else if cname == "Char" then
-                       if pname == "output" then
-                               v.add("printf(\"%c\", {arguments.first});")
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "object_id" then
-                               v.ret(arguments.first)
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "==" then
-                               v.ret(v.equal_test(arguments[0], arguments[1]))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "!=" then
-                               var res = v.equal_test(arguments[0], arguments[1])
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("!{res}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "ascii" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       end
                else if cname == "NativeString" then
                        if pname == "[]" then
                                v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]}[{arguments[1]}]", ret.as(not null)))
@@ -1624,6 +1695,9 @@ redef class AInternMethPropdef
                else if pname == "is_same_type" then
                        v.ret(v.is_same_type_test(arguments[0], arguments[1]))
                        return
+               else if pname == "is_same_instance" then
+                       v.ret(v.equal_test(arguments[0], arguments[1]))
+                       return
                else if pname == "output_class_name" then
                        var nat = v.class_name_string(arguments.first)
                        v.add("printf(\"%s\\n\", {nat});")
@@ -1654,7 +1728,7 @@ redef class AExternMethPropdef
                var nextern = self.n_extern
                if nextern == null then
                        v.add("fprintf(stderr, \"NOT YET IMPLEMENTED nitni for {mpropdef} at {location.to_s}\\n\");")
-                       v.add("exit(1);")
+                       v.add("show_backtrace(1);")
                        return
                end
                externname = nextern.text.substring(1, nextern.text.length-2)
@@ -1686,7 +1760,7 @@ redef class AExternInitPropdef
                var nextern = self.n_extern
                if nextern == null then
                        v.add("printf(\"NOT YET IMPLEMENTED nitni for {mpropdef} at {location.to_s}\\n\");")
-                       v.add("exit(1);")
+                       v.add("show_backtrace(1);")
                        return
                end
                externname = nextern.text.substring(1, nextern.text.length-2)
@@ -1777,13 +1851,17 @@ redef class AClassdef
 end
 
 redef class ADeferredMethPropdef
-       redef fun compile_to_c(v, mpropdef, arguments) do v.add_abort("Deferred method called")
+       redef fun compile_to_c(v, mpropdef, arguments) do
+               var cn = v.class_name_string(arguments.first)
+               v.add("fprintf(stderr, \"Runtime error: Abstract method `%s` called on `%s`\", \"{mpropdef.mproperty.name.escape_to_c}\", {cn});")
+               v.add_raw_abort
+       end
        redef fun can_inline do return true
 end
 
 redef class AExpr
        # Try to compile self as an expression
-       # Do not call this method directly, use `v.expr' instead
+       # Do not call this method directly, use `v.expr` instead
        private fun expr(v: AbstractCompilerVisitor): nullable RuntimeVariable
        do
                v.add("printf(\"NOT YET IMPLEMENTED {class_name}:{location.to_s}\\n\");")
@@ -1798,7 +1876,7 @@ redef class AExpr
        end
 
        # Try to compile self as a statement
-       # Do not call this method directly, use `v.stmt' instead
+       # Do not call this method directly, use `v.stmt` instead
        private fun stmt(v: AbstractCompilerVisitor)
        do
                var res = expr(v)
@@ -2076,6 +2154,21 @@ redef class AOrExpr
        end
 end
 
+redef class AImpliesExpr
+       redef fun expr(v)
+       do
+               var res = v.new_var(self.mtype.as(not null))
+               var i1 = v.expr_bool(self.n_expr)
+               v.add("if (!{i1}) \{")
+               v.add("{res} = 1;")
+               v.add("\} else \{")
+               var i2 = v.expr_bool(self.n_expr2)
+               v.add("{res} = {i2};")
+               v.add("\}")
+               return res
+       end
+end
+
 redef class AAndExpr
        redef fun expr(v)
        do
@@ -2114,25 +2207,16 @@ redef class AOrElseExpr
        end
 end
 
-redef class AEeExpr
-       redef fun expr(v)
-       do
-               var value1 = v.expr(self.n_expr, null)
-               var value2 = v.expr(self.n_expr2, null)
-               return v.equal_test(value1, value2)
-       end
-end
-
 redef class AIntExpr
-       redef fun expr(v) do return v.new_expr("{self.n_number.text}", self.mtype.as(not null))
+       redef fun expr(v) do return v.new_expr("{self.value.to_s}", self.mtype.as(not null))
 end
 
 redef class AFloatExpr
-       redef fun expr(v) do return v.new_expr("{self.n_float.text}", self.mtype.as(not null))
+       redef fun expr(v) do return v.new_expr("{self.n_float.text}", self.mtype.as(not null)) # FIXME use value, not n_float
 end
 
 redef class ACharExpr
-       redef fun expr(v) do return v.new_expr("{self.n_char.text}", self.mtype.as(not null))
+       redef fun expr(v) do return v.new_expr("'{self.value.to_s.escape_to_c}'", self.mtype.as(not null))
 end
 
 redef class AArrayExpr
@@ -2175,7 +2259,6 @@ redef class ACrangeExpr
                var mtype = self.mtype.as(MClassType)
                var res = v.init_instance(mtype)
                var it = v.send(v.get_property("init", res.mtype), [res, i1, i2])
-               v.check_init_instance(res, mtype)
                return res
        end
 end
@@ -2188,7 +2271,6 @@ redef class AOrangeExpr
                var mtype = self.mtype.as(MClassType)
                var res = v.init_instance(mtype)
                var it = v.send(v.get_property("without_last", res.mtype), [res, i1, i2])
-               v.check_init_instance(res, mtype)
                return res
        end
 end
@@ -2219,10 +2301,7 @@ redef class AAsCastExpr
                var i = v.expr(self.n_expr, null)
                if v.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_check_assert.value then return i
 
-               var cond = v.type_test(i, self.mtype.as(not null), "as")
-               v.add("if (!{cond}) \{")
-               v.add_abort("Cast failed")
-               v.add("\}")
+               v.add_cast(i, self.mtype.as(not null), "as")
                return i
        end
 end
@@ -2348,7 +2427,6 @@ redef class ANewExpr
                        #self.debug("got {res2} from {mproperty}. drop {recv}")
                        return res2
                end
-               v.check_init_instance(recv, mtype)
                return recv
        end
 end
@@ -2404,7 +2482,7 @@ end
 # Utils
 
 redef class Array[E]
-       # Return a new Array with the elements only contened in 'self' and not in 'o'
+       # Return a new `Array` with the elements only contened in self and not in `o`
        fun -(o: Array[E]): Array[E] do
                var res = new Array[E]
                for e in self do if not o.has(e) then res.add(e)
@@ -2413,7 +2491,7 @@ redef class Array[E]
 end
 
 redef class MModule
-       # All 'mproperties' associated to all 'mclassdefs' of `mclass`
+       # All `MProperty` associated to all `MClassDef` of `mclass`
        fun properties(mclass: MClass): Set[MProperty] do
                if not self.properties_cache.has_key(mclass) then
                        var properties = new HashSet[MProperty]