Merge branch 'master' into polymorphic_extern_classes
[nit.git] / src / compiler / static / git-favicon.png
diff --git a/src/abstract_compiler.nit b/src/abstract_compiler.nit
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@@ -1,3056 +0,0 @@
-# This file is part of NIT ( http://www.nitlanguage.org ).
-#
-# Copyright 2012 Jean Privat <jean@pryen.org>
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-# Abstract compiler
-module abstract_compiler
-
-import literal
-import typing
-import auto_super_init
-import platform
-import c_tools
-
-# Add compiling options
-redef class ToolContext
-       # --output
-       var opt_output: OptionString = new OptionString("Output file", "-o", "--output")
-       # --dir
-       var opt_dir: OptionString = new OptionString("Output directory", "--dir")
-       # --no-cc
-       var opt_no_cc: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Do not invoke C compiler", "--no-cc")
-       # --no-main
-       var opt_no_main: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Do not generate main entry point", "--no-main")
-       # --cc-paths
-       var opt_cc_path: OptionArray = new OptionArray("Set include path for C header files (may be used more than once)", "--cc-path")
-       # --make-flags
-       var opt_make_flags: OptionString = new OptionString("Additional options to make", "--make-flags")
-       # --compile-dir
-       var opt_compile_dir: OptionString = new OptionString("Directory used to generate temporary files", "--compile-dir")
-       # --hardening
-       var opt_hardening: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Generate contracts in the C code against bugs in the compiler", "--hardening")
-       # --no-shortcut-range
-       var opt_no_shortcut_range: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Always insantiate a range and its iterator on 'for' loops", "--no-shortcut-range")
-       # --no-check-covariance
-       var opt_no_check_covariance: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Disable type tests of covariant parameters (dangerous)", "--no-check-covariance")
-       # --no-check-attr-isset
-       var opt_no_check_attr_isset: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Disable isset tests before each attribute access (dangerous)", "--no-check-attr-isset")
-       # --no-check-assert
-       var opt_no_check_assert: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Disable the evaluation of explicit 'assert' and 'as' (dangerous)", "--no-check-assert")
-       # --no-check-autocast
-       var opt_no_check_autocast: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Disable implicit casts on unsafe expression usage (dangerous)", "--no-check-autocast")
-       # --no-check-null
-       var opt_no_check_null: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Disable tests of null receiver (dangerous)", "--no-check-null")
-       # --no-check-all
-       var opt_no_check_all: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Disable all tests (dangerous)", "--no-check-all")
-       # --typing-test-metrics
-       var opt_typing_test_metrics: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Enable static and dynamic count of all type tests", "--typing-test-metrics")
-       # --invocation-metrics
-       var opt_invocation_metrics: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Enable static and dynamic count of all method invocations", "--invocation-metrics")
-       # --isset-checks-metrics
-       var opt_isset_checks_metrics: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Enable static and dynamic count of isset checks before attributes access", "--isset-checks-metrics")
-       # --stacktrace
-       var opt_stacktrace: OptionString = new OptionString("Control the generation of stack traces", "--stacktrace")
-       # --no-gcc-directives
-       var opt_no_gcc_directive = new OptionArray("Disable a advanced gcc directives for optimization", "--no-gcc-directive")
-       # --release
-       var opt_release = new OptionBool("Compile in release mode and finalize application", "--release")
-
-       redef init
-       do
-               super
-               self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_output, self.opt_dir, self.opt_no_cc, self.opt_no_main, self.opt_make_flags, self.opt_compile_dir, self.opt_hardening, self.opt_no_shortcut_range)
-               self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_no_check_covariance, self.opt_no_check_attr_isset, self.opt_no_check_assert, self.opt_no_check_autocast, self.opt_no_check_null, self.opt_no_check_all)
-               self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_typing_test_metrics, self.opt_invocation_metrics, self.opt_isset_checks_metrics)
-               self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_stacktrace)
-               self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_no_gcc_directive)
-               self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_release)
-       end
-
-       redef fun process_options(args)
-       do
-               super
-
-               var st = opt_stacktrace.value
-               if st == "none" or st == "libunwind" or st == "nitstack" then
-                       # Fine, do nothing
-               else if st == "auto" or st == null then
-                       # Default is nitstack
-                       opt_stacktrace.value = "nitstack"
-               else
-                       print "Error: unknown value `{st}` for --stacktrace. Use `none`, `libunwind`, `nitstack` or `auto`."
-                       exit(1)
-               end
-
-               if opt_output.value != null and opt_dir.value != null then
-                       print "Error: cannot use both --dir and --output"
-                       exit(1)
-               end
-
-               if opt_no_check_all.value then
-                       opt_no_check_covariance.value = true
-                       opt_no_check_attr_isset.value = true
-                       opt_no_check_assert.value = true
-                       opt_no_check_autocast.value = true
-                       opt_no_check_null.value = true
-               end
-       end
-end
-
-redef class ModelBuilder
-       # The compilation directory
-       var compile_dir: String
-
-       # Simple indirection to `Toolchain::write_and_make`
-       protected fun write_and_make(compiler: AbstractCompiler)
-       do
-               var platform = compiler.mainmodule.target_platform
-               var toolchain
-               if platform == null then
-                       toolchain = new MakefileToolchain(toolcontext)
-               else
-                       toolchain = platform.toolchain(toolcontext)
-               end
-               compile_dir = toolchain.compile_dir
-               toolchain.write_and_make compiler
-       end
-end
-
-redef class Platform
-       fun toolchain(toolcontext: ToolContext): Toolchain is abstract
-end
-
-class Toolchain
-       var toolcontext: ToolContext
-
-       fun compile_dir: String
-       do
-               var compile_dir = toolcontext.opt_compile_dir.value
-               if compile_dir == null then compile_dir = ".nit_compile"
-               return compile_dir
-       end
-
-       fun write_and_make(compiler: AbstractCompiler) is abstract
-end
-
-class MakefileToolchain
-       super Toolchain
-       # The list of directories to search for included C headers (-I for C compilers)
-       # The list is initially set with :
-       #   * the toolcontext --cc-path option
-       #   * the NIT_CC_PATH environment variable
-       #   * `toolcontext.nit_dir`
-       # Path can be added (or removed) by the client
-       var cc_paths = new Array[String]
-
-       protected fun gather_cc_paths
-       do
-               # Look for the the Nit clib path
-               var path_env = toolcontext.nit_dir
-               if path_env != null then
-                       var libname = "{path_env}/clib"
-                       if libname.file_exists then cc_paths.add(libname)
-               end
-
-               if cc_paths.is_empty then
-                       toolcontext.error(null, "Cannot determine the nit clib path. define envvar NIT_DIR.")
-               end
-
-               # Add user defined cc_paths
-               cc_paths.append(toolcontext.opt_cc_path.value)
-
-               path_env = "NIT_CC_PATH".environ
-               if not path_env.is_empty then
-                       cc_paths.append(path_env.split_with(':'))
-               end
-       end
-
-       redef fun write_and_make(compiler)
-       do
-               gather_cc_paths
-
-               var mainmodule = compiler.mainmodule
-               var compile_dir = compile_dir
-
-               # Generate the .h and .c files
-               # A single C file regroups many compiled rumtime functions
-               # Note that we do not try to be clever an a small change in a Nit source file may change the content of all the generated .c files
-               var time0 = get_time
-               self.toolcontext.info("*** WRITING C ***", 1)
-
-               compile_dir.mkdir
-
-               var cfiles = new Array[String]
-               write_files(compiler, compile_dir, cfiles)
-
-               # Generate the Makefile
-
-               write_makefile(compiler, compile_dir, cfiles)
-
-               var time1 = get_time
-               self.toolcontext.info("*** END WRITING C: {time1-time0} ***", 2)
-
-               # Execute the Makefile
-
-               if self.toolcontext.opt_no_cc.value then return
-
-               time0 = time1
-               self.toolcontext.info("*** COMPILING C ***", 1)
-
-               compile_c_code(compiler, compile_dir)
-
-               time1 = get_time
-               self.toolcontext.info("*** END COMPILING C: {time1-time0} ***", 2)
-       end
-
-       fun write_files(compiler: AbstractCompiler, compile_dir: String, cfiles: Array[String])
-       do
-               var platform = compiler.mainmodule.target_platform
-               if self.toolcontext.opt_stacktrace.value == "nitstack" and (platform == null or platform.supports_libunwind) then compiler.build_c_to_nit_bindings
-               var cc_opt_with_libgc = "-DWITH_LIBGC"
-               if platform != null and not platform.supports_libgc then cc_opt_with_libgc = ""
-
-               # Add gc_choser.h to aditionnal bodies
-               var gc_chooser = new ExternCFile("gc_chooser.c", cc_opt_with_libgc)
-               compiler.extern_bodies.add(gc_chooser)
-               compiler.files_to_copy.add "{cc_paths.first}/gc_chooser.c"
-               compiler.files_to_copy.add "{cc_paths.first}/gc_chooser.h"
-
-               # FFI
-               var m2m = toolcontext.modelbuilder.mmodule2nmodule
-               for m in compiler.mainmodule.in_importation.greaters do
-                       compiler.finalize_ffi_for_module(m)
-               end
-
-               # Copy original .[ch] files to compile_dir
-               for src in compiler.files_to_copy do
-                       var basename = src.basename("")
-                       var dst = "{compile_dir}/{basename}"
-                       src.file_copy_to dst
-               end
-
-               var hfilename = compiler.header.file.name + ".h"
-               var hfilepath = "{compile_dir}/{hfilename}"
-               var h = new OFStream.open(hfilepath)
-               for l in compiler.header.decl_lines do
-                       h.write l
-                       h.write "\n"
-               end
-               for l in compiler.header.lines do
-                       h.write l
-                       h.write "\n"
-               end
-               h.close
-
-               for f in compiler.files do
-                       var i = 0
-                       var hfile: nullable OFStream = null
-                       var count = 0
-                       var cfilename = "{f.name}.0.h"
-                       var cfilepath = "{compile_dir}/{cfilename}"
-                       hfile = new OFStream.open(cfilepath)
-                       hfile.write "#include \"{hfilename}\"\n"
-                       for key in f.required_declarations do
-                               if not compiler.provided_declarations.has_key(key) then
-                                       var node = compiler.requirers_of_declarations.get_or_null(key)
-                                       if node != null then
-                                               node.debug "No provided declaration for {key}"
-                                       else
-                                               print "No provided declaration for {key}"
-                                       end
-                                       abort
-                               end
-                               hfile.write compiler.provided_declarations[key]
-                               hfile.write "\n"
-                       end
-                       hfile.close
-                       var file: nullable OFStream = null
-                       for vis in f.writers do
-                               if vis == compiler.header then continue
-                               var total_lines = vis.lines.length + vis.decl_lines.length
-                               if total_lines == 0 then continue
-                               count += total_lines
-                               if file == null or count > 10000  then
-                                       i += 1
-                                       if file != null then file.close
-                                       cfilename = "{f.name}.{i}.c"
-                                       cfilepath = "{compile_dir}/{cfilename}"
-                                       self.toolcontext.info("new C source files to compile: {cfilepath}", 3)
-                                       cfiles.add(cfilename)
-                                       file = new OFStream.open(cfilepath)
-                                       file.write "#include \"{f.name}.0.h\"\n"
-                                       count = total_lines
-                               end
-                               for l in vis.decl_lines do
-                                       file.write l
-                                       file.write "\n"
-                               end
-                               for l in vis.lines do
-                                       file.write l
-                                       file.write "\n"
-                               end
-                       end
-                       if file != null then file.close
-               end
-
-               self.toolcontext.info("Total C source files to compile: {cfiles.length}", 2)
-       end
-
-       fun makefile_name(mainmodule: MModule): String do return "{mainmodule.name}.mk"
-
-       fun default_outname(mainmodule: MModule): String do return mainmodule.name
-
-       # Combine options and platform informations to get the final path of the outfile
-       fun outfile(mainmodule: MModule): String
-       do
-               var res = self.toolcontext.opt_output.value
-               if res != null then return res
-               res = default_outname(mainmodule)
-               var dir = self.toolcontext.opt_dir.value
-               if dir != null then return dir.join_path(res)
-               return res
-       end
-
-       fun write_makefile(compiler: AbstractCompiler, compile_dir: String, cfiles: Array[String])
-       do
-               var mainmodule = compiler.mainmodule
-               var platform = compiler.mainmodule.target_platform
-
-               var outname = outfile(mainmodule)
-
-               var orig_dir=".." # FIXME only works if `compile_dir` is a subdirectory of cwd
-               var outpath = orig_dir.join_path(outname).simplify_path
-               var makename = makefile_name(mainmodule)
-               var makepath = "{compile_dir}/{makename}"
-               var makefile = new OFStream.open(makepath)
-
-               var cc_includes = ""
-               for p in cc_paths do
-                       cc_includes += " -I \"" + p + "\""
-               end
-
-               var linker_options = new HashSet[String]
-               var m2m = toolcontext.modelbuilder.mmodule2nmodule
-               for m in mainmodule.in_importation.greaters do
-                       var libs = m.collect_linker_libs
-                       if libs != null then linker_options.add_all(libs)
-               end
-
-               makefile.write("CC = ccache cc\nCXX = ccache c++\nCFLAGS = -g -O2 -Wno-unused-value -Wno-switch\nCINCL = {cc_includes}\nLDFLAGS ?= \nLDLIBS  ?= -lm -lgc {linker_options.join(" ")}\n\n")
-
-               var ost = toolcontext.opt_stacktrace.value
-               if (ost == "libunwind" or ost == "nitstack") and (platform == null or platform.supports_libunwind) then makefile.write("NEED_LIBUNWIND := YesPlease\n")
-
-               # Dynamic adaptations
-               # While `platform` enable complex toolchains, they are statically applied
-               # For a dynamic adaptsation of the compilation, the generated Makefile should check and adapt things itself
-
-               # Check and adapt the targeted system
-               makefile.write("uname_S := $(shell sh -c 'uname -s 2>/dev/null || echo not')\n")
-               makefile.write("ifeq ($(uname_S),Darwin)\n")
-               # remove -lunwind since it is already included on macosx
-               makefile.write("\tNEED_LIBUNWIND :=\n")
-               makefile.write("endif\n\n")
-
-               # Check and adapt for the compiler used
-               # clang need an additionnal `-Qunused-arguments`
-               makefile.write("clang_check := $(shell sh -c '$(CC) -v 2>&1 | grep -q clang; echo $$?')\nifeq ($(clang_check), 0)\n\tCFLAGS += -Qunused-arguments\nendif\n")
-
-               makefile.write("ifdef NEED_LIBUNWIND\n\tLDLIBS += -lunwind\nendif\n")
-
-               makefile.write("all: {outpath}\n\n")
-
-               var ofiles = new Array[String]
-               var dep_rules = new Array[String]
-               # Compile each generated file
-               for f in cfiles do
-                       var o = f.strip_extension(".c") + ".o"
-                       makefile.write("{o}: {f}\n\t$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CINCL) -c -o {o} {f}\n\n")
-                       ofiles.add(o)
-                       dep_rules.add(o)
-               end
-
-               var java_files = new Array[ExternFile]
-
-               # Compile each required extern body into a specific .o
-               for f in compiler.extern_bodies do
-                       var o = f.makefile_rule_name
-                       var ff = f.filename.basename("")
-                       makefile.write("{o}: {ff}\n")
-                       makefile.write("\t{f.makefile_rule_content}\n\n")
-                       dep_rules.add(f.makefile_rule_name)
-
-                       if f.compiles_to_o_file then ofiles.add(o)
-                       if f.add_to_jar then java_files.add(f)
-               end
-               
-               if not java_files.is_empty then
-                       var jar_file = "{outpath}.jar"
-
-                       var class_files_array = new Array[String]
-                       for f in java_files do class_files_array.add(f.makefile_rule_name)
-                       var class_files = class_files_array.join(" ")
-
-                       makefile.write("{jar_file}: {class_files}\n")
-                       makefile.write("\tjar cf {jar_file} {class_files}\n\n")
-                       dep_rules.add jar_file
-               end
-
-               # Link edition
-               makefile.write("{outpath}: {dep_rules.join(" ")}\n\t$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) -o {outpath} {ofiles.join(" ")} $(LDLIBS)\n\n")
-               # Clean
-               makefile.write("clean:\n\trm {ofiles.join(" ")} 2>/dev/null\n\n")
-               makefile.close
-               self.toolcontext.info("Generated makefile: {makepath}", 2)
-       end
-
-       fun compile_c_code(compiler: AbstractCompiler, compile_dir: String)
-       do
-               var makename = makefile_name(compiler.mainmodule)
-
-               var makeflags = self.toolcontext.opt_make_flags.value
-               if makeflags == null then makeflags = ""
-               self.toolcontext.info("make -B -C {compile_dir} -f {makename} -j 4 {makeflags}", 2)
-
-               var res
-               if self.toolcontext.verbose_level >= 3 then
-                       res = sys.system("make -B -C {compile_dir} -f {makename} -j 4 {makeflags} 2>&1")
-               else
-                       res = sys.system("make -B -C {compile_dir} -f {makename} -j 4 {makeflags} 2>&1 >/dev/null")
-               end
-               if res != 0 then
-                       toolcontext.error(null, "make failed! Error code: {res}.")
-               end
-       end
-end
-
-# Singleton that store the knowledge about the compilation process
-abstract class AbstractCompiler
-       type VISITOR: AbstractCompilerVisitor
-
-       # Table corresponding c_names to nit names (methods)
-       var names = new HashMap[String, String]
-
-       # The main module of the program currently compiled
-       # Is assigned during the separate compilation
-       var mainmodule: MModule writable
-
-       # The real main module of the program
-       var realmainmodule: MModule
-
-       # The modeulbuilder used to know the model and the AST
-       var modelbuilder: ModelBuilder protected writable
-
-       # Is hardening asked? (see --hardening)
-       fun hardening: Bool do return self.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_hardening.value
-
-       init(mainmodule: MModule, modelbuilder: ModelBuilder)
-       do
-               self.mainmodule = mainmodule
-               self.realmainmodule = mainmodule
-               self.modelbuilder = modelbuilder
-       end
-
-       # Force the creation of a new file
-       # The point is to avoid contamination between must-be-compiled-separately files
-       fun new_file(name: String): CodeFile
-       do
-               var f = new CodeFile(name)
-               self.files.add(f)
-               return f
-       end
-
-       # The list of all associated files
-       # Used to generate .c files
-       var files: List[CodeFile] = new List[CodeFile]
-
-       # Initialize a visitor specific for a compiler engine
-       fun new_visitor: VISITOR is abstract
-
-       # Where global declaration are stored (the main .h)
-       var header: CodeWriter writable
-
-       # Provide a declaration that can be requested (before or latter) by a visitor
-       fun provide_declaration(key: String, s: String)
-       do
-               if self.provided_declarations.has_key(key) then
-                       assert self.provided_declarations[key] == s
-               end
-               self.provided_declarations[key] = s
-       end
-
-       private var provided_declarations = new HashMap[String, String]
-
-       private var requirers_of_declarations = new HashMap[String, ANode]
-
-       # Builds the .c and .h files to be used when generating a Stack Trace
-       # Binds the generated C function names to Nit function names
-       fun build_c_to_nit_bindings
-       do
-               var compile_dir = modelbuilder.compile_dir
-
-               var stream = new OFStream.open("{compile_dir}/c_functions_hash.c")
-               stream.write("#include <string.h>\n")
-               stream.write("#include <stdlib.h>\n")
-               stream.write("#include \"c_functions_hash.h\"\n")
-               stream.write("typedef struct C_Nit_Names\{char* name; char* nit_name;\}C_Nit_Names;\n")
-               stream.write("const char* get_nit_name(register const char* procproc, register unsigned int len)\{\n")
-               stream.write("char* procname = malloc(len+1);")
-               stream.write("memcpy(procname, procproc, len);")
-               stream.write("procname[len] = '\\0';")
-               stream.write("static const C_Nit_Names map[{names.length}] = \{\n")
-               for i in names.keys do
-                       stream.write("\{\"")
-                       stream.write(i)
-                       stream.write("\",\"")
-                       stream.write(names[i])
-                       stream.write("\"\},\n")
-               end
-               stream.write("\};\n")
-               stream.write("int i;")
-               stream.write("for(i = 0; i < {names.length}; i++)\{")
-               stream.write("if(strcmp(procname,map[i].name) == 0)\{")
-               stream.write("free(procname);")
-               stream.write("return map[i].nit_name;")
-               stream.write("\}")
-               stream.write("\}")
-               stream.write("free(procname);")
-               stream.write("return NULL;")
-               stream.write("\}\n")
-               stream.close
-
-               stream = new OFStream.open("{compile_dir}/c_functions_hash.h")
-               stream.write("const char* get_nit_name(register const char* procname, register unsigned int len);\n")
-               stream.close
-
-               extern_bodies.add(new ExternCFile("{compile_dir}/c_functions_hash.c", ""))
-       end
-
-       # Compile C headers
-       # This method call compile_header_strucs method that has to be refined
-       fun compile_header do
-               var v = self.header
-               var toolctx = modelbuilder.toolcontext
-               self.header.add_decl("#include <stdlib.h>")
-               self.header.add_decl("#include <stdio.h>")
-               self.header.add_decl("#include <string.h>")
-               self.header.add_decl("#include \"gc_chooser.h\"")
-               self.header.add_decl("#ifdef ANDROID")
-               self.header.add_decl("  #include <android/log.h>")
-               self.header.add_decl("  #define PRINT_ERROR(...) (void)__android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_WARN, \"Nit\", __VA_ARGS__)")
-               self.header.add_decl("#else")
-               self.header.add_decl("  #define PRINT_ERROR(...) fprintf(stderr, __VA_ARGS__)")
-               self.header.add_decl("#endif")
-
-               compile_header_structs
-               compile_nitni_structs
-
-               var gccd_disable = modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_gcc_directive.value
-               if gccd_disable.has("noreturn") or gccd_disable.has("all") then
-                       # Signal handler function prototype
-                       self.header.add_decl("void show_backtrace(int);")
-               else
-                       self.header.add_decl("void show_backtrace(int) __attribute__ ((noreturn));")
-               end
-
-               if gccd_disable.has("likely") or gccd_disable.has("all") then
-                       self.header.add_decl("#define likely(x)       (x)")
-                       self.header.add_decl("#define unlikely(x)     (x)")
-               else if gccd_disable.has("correct-likely") then
-                       # invert the `likely` definition
-                       # Used by masochists to bench the worst case
-                       self.header.add_decl("#define likely(x)       __builtin_expect((x),0)")
-                       self.header.add_decl("#define unlikely(x)     __builtin_expect((x),1)")
-               else
-                       self.header.add_decl("#define likely(x)       __builtin_expect((x),1)")
-                       self.header.add_decl("#define unlikely(x)     __builtin_expect((x),0)")
-               end
-
-               # Global variable used by intern methods
-               self.header.add_decl("extern int glob_argc;")
-               self.header.add_decl("extern char **glob_argv;")
-               self.header.add_decl("extern val *glob_sys;")
-       end
-
-       # Declaration of structures for live Nit types
-       protected fun compile_header_structs is abstract
-
-       # Declaration of structures for nitni undelying the FFI
-       protected fun compile_nitni_structs
-       do
-               self.header.add_decl """
-/* Native reference to Nit objects */
-/* This structure is used to represent every Nit type in extern methods and custom C code. */
-struct nitni_ref {
-       struct nitni_ref *next,
-               *prev; /* adjacent global references in global list */
-       int count; /* number of time this global reference has been marked */
-};
-
-/* List of global references from C code to Nit objects */
-/* Instanciated empty at init of Nit system and filled explicitly by user in C code */
-struct nitni_global_ref_list_t {
-       struct nitni_ref *head, *tail;
-};
-extern struct nitni_global_ref_list_t *nitni_global_ref_list;
-
-/* Initializer of global reference list */
-extern void nitni_global_ref_list_init();
-
-/* Intern function to add a global reference to the list */
-extern void nitni_global_ref_add( struct nitni_ref *ref );
-
-/* Intern function to remove a global reference from the list */
-extern void nitni_global_ref_remove( struct nitni_ref *ref );
-
-/* Increase count on an existing global reference */
-extern void nitni_global_ref_incr( struct nitni_ref *ref );
-
-/* Decrease count on an existing global reference */
-extern void nitni_global_ref_decr( struct nitni_ref *ref );
-"""
-       end
-
-       fun compile_finalizer_function
-       do
-               var finalizable_type = mainmodule.finalizable_type
-               if finalizable_type == null then return
-
-               var finalize_meth = mainmodule.try_get_primitive_method("finalize", finalizable_type.mclass)
-
-               if finalize_meth == null then
-                       modelbuilder.toolcontext.error(null, "The `Finalizable` class doesn't declare the `finalize` method.")
-                       return
-               end
-
-               var v = self.new_visitor
-               v.add_decl "void gc_finalize (void *obj, void *client_data) \{"
-               var recv = v.new_expr("obj", finalizable_type)
-               v.send(finalize_meth, [recv])
-               v.add "\}"
-       end
-
-       # Generate the main C function.
-       # This function:
-       #       * allocate the Sys object if it exists
-       #       * call init if is exists
-       #       * call main if it exists
-       fun compile_main_function
-       do
-               var v = self.new_visitor
-               v.add_decl("#include <signal.h>")
-               var ost = modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_stacktrace.value
-               var platform = mainmodule.target_platform
-
-               if platform != null and not platform.supports_libunwind then ost = "none"
-
-               var no_main = (platform != null and platform.no_main) or modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_main.value
-
-               if ost == "nitstack" or ost == "libunwind" then
-                       v.add_decl("#define UNW_LOCAL_ONLY")
-                       v.add_decl("#include <libunwind.h>")
-                       if ost == "nitstack" then
-                               v.add_decl("#include \"c_functions_hash.h\"")
-                       end
-               end
-               v.add_decl("int glob_argc;")
-               v.add_decl("char **glob_argv;")
-               v.add_decl("val *glob_sys;")
-
-               if self.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_typing_test_metrics.value then
-                       for tag in count_type_test_tags do
-                               v.add_decl("long count_type_test_resolved_{tag};")
-                               v.add_decl("long count_type_test_unresolved_{tag};")
-                               v.add_decl("long count_type_test_skipped_{tag};")
-                               v.compiler.header.add_decl("extern long count_type_test_resolved_{tag};")
-                               v.compiler.header.add_decl("extern long count_type_test_unresolved_{tag};")
-                               v.compiler.header.add_decl("extern long count_type_test_skipped_{tag};")
-                       end
-               end
-
-               if self.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_invocation_metrics.value then
-                       v.add_decl("long count_invoke_by_tables;")
-                       v.add_decl("long count_invoke_by_direct;")
-                       v.add_decl("long count_invoke_by_inline;")
-                       v.compiler.header.add_decl("extern long count_invoke_by_tables;")
-                       v.compiler.header.add_decl("extern long count_invoke_by_direct;")
-                       v.compiler.header.add_decl("extern long count_invoke_by_inline;")
-               end
-
-               if self.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_isset_checks_metrics.value then
-                       v.add_decl("long count_attr_reads = 0;")
-                       v.add_decl("long count_isset_checks = 0;")
-                       v.compiler.header.add_decl("extern long count_attr_reads;")
-                       v.compiler.header.add_decl("extern long count_isset_checks;")
-               end
-
-               v.add_decl("void sig_handler(int signo)\{")
-               v.add_decl("PRINT_ERROR(\"Caught signal : %s\\n\", strsignal(signo));")
-               v.add_decl("show_backtrace(signo);")
-               v.add_decl("\}")
-
-               v.add_decl("void show_backtrace (int signo) \{")
-               if ost == "nitstack" or ost == "libunwind" then
-                       v.add_decl("char* opt = getenv(\"NIT_NO_STACK\");")
-                       v.add_decl("unw_cursor_t cursor;")
-                       v.add_decl("if(opt==NULL)\{")
-                       v.add_decl("unw_context_t uc;")
-                       v.add_decl("unw_word_t ip;")
-                       v.add_decl("char* procname = malloc(sizeof(char) * 100);")
-                       v.add_decl("unw_getcontext(&uc);")
-                       v.add_decl("unw_init_local(&cursor, &uc);")
-                       v.add_decl("PRINT_ERROR(\"-------------------------------------------------\\n\");")
-                       v.add_decl("PRINT_ERROR(\"--   Stack Trace   ------------------------------\\n\");")
-                       v.add_decl("PRINT_ERROR(\"-------------------------------------------------\\n\");")
-                       v.add_decl("while (unw_step(&cursor) > 0) \{")
-                       v.add_decl("    unw_get_proc_name(&cursor, procname, 100, &ip);")
-                       if ost == "nitstack" then
-                       v.add_decl("    const char* recv = get_nit_name(procname, strlen(procname));")
-                       v.add_decl("    if (recv != NULL)\{")
-                       v.add_decl("            PRINT_ERROR(\"` %s\\n\", recv);")
-                       v.add_decl("    \}else\{")
-                       v.add_decl("            PRINT_ERROR(\"` %s\\n\", procname);")
-                       v.add_decl("    \}")
-                       else
-                       v.add_decl("    PRINT_ERROR(\"` %s \\n\",procname);")
-                       end
-                       v.add_decl("\}")
-                       v.add_decl("PRINT_ERROR(\"-------------------------------------------------\\n\");")
-                       v.add_decl("free(procname);")
-                       v.add_decl("\}")
-               end
-               v.add_decl("exit(signo);")
-               v.add_decl("\}")
-
-               if no_main then
-                       v.add_decl("int nit_main(int argc, char** argv) \{")
-               else
-                       v.add_decl("int main(int argc, char** argv) \{")
-               end
-
-               v.add("signal(SIGABRT, sig_handler);")
-               v.add("signal(SIGFPE, sig_handler);")
-               v.add("signal(SIGILL, sig_handler);")
-               v.add("signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);")
-               v.add("signal(SIGTERM, sig_handler);")
-               v.add("signal(SIGSEGV, sig_handler);")
-               v.add("signal(SIGPIPE, sig_handler);")
-
-               v.add("glob_argc = argc; glob_argv = argv;")
-               v.add("initialize_gc_option();")
-
-               v.add "initialize_nitni_global_refs();"
-
-               var main_type = mainmodule.sys_type
-               if main_type != null then
-                       var mainmodule = v.compiler.mainmodule
-                       var glob_sys = v.init_instance(main_type)
-                       v.add("glob_sys = {glob_sys};")
-                       var main_init = mainmodule.try_get_primitive_method("init", main_type.mclass)
-                       if main_init != null then
-                               v.send(main_init, [glob_sys])
-                       end
-                       var main_method = mainmodule.try_get_primitive_method("run", main_type.mclass) or else
-                               mainmodule.try_get_primitive_method("main", main_type.mclass)
-                       if main_method != null then
-                               v.send(main_method, [glob_sys])
-                       end
-               end
-
-               if self.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_typing_test_metrics.value then
-                       v.add_decl("long count_type_test_resolved_total = 0;")
-                       v.add_decl("long count_type_test_unresolved_total = 0;")
-                       v.add_decl("long count_type_test_skipped_total = 0;")
-                       v.add_decl("long count_type_test_total_total = 0;")
-                       for tag in count_type_test_tags do
-                               v.add_decl("long count_type_test_total_{tag};")
-                               v.add("count_type_test_total_{tag} = count_type_test_resolved_{tag} + count_type_test_unresolved_{tag} + count_type_test_skipped_{tag};")
-                               v.add("count_type_test_resolved_total += count_type_test_resolved_{tag};")
-                               v.add("count_type_test_unresolved_total += count_type_test_unresolved_{tag};")
-                               v.add("count_type_test_skipped_total += count_type_test_skipped_{tag};")
-                               v.add("count_type_test_total_total += count_type_test_total_{tag};")
-                       end
-                       v.add("printf(\"# dynamic count_type_test: total %l\\n\");")
-                       v.add("printf(\"\\tresolved\\tunresolved\\tskipped\\ttotal\\n\");")
-                       var tags = count_type_test_tags.to_a
-                       tags.add("total")
-                       for tag in tags do
-                               v.add("printf(\"{tag}\");")
-                               v.add("printf(\"\\t%ld (%.2f%%)\", count_type_test_resolved_{tag}, 100.0*count_type_test_resolved_{tag}/count_type_test_total_total);")
-                               v.add("printf(\"\\t%ld (%.2f%%)\", count_type_test_unresolved_{tag}, 100.0*count_type_test_unresolved_{tag}/count_type_test_total_total);")
-                               v.add("printf(\"\\t%ld (%.2f%%)\", count_type_test_skipped_{tag}, 100.0*count_type_test_skipped_{tag}/count_type_test_total_total);")
-                               v.add("printf(\"\\t%ld (%.2f%%)\\n\", count_type_test_total_{tag}, 100.0*count_type_test_total_{tag}/count_type_test_total_total);")
-                       end
-               end
-
-               if self.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_invocation_metrics.value then
-                       v.add_decl("long count_invoke_total;")
-                       v.add("count_invoke_total = count_invoke_by_tables + count_invoke_by_direct + count_invoke_by_inline;")
-                       v.add("printf(\"# dynamic count_invocation: total %ld\\n\", count_invoke_total);")
-                       v.add("printf(\"by table: %ld (%.2f%%)\\n\", count_invoke_by_tables, 100.0*count_invoke_by_tables/count_invoke_total);")
-                       v.add("printf(\"direct:   %ld (%.2f%%)\\n\", count_invoke_by_direct, 100.0*count_invoke_by_direct/count_invoke_total);")
-                       v.add("printf(\"inlined:  %ld (%.2f%%)\\n\", count_invoke_by_inline, 100.0*count_invoke_by_inline/count_invoke_total);")
-               end
-
-               if self.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_isset_checks_metrics.value then
-                       v.add("printf(\"# dynamic attribute reads: %ld\\n\", count_attr_reads);")
-                       v.add("printf(\"# dynamic isset checks: %ld\\n\", count_isset_checks);")
-               end
-
-               v.add("return 0;")
-               v.add("\}")
-       end
-
-       # Copile all C functions related to the [incr|decr]_ref features of the FFI
-       fun compile_nitni_global_ref_functions
-       do
-               var v = self.new_visitor
-               v.add """
-struct nitni_global_ref_list_t *nitni_global_ref_list;
-void initialize_nitni_global_refs() {
-       nitni_global_ref_list = (struct nitni_global_ref_list_t*)nit_alloc(sizeof(struct nitni_global_ref_list_t));
-       nitni_global_ref_list->head = NULL;
-       nitni_global_ref_list->tail = NULL;
-}
-
-void nitni_global_ref_add( struct nitni_ref *ref ) {
-       if ( nitni_global_ref_list->head == NULL ) {
-               nitni_global_ref_list->head = ref;
-               ref->prev = NULL;
-       } else {
-               nitni_global_ref_list->tail->next = ref;
-               ref->prev = nitni_global_ref_list->tail;
-       }
-       nitni_global_ref_list->tail = ref;
-
-       ref->next = NULL;
-}
-
-void nitni_global_ref_remove( struct nitni_ref *ref ) {
-       if ( ref->prev == NULL ) {
-               nitni_global_ref_list->head = ref->next;
-       } else {
-               ref->prev->next = ref->next;
-       }
-
-       if ( ref->next == NULL ) {
-               nitni_global_ref_list->tail = ref->prev;
-       } else {
-               ref->next->prev = ref->prev;
-       }
-}
-
-extern void nitni_global_ref_incr( struct nitni_ref *ref ) {
-       if ( ref->count == 0 ) /* not registered */
-       {
-               /* add to list */
-               nitni_global_ref_add( ref );
-       }
-
-       ref->count ++;
-}
-
-extern void nitni_global_ref_decr( struct nitni_ref *ref ) {
-       if ( ref->count == 1 ) /* was last reference */
-       {
-               /* remove from list */
-               nitni_global_ref_remove( ref );
-       }
-
-       ref->count --;
-}
-"""
-       end
-
-       # List of additional files required to compile (FFI)
-       var extern_bodies = new Array[ExternFile]
-
-       # List of source files to copy over to the compile dir
-       var files_to_copy = new Array[String]
-
-       # This is used to avoid adding an extern file more than once
-       private var seen_extern = new ArraySet[String]
-
-       # Generate code that initialize the attributes on a new instance
-       fun generate_init_attr(v: VISITOR, recv: RuntimeVariable, mtype: MClassType)
-       do
-               var cds = mtype.collect_mclassdefs(self.mainmodule).to_a
-               self.mainmodule.linearize_mclassdefs(cds)
-               for cd in cds do
-                       var n = self.modelbuilder.mclassdef2nclassdef[cd]
-                       for npropdef in n.n_propdefs do
-                               if npropdef isa AAttrPropdef then
-                                       npropdef.init_expr(v, recv)
-                               end
-                       end
-               end
-       end
-
-       # Generate code that check if an attribute is correctly initialized
-       fun generate_check_attr(v: VISITOR, recv: RuntimeVariable, mtype: MClassType)
-       do
-               var cds = mtype.collect_mclassdefs(self.mainmodule).to_a
-               self.mainmodule.linearize_mclassdefs(cds)
-               for cd in cds do
-                       var n = self.modelbuilder.mclassdef2nclassdef[cd]
-                       for npropdef in n.n_propdefs do
-                               if npropdef isa AAttrPropdef then
-                                       npropdef.check_expr(v, recv)
-                               end
-                       end
-               end
-       end
-
-       # stats
-
-       var count_type_test_tags: Array[String] = ["isa", "as", "auto", "covariance", "erasure"]
-       var count_type_test_resolved: HashMap[String, Int] = init_count_type_test_tags
-       var count_type_test_unresolved: HashMap[String, Int] = init_count_type_test_tags
-       var count_type_test_skipped: HashMap[String, Int] = init_count_type_test_tags
-
-       protected fun init_count_type_test_tags: HashMap[String, Int]
-       do
-               var res = new HashMap[String, Int]
-               for tag in count_type_test_tags do
-                       res[tag] = 0
-               end
-               return res
-       end
-
-       # Display stats about compilation process
-       # Metrics used:
-       #       * type tests against resolved types (`x isa Collection[Animal]`)
-       #       * type tests against unresolved types (`x isa Collection[E]`)
-       #       * type tests skipped
-       #       * type tests total
-       #       *
-       fun display_stats
-       do
-               if self.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_typing_test_metrics.value then
-                       print "# static count_type_test"
-                       print "\tresolved:\tunresolved\tskipped\ttotal"
-                       var count_type_test_total = init_count_type_test_tags
-                       count_type_test_resolved["total"] = 0
-                       count_type_test_unresolved["total"] = 0
-                       count_type_test_skipped["total"] = 0
-                       count_type_test_total["total"] = 0
-                       for tag in count_type_test_tags do
-                               count_type_test_total[tag] = count_type_test_resolved[tag] + count_type_test_unresolved[tag] + count_type_test_skipped[tag]
-                               count_type_test_resolved["total"] += count_type_test_resolved[tag]
-                               count_type_test_unresolved["total"] += count_type_test_unresolved[tag]
-                               count_type_test_skipped["total"] += count_type_test_skipped[tag]
-                               count_type_test_total["total"] += count_type_test_total[tag]
-                       end
-                       var count_type_test = count_type_test_total["total"]
-                       var tags = count_type_test_tags.to_a
-                       tags.add("total")
-                       for tag in tags do
-                               printn tag
-                               printn "\t{count_type_test_resolved[tag]} ({div(count_type_test_resolved[tag],count_type_test)}%)"
-                               printn "\t{count_type_test_unresolved[tag]} ({div(count_type_test_unresolved[tag],count_type_test)}%)"
-                               printn "\t{count_type_test_skipped[tag]} ({div(count_type_test_skipped[tag],count_type_test)}%)"
-                               printn "\t{count_type_test_total[tag]} ({div(count_type_test_total[tag],count_type_test)}%)"
-                               print ""
-                       end
-               end
-       end
-
-       fun finalize_ffi_for_module(mmodule: MModule) do mmodule.finalize_ffi(self)
-
-       # Division facility
-       # Avoid division by zero by returning the string "n/a"
-       fun div(a,b:Int):String
-       do
-               if b == 0 then return "n/a"
-               return ((a*10000/b).to_f / 100.0).to_precision(2)
-       end
-end
-
-# A file unit (may be more than one file if
-# A file unit aim to be autonomous and is made or one or more `CodeWriter`s
-class CodeFile
-       var name: String
-       var writers = new Array[CodeWriter]
-       var required_declarations = new HashSet[String]
-end
-
-# Where to store generated lines
-class CodeWriter
-       var file: CodeFile
-       var lines: List[String] = new List[String]
-       var decl_lines: List[String] = new List[String]
-
-       # Add a line in the main part of the generated C
-       fun add(s: String) do self.lines.add(s)
-
-       # Add a line in the
-       # (used for local or global declaration)
-       fun add_decl(s: String) do self.decl_lines.add(s)
-
-       init(file: CodeFile)
-       do
-               self.file = file
-               file.writers.add(self)
-       end
-end
-
-# A visitor on the AST of property definition that generate the C code.
-abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
-
-       type COMPILER: AbstractCompiler
-
-       # The associated compiler
-       var compiler: COMPILER
-
-       # The current visited AST node
-       var current_node: nullable ANode writable = null
-
-       # The current `Frame`
-       var frame: nullable Frame writable
-
-       # Alias for self.compiler.mainmodule.object_type
-       fun object_type: MClassType do return self.compiler.mainmodule.object_type
-
-       # Alias for self.compiler.mainmodule.bool_type
-       fun bool_type: MClassType do return self.compiler.mainmodule.bool_type
-
-       var writer: CodeWriter
-
-       init(compiler: COMPILER)
-       do
-               self.compiler = compiler
-               self.writer = new CodeWriter(compiler.files.last)
-       end
-
-       # Force to get the primitive class named `name` or abort
-       fun get_class(name: String): MClass do return self.compiler.mainmodule.get_primitive_class(name)
-
-       # Force to get the primitive property named `name` in the instance `recv` or abort
-       fun get_property(name: String, recv: MType): MMethod
-       do
-               assert recv isa MClassType
-               return self.compiler.modelbuilder.force_get_primitive_method(self.current_node.as(not null), name, recv.mclass, self.compiler.mainmodule)
-       end
-
-       fun compile_callsite(callsite: CallSite, arguments: Array[RuntimeVariable]): nullable RuntimeVariable
-       do
-               var initializers = callsite.mpropdef.initializers
-               if not initializers.is_empty then
-                       var recv = arguments.first
-
-                       assert initializers.length == arguments.length - 1 else debug("expected {initializers.length}, got {arguments.length - 1}")
-                       var i = 1
-                       for p in initializers do
-                               if p isa MMethod then
-                                       self.send(p, [recv, arguments[i]])
-                               else if p isa MAttribute then
-                                       self.write_attribute(p, recv, arguments[i])
-                               else abort
-                               i += 1
-                       end
-
-                       return self.send(callsite.mproperty, [recv])
-               end
-
-               return self.send(callsite.mproperty, arguments)
-       end
-
-       fun native_array_instance(elttype: MType, length: RuntimeVariable): RuntimeVariable is abstract
-
-       fun calloc_array(ret_type: MType, arguments: Array[RuntimeVariable]) is abstract
-
-       fun native_array_def(pname: String, ret_type: nullable MType, arguments: Array[RuntimeVariable]) is abstract
-
-       # Transform varargs, in raw arguments, into a single argument of type `Array`
-       # Note: this method modify the given `args`
-       # If there is no vararg, then `args` is not modified.
-       fun varargize(mpropdef: MPropDef, msignature: MSignature, args: Array[RuntimeVariable])
-       do
-               var recv = args.first
-               var vararg_rank = msignature.vararg_rank
-               if vararg_rank >= 0 then
-                       assert args.length >= msignature.arity + 1 # because of self
-                       var rawargs = args
-                       args = new Array[RuntimeVariable]
-
-                       args.add(rawargs.first) # recv
-
-                       for i in [0..vararg_rank[ do
-                               args.add(rawargs[i+1])
-                       end
-
-                       var vararg_lastrank = vararg_rank + rawargs.length-1-msignature.arity
-                       var vararg = new Array[RuntimeVariable]
-                       for i in [vararg_rank..vararg_lastrank] do
-                               vararg.add(rawargs[i+1])
-                       end
-
-                       var elttype = msignature.mparameters[vararg_rank].mtype
-                       args.add(self.vararg_instance(mpropdef, recv, vararg, elttype))
-
-                       for i in [vararg_lastrank+1..rawargs.length-1[ do
-                               args.add(rawargs[i+1])
-                       end
-                       rawargs.clear
-                       rawargs.add_all(args)
-               end
-       end
-
-       # Type handling
-
-       # Anchor a type to the main module and the current receiver
-       fun anchor(mtype: MType): MType
-       do
-               if not mtype.need_anchor then return mtype
-               return mtype.anchor_to(self.compiler.mainmodule, self.frame.receiver)
-       end
-
-       fun resolve_for(mtype: MType, recv: RuntimeVariable): MType
-       do
-               if not mtype.need_anchor then return mtype
-               return mtype.resolve_for(recv.mcasttype, self.frame.receiver, self.compiler.mainmodule, true)
-       end
-
-       # Unsafely cast a value to a new type
-       # ie the result share the same C variable but my have a different mcasttype
-       # NOTE: if the adaptation is useless then `value` is returned as it.
-       # ENSURE: `result.name == value.name`
-       fun autoadapt(value: RuntimeVariable, mtype: MType): RuntimeVariable
-       do
-               mtype = self.anchor(mtype)
-               var valmtype = value.mcasttype
-               if valmtype.is_subtype(self.compiler.mainmodule, null, mtype) then
-                       return value
-               end
-
-               if valmtype isa MNullableType and valmtype.mtype.is_subtype(self.compiler.mainmodule, null, mtype) then
-                       var res = new RuntimeVariable(value.name, valmtype, valmtype.mtype)
-                       return res
-               else
-                       var res = new RuntimeVariable(value.name, valmtype, mtype)
-                       return res
-               end
-       end
-
-       # Generate a super call from a method definition
-       fun supercall(m: MMethodDef, recvtype: MClassType, args: Array[RuntimeVariable]): nullable RuntimeVariable is abstract
-
-       # Adapt the arguments of a method according to targetted `MMethodDef`
-       fun adapt_signature(m: MMethodDef, args: Array[RuntimeVariable]) is abstract
-
-       # Unbox all the arguments of a method when implemented `extern` or `intern`
-       fun unbox_signature_extern(m: MMethodDef, args: Array[RuntimeVariable]) is abstract
-
-       # Box or unbox a value to another type iff a C type conversion is needed
-       # ENSURE: `result.mtype.ctype == mtype.ctype`
-       fun autobox(value: RuntimeVariable, mtype: MType): RuntimeVariable is abstract
-
-       # Box extern classes to be used in the generated code
-       fun box_extern(value: RuntimeVariable, mtype: MType): RuntimeVariable is abstract
-
-       # Unbox extern classes to be used in extern code (legacy NI and FFI)
-       fun unbox_extern(value: RuntimeVariable, mtype: MType): RuntimeVariable is abstract
-
-       #  Generate a polymorphic subtype test
-       fun type_test(value: RuntimeVariable, mtype: MType, tag: String): RuntimeVariable is abstract
-
-       #  Generate the code required to dynamically check if 2 objects share the same runtime type
-       fun is_same_type_test(value1, value2: RuntimeVariable): RuntimeVariable is abstract
-
-       #  Generate a Nit "is" for two runtime_variables
-       fun equal_test(value1, value2: RuntimeVariable): RuntimeVariable is abstract
-
-       # Sends
-
-       #  Generate a static call on a method definition
-       fun call(m: MMethodDef, recvtype: MClassType, args: Array[RuntimeVariable]): nullable RuntimeVariable is abstract
-
-       #  Generate a polymorphic send for the method `m` and the arguments `args`
-       fun send(m: MMethod, args: Array[RuntimeVariable]): nullable RuntimeVariable is abstract
-
-       # Generate a monomorphic send for the method `m`, the type `t` and the arguments `args`
-       fun monomorphic_send(m: MMethod, t: MType, args: Array[RuntimeVariable]): nullable RuntimeVariable
-       do
-               assert t isa MClassType
-               var propdef = m.lookup_first_definition(self.compiler.mainmodule, t)
-               return self.call(propdef, t, args)
-       end
-
-       # Generate a monomorphic super send from the method `m`, the type `t` and the arguments `args`
-       fun monomorphic_super_send(m: MMethodDef, t: MType, args: Array[RuntimeVariable]): nullable RuntimeVariable
-       do
-               assert t isa MClassType
-               m = m.lookup_next_definition(self.compiler.mainmodule, t)
-               return self.call(m, t, args)
-       end
-
-       # Attributes handling
-
-       # Generate a polymorphic attribute is_set test
-       fun isset_attribute(a: MAttribute, recv: RuntimeVariable): RuntimeVariable is abstract
-
-       # Generate a polymorphic attribute read
-       fun read_attribute(a: MAttribute, recv: RuntimeVariable): RuntimeVariable is abstract
-
-       # Generate a polymorphic attribute write
-       fun write_attribute(a: MAttribute, recv: RuntimeVariable, value: RuntimeVariable) is abstract
-
-       # Checks
-
-       # Add a check and an abort for a null reciever if needed
-       fun check_recv_notnull(recv: RuntimeVariable)
-       do
-               if self.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_check_null.value then return
-
-               var maybenull = recv.mcasttype isa MNullableType or recv.mcasttype isa MNullType
-               if maybenull then
-                       self.add("if (unlikely({recv} == NULL)) \{")
-                       self.add_abort("Receiver is null")
-                       self.add("\}")
-               end
-       end
-
-       # Names handling
-
-       private var names: HashSet[String] = new HashSet[String]
-       private var last: Int = 0
-
-       # Return a new name based on `s` and unique in the visitor
-       fun get_name(s: String): String
-       do
-               if not self.names.has(s) then
-                       self.names.add(s)
-                       return s
-               end
-               var i = self.last + 1
-               loop
-                       var s2 = s + i.to_s
-                       if not self.names.has(s2) then
-                               self.last = i
-                               self.names.add(s2)
-                               return s2
-                       end
-                       i = i + 1
-               end
-       end
-
-       # Return an unique and stable identifier associated with an escapemark
-       fun escapemark_name(e: nullable EscapeMark): String
-       do
-               assert e != null
-               if escapemark_names.has_key(e) then return escapemark_names[e]
-               var name = e.name
-               if name == null then name = "label"
-               name = get_name(name)
-               escapemark_names[e] = name
-               return name
-       end
-
-       private var escapemark_names = new HashMap[EscapeMark, String]
-
-       # Return a "const char*" variable associated to the classname of the dynamic type of an object
-       # NOTE: we do not return a `RuntimeVariable` "NativeString" as the class may not exist in the module/program
-       fun class_name_string(value: RuntimeVariable): String is abstract
-
-       # Variables handling
-
-       protected var variables: HashMap[Variable, RuntimeVariable] = new HashMap[Variable, RuntimeVariable]
-
-       # Return the local runtime_variable associated to a Nit local variable
-       fun variable(variable: Variable): RuntimeVariable
-       do
-               if self.variables.has_key(variable) then
-                       return self.variables[variable]
-               else
-                       var name = self.get_name("var_{variable.name}")
-                       var mtype = variable.declared_type.as(not null)
-                       mtype = self.anchor(mtype)
-                       var res = new RuntimeVariable(name, mtype, mtype)
-                       self.add_decl("{mtype.ctype} {name} /* var {variable}: {mtype} */;")
-                       self.variables[variable] = res
-                       return res
-               end
-       end
-
-       # Return a new uninitialized local runtime_variable
-       fun new_var(mtype: MType): RuntimeVariable
-       do
-               mtype = self.anchor(mtype)
-               var name = self.get_name("var")
-               var res = new RuntimeVariable(name, mtype, mtype)
-               self.add_decl("{mtype.ctype} {name} /* : {mtype} */;")
-               return res
-       end
-
-       # The difference with `new_var` is the C static type of the local variable
-       fun new_var_extern(mtype: MType): RuntimeVariable
-       do
-               mtype = self.anchor(mtype)
-               var name = self.get_name("var")
-               var res = new RuntimeVariable(name, mtype, mtype)
-               self.add_decl("{mtype.ctype_extern} {name} /* : {mtype} for extern */;")
-               return res
-       end
-
-       # Return a new uninitialized named runtime_variable
-       fun new_named_var(mtype: MType, name: String): RuntimeVariable
-       do
-               mtype = self.anchor(mtype)
-               var res = new RuntimeVariable(name, mtype, mtype)
-               self.add_decl("{mtype.ctype} {name} /* : {mtype} */;")
-               return res
-       end
-
-       # Correctly assign a left and a right value
-       # Boxing and unboxing is performed if required
-       fun assign(left, right: RuntimeVariable)
-       do
-               right = self.autobox(right, left.mtype)
-               self.add("{left} = {right};")
-       end
-
-       # Generate instances
-
-       # Generate a alloc-instance + init-attributes
-       fun init_instance(mtype: MClassType): RuntimeVariable is abstract
-
-       # Set a GC finalizer on `recv`, only if `recv` isa Finalizable
-       fun set_finalizer(recv: RuntimeVariable)
-       do
-               var mtype = recv.mtype
-               var finalizable_type = compiler.mainmodule.finalizable_type
-               if finalizable_type != null and not mtype.need_anchor and
-                  mtype.is_subtype(compiler.mainmodule, null, finalizable_type) then
-                       add "gc_register_finalizer({recv});"
-               end
-       end
-
-       # Generate an integer value
-       fun int_instance(value: Int): RuntimeVariable
-       do
-               var res = self.new_var(self.get_class("Int").mclass_type)
-               self.add("{res} = {value};")
-               return res
-       end
-
-       # Generate a string value
-       fun string_instance(string: String): RuntimeVariable
-       do
-               var mtype = self.get_class("String").mclass_type
-               var name = self.get_name("varonce")
-               self.add_decl("static {mtype.ctype} {name};")
-               var res = self.new_var(mtype)
-               self.add("if ({name}) \{")
-               self.add("{res} = {name};")
-               self.add("\} else \{")
-               var native_mtype = self.get_class("NativeString").mclass_type
-               var nat = self.new_var(native_mtype)
-               self.add("{nat} = \"{string.escape_to_c}\";")
-               var length = self.int_instance(string.length)
-               self.add("{res} = {self.send(self.get_property("to_s_with_length", native_mtype), [nat, length]).as(not null)};")
-               self.add("{name} = {res};")
-               self.add("\}")
-               return res
-       end
-
-       # Generate an array value
-       fun array_instance(array: Array[RuntimeVariable], elttype: MType): RuntimeVariable is abstract
-
-       # Get an instance of a array for a vararg
-       fun vararg_instance(mpropdef: MPropDef, recv: RuntimeVariable, varargs: Array[RuntimeVariable], elttype: MType): RuntimeVariable is abstract
-
-       # Code generation
-
-       # Add a line in the main part of the generated C
-       fun add(s: String) do self.writer.lines.add(s)
-
-       # Add a line in the
-       # (used for local or global declaration)
-       fun add_decl(s: String) do self.writer.decl_lines.add(s)
-
-       # Request the presence of a global declaration
-       fun require_declaration(key: String)
-       do
-               var reqs = self.writer.file.required_declarations
-               if reqs.has(key) then return
-               reqs.add(key)
-               var node = current_node
-               if node != null then compiler.requirers_of_declarations[key] = node
-       end
-
-       # Add a declaration in the local-header
-       # The declaration is ensured to be present once
-       fun declare_once(s: String)
-       do
-               self.compiler.provide_declaration(s, s)
-               self.require_declaration(s)
-       end
-
-       # look for a needed .h and .c file for a given .nit source-file
-       # FIXME: bad API, parameter should be a `MModule`, not its source-file
-       fun add_extern(file: String)
-       do
-               file = file.strip_extension(".nit")
-               var tryfile = file + ".nit.h"
-               if tryfile.file_exists then
-                       self.declare_once("#include \"{tryfile.basename("")}\"")
-                       self.compiler.files_to_copy.add(tryfile)
-               end
-               tryfile = file + "_nit.h"
-               if tryfile.file_exists then
-                       self.declare_once("#include \"{tryfile.basename("")}\"")
-                       self.compiler.files_to_copy.add(tryfile)
-               end
-
-               if self.compiler.seen_extern.has(file) then return
-               self.compiler.seen_extern.add(file)
-               tryfile = file + ".nit.c"
-               if not tryfile.file_exists then
-                       tryfile = file + "_nit.c"
-                       if not tryfile.file_exists then return
-               end
-               var f = new ExternCFile(tryfile.basename(""), "")
-               self.compiler.extern_bodies.add(f)
-               self.compiler.files_to_copy.add(tryfile)
-       end
-
-       # Return a new local runtime_variable initialized with the C expression `cexpr`.
-       fun new_expr(cexpr: String, mtype: MType): RuntimeVariable
-       do
-               var res = new_var(mtype)
-               self.add("{res} = {cexpr};")
-               return res
-       end
-
-       # Generate generic abort
-       # used by aborts, asserts, casts, etc.
-       fun add_abort(message: String)
-       do
-               self.add("PRINT_ERROR(\"Runtime error: %s\", \"{message.escape_to_c}\");")
-               add_raw_abort
-       end
-
-       fun add_raw_abort
-       do
-               if self.current_node != null and self.current_node.location.file != null then
-                       self.add("PRINT_ERROR(\" (%s:%d)\\n\", \"{self.current_node.location.file.filename.escape_to_c}\", {current_node.location.line_start});")
-               else
-                       self.add("PRINT_ERROR(\"\\n\");")
-               end
-               self.add("show_backtrace(1);")
-       end
-
-       # Add a dynamic cast
-       fun add_cast(value: RuntimeVariable, mtype: MType, tag: String)
-       do
-               var res = self.type_test(value, mtype, tag)
-               self.add("if (unlikely(!{res})) \{")
-               var cn = self.class_name_string(value)
-               self.add("PRINT_ERROR(\"Runtime error: Cast failed. Expected `%s`, got `%s`\", \"{mtype.to_s.escape_to_c}\", {cn});")
-               self.add_raw_abort
-               self.add("\}")
-       end
-
-       # Generate a return with the value `s`
-       fun ret(s: RuntimeVariable)
-       do
-               self.assign(self.frame.returnvar.as(not null), s)
-               self.add("goto {self.frame.returnlabel.as(not null)};")
-       end
-
-       # Compile a statement (if any)
-       fun stmt(nexpr: nullable AExpr)
-       do
-               if nexpr == null then return
-               var old = self.current_node
-               self.current_node = nexpr
-               nexpr.stmt(self)
-               self.current_node = old
-       end
-
-       # Compile an expression an return its result
-       # `mtype` is the expected return type, pass null if no specific type is expected.
-       fun expr(nexpr: AExpr, mtype: nullable MType): RuntimeVariable
-       do
-               var old = self.current_node
-               self.current_node = nexpr
-               var res = nexpr.expr(self).as(not null)
-               if mtype != null then
-                       mtype = self.anchor(mtype)
-                       res = self.autobox(res, mtype)
-               end
-               res = autoadapt(res, nexpr.mtype.as(not null))
-               var implicit_cast_to = nexpr.implicit_cast_to
-               if implicit_cast_to != null and not self.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_check_autocast.value then
-                       add_cast(res, implicit_cast_to, "auto")
-                       res = autoadapt(res, implicit_cast_to)
-               end
-               self.current_node = old
-               return res
-       end
-
-       # Alias for `self.expr(nexpr, self.bool_type)`
-       fun expr_bool(nexpr: AExpr): RuntimeVariable do return expr(nexpr, bool_type)
-
-       # Safely show a debug message on the current node and repeat the message in the C code as a comment
-       fun debug(message: String)
-       do
-               var node = self.current_node
-               if node == null then
-                       print "?: {message}"
-               else
-                       node.debug(message)
-               end
-               self.add("/* DEBUG: {message} */")
-       end
-end
-
-# A C function associated to a Nit method
-# Because of customization, a given Nit method can be compiler more that once
-abstract class AbstractRuntimeFunction
-
-       type COMPILER: AbstractCompiler
-       type VISITOR: AbstractCompilerVisitor
-
-       # The associated Nit method
-       var mmethoddef: MMethodDef
-
-       # The mangled c name of the runtime_function
-       # Subclasses should redefine `build_c_name` instead
-       fun c_name: String
-       do
-               var res = self.c_name_cache
-               if res != null then return res
-               res = self.build_c_name
-               self.c_name_cache = res
-               return res
-       end
-
-       # Non cached version of `c_name`
-       protected fun build_c_name: String is abstract
-
-       protected var c_name_cache: nullable String writable = null
-
-       # Implements a call of the runtime_function
-       # May inline the body or generate a C function call
-       fun call(v: VISITOR, arguments: Array[RuntimeVariable]): nullable RuntimeVariable is abstract
-
-       # Generate the code for the `AbstractRuntimeFunction`
-       # Warning: compile more than once compilation makes CC unhappy
-       fun compile_to_c(compiler: COMPILER) is abstract
-end
-
-# A runtime variable hold a runtime value in C.
-# Runtime variables are associated to Nit local variables and intermediate results in Nit expressions.
-#
-# The tricky point is that a single C variable can be associated to more than one `RuntimeVariable` because the static knowledge of the type of an expression can vary in the C code.
-class RuntimeVariable
-       # The name of the variable in the C code
-       var name: String
-
-       # The static type of the variable (as declard in C)
-       var mtype: MType
-
-       # The current casted type of the variable (as known in Nit)
-       var mcasttype: MType writable
-
-       # If the variable exaclty a mcasttype?
-       # false (usual value) means that the variable is a mcasttype or a subtype.
-       var is_exact: Bool writable = false
-
-       init(name: String, mtype: MType, mcasttype: MType)
-       do
-               self.name = name
-               self.mtype = mtype
-               self.mcasttype = mcasttype
-               assert not mtype.need_anchor
-               assert not mcasttype.need_anchor
-       end
-
-       redef fun to_s do return name
-
-       redef fun inspect
-       do
-               var exact_str
-               if self.is_exact then
-                       exact_str = " exact"
-               else
-                       exact_str = ""
-               end
-               var type_str
-               if self.mtype == self.mcasttype then
-                       type_str = "{mtype}{exact_str}"
-               else
-                       type_str = "{mtype}({mcasttype}{exact_str})"
-               end
-               return "<{name}:{type_str}>"
-       end
-end
-
-# A frame correspond to a visited property in a `GlobalCompilerVisitor`
-class Frame
-
-       type VISITOR: AbstractCompilerVisitor
-
-       # The associated visitor
-       var visitor: VISITOR
-
-       # The executed property.
-       # A Method in case of a call, an attribute in case of a default initialization.
-       var mpropdef: MPropDef
-
-       # The static type of the receiver
-       var receiver: MClassType
-
-       # Arguments of the method (the first is the receiver)
-       var arguments: Array[RuntimeVariable]
-
-       # The runtime_variable associated to the return (in a function)
-       var returnvar: nullable RuntimeVariable writable = null
-
-       # The label at the end of the property
-       var returnlabel: nullable String writable = null
-end
-
-redef class MType
-       # Return the C type associated to a given Nit static type
-       fun ctype: String do return "val*"
-
-       # C type outside of the compiler code and in boxes
-       fun ctype_extern: String do return "val*"
-
-       # Short name of the `ctype` to use in unions
-       fun ctypename: String do return "val"
-
-       # Return the name of the C structure associated to a Nit live type
-       fun c_name: String is abstract
-       protected var c_name_cache: nullable String protected writable
-end
-
-redef class MClassType
-       redef fun c_name
-       do
-               var res = self.c_name_cache
-               if res != null then return res
-               res = "{mclass.intro_mmodule.name.to_cmangle}__{mclass.name.to_cmangle}"
-               self.c_name_cache = res
-               return res
-       end
-
-       redef fun ctype: String
-       do
-               if mclass.name == "Int" then
-                       return "long"
-               else if mclass.name == "Bool" then
-                       return "short int"
-               else if mclass.name == "Char" then
-                       return "char"
-               else if mclass.name == "Float" then
-                       return "double"
-               else if mclass.name == "NativeString" then
-                       return "char*"
-               else if mclass.name == "NativeArray" then
-                       return "val*"
-               else
-                       return "val*"
-               end
-       end
-
-       redef fun ctype_extern: String
-       do
-               if mclass.kind == extern_kind then
-                       return "void*"
-               else
-                       return ctype
-               end
-       end
-
-       redef fun ctypename: String
-       do
-               if mclass.name == "Int" then
-                       return "l"
-               else if mclass.name == "Bool" then
-                       return "s"
-               else if mclass.name == "Char" then
-                       return "c"
-               else if mclass.name == "Float" then
-                       return "d"
-               else if mclass.name == "NativeString" then
-                       return "str"
-               else if mclass.name == "NativeArray" then
-                       #return "{self.arguments.first.ctype}*"
-                       return "val"
-               else
-                       return "val"
-               end
-       end
-end
-
-redef class MGenericType
-       redef fun c_name
-       do
-               var res = self.c_name_cache
-               if res != null then return res
-               res = super
-               for t in self.arguments do
-                       res = res + t.c_name
-               end
-               self.c_name_cache = res
-               return res
-       end
-end
-
-redef class MParameterType
-       redef fun c_name
-       do
-               var res = self.c_name_cache
-               if res != null then return res
-               res = "{self.mclass.c_name}_FT{self.rank}"
-               self.c_name_cache = res
-               return res
-       end
-end
-
-redef class MVirtualType
-       redef fun c_name
-       do
-               var res = self.c_name_cache
-               if res != null then return res
-               res = "{self.mproperty.intro.mclassdef.mclass.c_name}_VT{self.mproperty.name}"
-               self.c_name_cache = res
-               return res
-       end
-end
-
-redef class MNullableType
-       redef fun c_name
-       do
-               var res = self.c_name_cache
-               if res != null then return res
-               res = "nullable_{self.mtype.c_name}"
-               self.c_name_cache = res
-               return res
-       end
-end
-
-redef class MClass
-       # Return the name of the C structure associated to a Nit class
-       fun c_name: String do
-               var res = self.c_name_cache
-               if res != null then return res
-               res = "{intro_mmodule.name.to_cmangle}__{name.to_cmangle}"
-               self.c_name_cache = res
-               return res
-       end
-       private var c_name_cache: nullable String
-end
-
-redef class MProperty
-       fun c_name: String do
-               var res = self.c_name_cache
-               if res != null then return res
-               res = "{self.intro.c_name}"
-               self.c_name_cache = res
-               return res
-       end
-       private var c_name_cache: nullable String
-end
-
-redef class MPropDef
-       type VISITOR: AbstractCompilerVisitor
-
-       private var c_name_cache: nullable String
-
-       # The mangled name associated to the property
-       fun c_name: String
-       do
-               var res = self.c_name_cache
-               if res != null then return res
-               res = "{self.mclassdef.mmodule.name.to_cmangle}__{self.mclassdef.mclass.name.to_cmangle}__{self.mproperty.name.to_cmangle}"
-               self.c_name_cache = res
-               return res
-       end
-end
-
-redef class MMethodDef
-       # Can the body be inlined?
-       fun can_inline(v: VISITOR): Bool
-       do
-               if is_abstract then return true
-               var modelbuilder = v.compiler.modelbuilder
-               if modelbuilder.mpropdef2npropdef.has_key(self) then
-                       var npropdef = modelbuilder.mpropdef2npropdef[self]
-                       return npropdef.can_inline
-               else if self.mproperty.name == "init" then
-                       # Automatic free init is always inlined since it is empty or contains only attribtes assigments
-                       return true
-               else
-                       abort
-               end
-       end
-
-       # Inline the body in another visitor
-       fun compile_inside_to_c(v: VISITOR, arguments: Array[RuntimeVariable]): nullable RuntimeVariable
-       do
-               var modelbuilder = v.compiler.modelbuilder
-               if modelbuilder.mpropdef2npropdef.has_key(self) then
-                       var npropdef = modelbuilder.mpropdef2npropdef[self]
-                       var oldnode = v.current_node
-                       v.current_node = npropdef
-                       self.compile_parameter_check(v, arguments)
-                       npropdef.compile_to_c(v, self, arguments)
-                       v.current_node = oldnode
-               else if self.mproperty.name == "init" then
-                       var nclassdef = modelbuilder.mclassdef2nclassdef[self.mclassdef]
-                       var oldnode = v.current_node
-                       v.current_node = nclassdef
-                       self.compile_parameter_check(v, arguments)
-                       nclassdef.compile_to_c(v, self, arguments)
-                       v.current_node = oldnode
-               else
-                       abort
-               end
-               return null
-       end
-
-       # Generate type checks in the C code to check covariant parameters
-       fun compile_parameter_check(v: VISITOR, arguments: Array[RuntimeVariable])
-       do
-               if v.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_check_covariance.value then return
-
-               for i in [0..msignature.arity[ do
-                       # skip test for vararg since the array is instantiated with the correct polymorphic type
-                       if msignature.vararg_rank == i then continue
-
-                       # skip if the cast is not required
-                       var origmtype =  self.mproperty.intro.msignature.mparameters[i].mtype
-                       if not origmtype.need_anchor then continue
-
-                       # get the parameter type
-                       var mtype = self.msignature.mparameters[i].mtype
-
-                       # generate the cast
-                       # note that v decides if and how to implements the cast
-                       v.add("/* Covariant cast for argument {i} ({self.msignature.mparameters[i].name}) {arguments[i+1].inspect} isa {mtype} */")
-                       v.add_cast(arguments[i+1], mtype, "covariance")
-               end
-       end
-end
-
-# Node visit
-
-redef class APropdef
-       fun compile_to_c(v: AbstractCompilerVisitor, mpropdef: MMethodDef, arguments: Array[RuntimeVariable])
-       do
-               v.add("PRINT_ERROR(\"NOT YET IMPLEMENTED {class_name} {mpropdef} at {location.to_s}\\n\");")
-               debug("Not yet implemented")
-       end
-
-       fun can_inline: Bool do return true
-end
-
-redef class AMethPropdef
-       redef fun compile_to_c(v, mpropdef, arguments)
-       do
-               if mpropdef.is_abstract then
-                       var cn = v.class_name_string(arguments.first)
-                       v.add("PRINT_ERROR(\"Runtime error: Abstract method `%s` called on `%s`\", \"{mpropdef.mproperty.name.escape_to_c}\", {cn});")
-                       v.add_raw_abort
-                       return
-               end
-
-               # Call the implicit super-init
-               var auto_super_inits = self.auto_super_inits
-               if auto_super_inits != null then
-                       var args = [arguments.first]
-                       for auto_super_init in auto_super_inits do
-                               assert auto_super_init.mproperty != mpropdef.mproperty
-                               args.clear
-                               for i in [0..auto_super_init.msignature.arity+1[ do
-                                       args.add(arguments[i])
-                               end
-                               assert auto_super_init.mproperty != mpropdef.mproperty
-                               v.compile_callsite(auto_super_init, args)
-                       end
-               end
-               if auto_super_call then
-                       v.supercall(mpropdef, arguments.first.mtype.as(MClassType), arguments)
-               end
-
-               var n_block = n_block
-               if n_block != null then
-                       for i in [0..mpropdef.msignature.arity[ do
-                               var variable = self.n_signature.n_params[i].variable.as(not null)
-                               v.assign(v.variable(variable), arguments[i+1])
-                       end
-                       v.stmt(n_block)
-               else if mpropdef.is_intern then
-                       compile_intern_to_c(v, mpropdef, arguments)
-               else if mpropdef.is_extern then
-                       if mpropdef.mproperty.is_init then
-                               compile_externinit_to_c(v, mpropdef, arguments)
-                       else
-                               compile_externmeth_to_c(v, mpropdef, arguments)
-                       end
-               else
-                       abort
-               end
-       end
-
-       redef fun can_inline
-       do
-               if self.auto_super_inits != null then return false
-               var nblock = self.n_block
-               if nblock == null then return true
-               if (mpropdef.mproperty.name == "==" or mpropdef.mproperty.name == "!=") and mpropdef.mclassdef.mclass.name == "Object" then return true
-               if nblock isa ABlockExpr and nblock.n_expr.length == 0 then return true
-               return false
-       end
-
-       fun compile_intern_to_c(v: AbstractCompilerVisitor, mpropdef: MMethodDef, arguments: Array[RuntimeVariable])
-       do
-               var pname = mpropdef.mproperty.name
-               var cname = mpropdef.mclassdef.mclass.name
-               var ret = mpropdef.msignature.return_mtype
-               if ret != null then
-                       ret = v.resolve_for(ret, arguments.first)
-               else if mpropdef.mproperty.is_new then
-                       ret = arguments.first.mcasttype
-               end
-               if pname != "==" and pname != "!=" then
-                       v.adapt_signature(mpropdef, arguments)
-                       v.unbox_signature_extern(mpropdef, arguments)
-               end
-               if cname == "Int" then
-                       if pname == "output" then
-                               v.add("printf(\"%ld\\n\", {arguments.first});")
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "object_id" then
-                               v.ret(arguments.first)
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "+" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} + {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "-" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} - {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "unary -" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("-{arguments[0]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "*" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} * {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "/" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} / {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "%" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} % {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "lshift" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} << {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "rshift" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} >> {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "==" then
-                               v.ret(v.equal_test(arguments[0], arguments[1]))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "!=" then
-                               var res = v.equal_test(arguments[0], arguments[1])
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("!{res}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "<" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} < {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == ">" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} > {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "<=" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} <= {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == ">=" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} >= {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "to_f" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("(double){arguments[0]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "ascii" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       end
-               else if cname == "Char" then
-                       if pname == "output" then
-                               v.add("printf(\"%c\", {arguments.first});")
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "object_id" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("(long){arguments.first}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "successor" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} + {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "predecessor" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} - {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "==" then
-                               v.ret(v.equal_test(arguments[0], arguments[1]))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "!=" then
-                               var res = v.equal_test(arguments[0], arguments[1])
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("!{res}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "<" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} < {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == ">" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} > {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "<=" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} <= {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == ">=" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} >= {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "to_i" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]}-'0'", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "ascii" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("(unsigned char){arguments[0]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       end
-               else if cname == "Bool" then
-                       if pname == "output" then
-                               v.add("printf({arguments.first}?\"true\\n\":\"false\\n\");")
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "object_id" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("(long){arguments.first}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "==" then
-                               v.ret(v.equal_test(arguments[0], arguments[1]))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "!=" then
-                               var res = v.equal_test(arguments[0], arguments[1])
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("!{res}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       end
-               else if cname == "Float" then
-                       if pname == "output" then
-                               v.add("printf(\"%f\\n\", {arguments.first});")
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "object_id" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("(double){arguments.first}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "+" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} + {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "-" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} - {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "unary -" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("-{arguments[0]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "succ" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]}+1", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "prec" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]}-1", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "*" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} * {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "/" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} / {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "==" then
-                               v.ret(v.equal_test(arguments[0], arguments[1]))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "!=" then
-                               var res = v.equal_test(arguments[0], arguments[1])
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("!{res}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "<" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} < {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == ">" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} > {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "<=" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} <= {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == ">=" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} >= {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "to_i" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("(long){arguments[0]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       end
-               else if cname == "NativeString" then
-                       if pname == "[]" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]}[{arguments[1]}]", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "[]=" then
-                               v.add("{arguments[0]}[{arguments[1]}]={arguments[2]};")
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "copy_to" then
-                               v.add("memmove({arguments[1]}+{arguments[4]},{arguments[0]}+{arguments[3]},{arguments[2]});")
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "atoi" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("atoi({arguments[0]});", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "init" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("(char*)nit_alloc({arguments[1]})", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       end
-               else if cname == "NativeArray" then
-                       v.native_array_def(pname, ret, arguments)
-                       return
-               end
-               if pname == "exit" then
-                       v.add("exit({arguments[1]});")
-                       return
-               else if pname == "sys" then
-                       v.ret(v.new_expr("glob_sys", ret.as(not null)))
-                       return
-               else if pname == "calloc_string" then
-                       v.ret(v.new_expr("(char*)nit_alloc({arguments[1]})", ret.as(not null)))
-                       return
-               else if pname == "calloc_array" then
-                       v.calloc_array(ret.as(not null), arguments)
-                       return
-               else if pname == "object_id" then
-                       v.ret(v.new_expr("(long){arguments.first}", ret.as(not null)))
-                       return
-               else if pname == "is_same_type" then
-                       v.ret(v.is_same_type_test(arguments[0], arguments[1]))
-                       return
-               else if pname == "is_same_instance" then
-                       v.ret(v.equal_test(arguments[0], arguments[1]))
-                       return
-               else if pname == "output_class_name" then
-                       var nat = v.class_name_string(arguments.first)
-                       v.add("printf(\"%s\\n\", {nat});")
-                       return
-               else if pname == "native_class_name" then
-                       var nat = v.class_name_string(arguments.first)
-                       v.ret(v.new_expr("(char*){nat}", ret.as(not null)))
-                       return
-               else if pname == "force_garbage_collection" then
-                       v.add("nit_gcollect();")
-                       return
-               else if pname == "native_argc" then
-                       v.ret(v.new_expr("glob_argc", ret.as(not null)))
-                       return
-               else if pname == "native_argv" then
-                       v.ret(v.new_expr("glob_argv[{arguments[1]}]", ret.as(not null)))
-                       return
-               end
-               v.add("PRINT_ERROR(\"NOT YET IMPLEMENTED {class_name}:{mpropdef} at {location.to_s}\\n\");")
-               debug("Not implemented {mpropdef}")
-       end
-
-       fun compile_externmeth_to_c(v: AbstractCompilerVisitor, mpropdef: MMethodDef, arguments: Array[RuntimeVariable])
-       do
-               var externname
-               var nextern = self.n_extern
-               if nextern == null then
-                       v.add("PRINT_ERROR(\"NOT YET IMPLEMENTED nitni for {mpropdef} at {location.to_s}\\n\");")
-                       v.add("show_backtrace(1);")
-                       return
-               end
-               externname = nextern.text.substring(1, nextern.text.length-2)
-               if location.file != null then
-                       var file = location.file.filename
-                       v.add_extern(file)
-               end
-               var res: nullable RuntimeVariable = null
-               var ret = mpropdef.msignature.return_mtype
-               if ret != null then
-                       ret = v.resolve_for(ret, arguments.first)
-                       res = v.new_var_extern(ret)
-               end
-               v.adapt_signature(mpropdef, arguments)
-               v.unbox_signature_extern(mpropdef, arguments)
-
-               if res == null then
-                       v.add("{externname}({arguments.join(", ")});")
-               else
-                       v.add("{res} = {externname}({arguments.join(", ")});")
-                       res = v.box_extern(res, ret.as(not null))
-                       v.ret(res)
-               end
-       end
-
-       fun compile_externinit_to_c(v: AbstractCompilerVisitor, mpropdef: MMethodDef, arguments: Array[RuntimeVariable])
-       do
-               var externname
-               var nextern = self.n_extern
-               if nextern == null then
-                       v.add("PRINT_ERROR(\"NOT YET IMPLEMENTED nitni for {mpropdef} at {location.to_s}\\n\");")
-                       v.add("show_backtrace(1);")
-                       return
-               end
-               externname = nextern.text.substring(1, nextern.text.length-2)
-               if location.file != null then
-                       var file = location.file.filename
-                       v.add_extern(file)
-               end
-               v.adapt_signature(mpropdef, arguments)
-               v.unbox_signature_extern(mpropdef, arguments)
-               var ret = arguments.first.mtype
-               var res = v.new_var_extern(ret)
-
-               arguments.shift
-
-               v.add("{res} = {externname}({arguments.join(", ")});")
-               res = v.box_extern(res, ret)
-               v.ret(res)
-       end
-end
-
-redef class AAttrPropdef
-       redef fun compile_to_c(v, mpropdef, arguments)
-       do
-               if mpropdef == mreadpropdef then
-                       assert arguments.length == 1
-                       var res
-                       if is_lazy then
-                               var nexpr = n_expr
-                               assert nexpr != null
-                               var set
-                               var ret = self.mpropdef.static_mtype
-                               var useiset = ret.ctype == "val*" and not ret isa MNullableType
-                               var guard = self.mlazypropdef.mproperty
-                               if useiset then
-                                       set = v.isset_attribute(self.mpropdef.mproperty, arguments.first)
-                               else
-                                       set = v.read_attribute(guard, arguments.first)
-                               end
-                               v.add("if(likely({set})) \{")
-                               res = v.read_attribute(self.mpropdef.mproperty, arguments.first)
-                               v.add("\} else \{")
-                               var value = v.expr(nexpr, self.mpropdef.static_mtype)
-                               v.write_attribute(self.mpropdef.mproperty, arguments.first, value)
-                               v.assign(res, value)
-                               if not useiset then
-                                       var true_v = v.new_expr("1", v.bool_type)
-                                       v.write_attribute(guard, arguments.first, true_v)
-                               end
-                               v.add("\}")
-                       else
-                               res = v.read_attribute(self.mpropdef.mproperty, arguments.first)
-                       end
-                       v.assign(v.frame.returnvar.as(not null), res)
-               else if mpropdef == mwritepropdef then
-                       assert arguments.length == 2
-                       v.write_attribute(self.mpropdef.mproperty, arguments.first, arguments[1])
-                       if is_lazy then
-                               var ret = self.mpropdef.static_mtype
-                               var useiset = ret.ctype == "val*" and not ret isa MNullableType
-                               if not useiset then
-                                       v.write_attribute(self.mlazypropdef.mproperty, arguments.first, v.new_expr("1", v.bool_type))
-                               end
-                       end
-               else
-                       abort
-               end
-       end
-
-       fun init_expr(v: AbstractCompilerVisitor, recv: RuntimeVariable)
-       do
-               var nexpr = self.n_expr
-               if nexpr != null and not is_lazy then
-                       var oldnode = v.current_node
-                       v.current_node = self
-                       var old_frame = v.frame
-                       var frame = new Frame(v, self.mpropdef.as(not null), recv.mtype.as(MClassType), [recv])
-                       v.frame = frame
-                       var value = v.expr(nexpr, self.mpropdef.static_mtype)
-                       v.write_attribute(self.mpropdef.mproperty, recv, value)
-                       v.frame = old_frame
-                       v.current_node = oldnode
-               end
-       end
-
-       fun check_expr(v: AbstractCompilerVisitor, recv: RuntimeVariable)
-       do
-               var nexpr = self.n_expr
-               if nexpr != null then return
-
-               var oldnode = v.current_node
-               v.current_node = self
-               var old_frame = v.frame
-               var frame = new Frame(v, self.mpropdef.as(not null), recv.mtype.as(MClassType), [recv])
-               v.frame = frame
-               # Force read to check the initialization
-               v.read_attribute(self.mpropdef.mproperty, recv)
-               v.frame = old_frame
-               v.current_node = oldnode
-       end
-end
-
-redef class AClassdef
-       private fun compile_to_c(v: AbstractCompilerVisitor, mpropdef: MMethodDef, arguments: Array[RuntimeVariable])
-       do
-               if mpropdef == self.mfree_init then
-                       if mpropdef.mproperty.is_root_init then
-                               assert self.super_inits == null
-                               assert arguments.length == 1
-                               if not mpropdef.is_intro then
-                                       v.supercall(mpropdef, arguments.first.mtype.as(MClassType), arguments)
-                               end
-                               return
-                       end
-
-                       var super_inits = self.super_inits
-                       if super_inits != null then
-                               var args_of_super = arguments
-                               if arguments.length > 1 then args_of_super = [arguments.first]
-                               for su in super_inits do
-                                       v.send(su, args_of_super)
-                               end
-                       end
-
-                       var recv = arguments.first
-                       var i = 1
-                       # Collect undefined attributes
-                       for npropdef in self.n_propdefs do
-                               if npropdef isa AAttrPropdef and npropdef.n_expr == null and not npropdef.noinit then
-                                       v.write_attribute(npropdef.mpropdef.mproperty, recv, arguments[i])
-                                       i += 1
-                               end
-                       end
-               else
-                       abort
-               end
-       end
-end
-
-redef class AExpr
-       # Try to compile self as an expression
-       # Do not call this method directly, use `v.expr` instead
-       private fun expr(v: AbstractCompilerVisitor): nullable RuntimeVariable
-       do
-               v.add("PRINT_ERROR(\"NOT YET IMPLEMENTED {class_name}:{location.to_s}\\n\");")
-               var mtype = self.mtype
-               if mtype == null then
-                       return null
-               else
-                       var res = v.new_var(mtype)
-                       v.add("/* {res} = NOT YET {class_name} */")
-                       return res
-               end
-       end
-
-       # Try to compile self as a statement
-       # Do not call this method directly, use `v.stmt` instead
-       private fun stmt(v: AbstractCompilerVisitor)
-       do
-               var res = expr(v)
-               if res != null then v.add("{res};")
-       end
-end
-
-redef class ABlockExpr
-       redef fun stmt(v)
-       do
-               for e in self.n_expr do v.stmt(e)
-       end
-       redef fun expr(v)
-       do
-               var last = self.n_expr.last
-               for e in self.n_expr do
-                       if e == last then break
-                       v.stmt(e)
-               end
-               return v.expr(last, null)
-       end
-end
-
-redef class AVardeclExpr
-       redef fun stmt(v)
-       do
-               var variable = self.variable.as(not null)
-               var ne = self.n_expr
-               if ne != null then
-                       var i = v.expr(ne, variable.declared_type)
-                       v.assign(v.variable(variable), i)
-               end
-       end
-end
-
-redef class AVarExpr
-       redef fun expr(v)
-       do
-               var res = v.variable(self.variable.as(not null))
-               var mtype = self.mtype.as(not null)
-               return v.autoadapt(res, mtype)
-       end
-end
-
-redef class AVarAssignExpr
-       redef fun stmt(v)
-       do
-               var variable = self.variable.as(not null)
-               var i = v.expr(self.n_value, variable.declared_type)
-               v.assign(v.variable(variable), i)
-       end
-       redef fun expr(v)
-       do
-               var variable = self.variable.as(not null)
-               var i = v.expr(self.n_value, variable.declared_type)
-               v.assign(v.variable(variable), i)
-               return i
-       end
-end
-
-redef class AVarReassignExpr
-       redef fun stmt(v)
-       do
-               var variable = self.variable.as(not null)
-               var vari = v.variable(variable)
-               var value = v.expr(self.n_value, variable.declared_type)
-               var res = v.compile_callsite(self.reassign_callsite.as(not null), [vari, value])
-               assert res != null
-               v.assign(v.variable(variable), res)
-       end
-end
-
-redef class ASelfExpr
-       redef fun expr(v) do return v.frame.arguments.first
-end
-
-redef class AContinueExpr
-       redef fun stmt(v) do v.add("goto CONTINUE_{v.escapemark_name(self.escapemark)};")
-end
-
-redef class ABreakExpr
-       redef fun stmt(v) do v.add("goto BREAK_{v.escapemark_name(self.escapemark)};")
-end
-
-redef class AReturnExpr
-       redef fun stmt(v)
-       do
-               var nexpr = self.n_expr
-               if nexpr != null then
-                       var returnvar = v.frame.returnvar.as(not null)
-                       var i = v.expr(nexpr, returnvar.mtype)
-                       v.assign(returnvar, i)
-               end
-               v.add("goto {v.frame.returnlabel.as(not null)};")
-       end
-end
-
-redef class AAbortExpr
-       redef fun stmt(v) do v.add_abort("Aborted")
-end
-
-redef class AIfExpr
-       redef fun stmt(v)
-       do
-               var cond = v.expr_bool(self.n_expr)
-               v.add("if ({cond})\{")
-               v.stmt(self.n_then)
-               v.add("\} else \{")
-               v.stmt(self.n_else)
-               v.add("\}")
-       end
-
-       redef fun expr(v)
-       do
-               var res = v.new_var(self.mtype.as(not null))
-               var cond = v.expr_bool(self.n_expr)
-               v.add("if ({cond})\{")
-               v.assign(res, v.expr(self.n_then.as(not null), null))
-               v.add("\} else \{")
-               v.assign(res, v.expr(self.n_else.as(not null), null))
-               v.add("\}")
-               return res
-       end
-end
-
-redef class AIfexprExpr
-       redef fun expr(v)
-       do
-               var res = v.new_var(self.mtype.as(not null))
-               var cond = v.expr_bool(self.n_expr)
-               v.add("if ({cond})\{")
-               v.assign(res, v.expr(self.n_then, null))
-               v.add("\} else \{")
-               v.assign(res, v.expr(self.n_else, null))
-               v.add("\}")
-               return res
-       end
-end
-
-redef class ADoExpr
-       redef fun stmt(v)
-       do
-               v.stmt(self.n_block)
-               var escapemark = self.escapemark
-               if escapemark != null then
-                       v.add("BREAK_{v.escapemark_name(escapemark)}: (void)0;")
-               end
-       end
-end
-
-redef class AWhileExpr
-       redef fun stmt(v)
-       do
-               v.add("for(;;) \{")
-               var cond = v.expr_bool(self.n_expr)
-               v.add("if (!{cond}) break;")
-               v.stmt(self.n_block)
-               v.add("CONTINUE_{v.escapemark_name(escapemark)}: (void)0;")
-               v.add("\}")
-               v.add("BREAK_{v.escapemark_name(escapemark)}: (void)0;")
-       end
-end
-
-redef class ALoopExpr
-       redef fun stmt(v)
-       do
-               v.add("for(;;) \{")
-               v.stmt(self.n_block)
-               v.add("CONTINUE_{v.escapemark_name(escapemark)}: (void)0;")
-               v.add("\}")
-               v.add("BREAK_{v.escapemark_name(escapemark)}: (void)0;")
-       end
-end
-
-redef class AForExpr
-       redef fun stmt(v)
-       do
-               # Shortcut on explicit range
-               # Avoid the instantiation of the range and the iterator
-               var nexpr = self.n_expr
-               if self.variables.length == 1 and nexpr isa ARangeExpr and not v.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_shortcut_range.value then
-                       var from = v.expr(nexpr.n_expr, null)
-                       var to = v.expr(nexpr.n_expr2, null)
-                       var variable = v.variable(variables.first)
-                       var one = v.new_expr("1", v.get_class("Int").mclass_type)
-
-                       v.assign(variable, from)
-                       v.add("for(;;) \{ /* shortcut range */")
-
-                       var ok
-                       if nexpr isa AOrangeExpr then
-                               ok = v.send(v.get_property("<", variable.mtype), [variable, to])
-                       else
-                               ok = v.send(v.get_property("<=", variable.mtype), [variable, to])
-                       end
-                       assert ok != null
-                       v.add("if(!{ok}) break;")
-
-                       v.stmt(self.n_block)
-
-                       v.add("CONTINUE_{v.escapemark_name(escapemark)}: (void)0;")
-                       var succ = v.send(v.get_property("successor", variable.mtype), [variable, one])
-                       assert succ != null
-                       v.assign(variable, succ)
-                       v.add("\}")
-                       v.add("BREAK_{v.escapemark_name(escapemark)}: (void)0;")
-                       return
-               end
-
-               var cl = v.expr(self.n_expr, null)
-               var it_meth = self.method_iterator
-               assert it_meth != null
-               var it = v.compile_callsite(it_meth, [cl])
-               assert it != null
-               v.add("for(;;) \{")
-               var isok_meth = self.method_is_ok
-               assert isok_meth != null
-               var ok = v.compile_callsite(isok_meth, [it])
-               assert ok != null
-               v.add("if(!{ok}) break;")
-               if self.variables.length == 1 then
-                       var item_meth = self.method_item
-                       assert item_meth != null
-                       var i = v.compile_callsite(item_meth, [it])
-                       assert i != null
-                       v.assign(v.variable(variables.first), i)
-               else if self.variables.length == 2 then
-                       var key_meth = self.method_key
-                       assert key_meth != null
-                       var i = v.compile_callsite(key_meth, [it])
-                       assert i != null
-                       v.assign(v.variable(variables[0]), i)
-                       var item_meth = self.method_item
-                       assert item_meth != null
-                       i = v.compile_callsite(item_meth, [it])
-                       assert i != null
-                       v.assign(v.variable(variables[1]), i)
-               else
-                       abort
-               end
-               v.stmt(self.n_block)
-               v.add("CONTINUE_{v.escapemark_name(escapemark)}: (void)0;")
-               var next_meth = self.method_next
-               assert next_meth != null
-               v.compile_callsite(next_meth, [it])
-               v.add("\}")
-               v.add("BREAK_{v.escapemark_name(escapemark)}: (void)0;")
-       end
-end
-
-redef class AAssertExpr
-       redef fun stmt(v)
-       do
-               if v.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_check_assert.value then return
-
-               var cond = v.expr_bool(self.n_expr)
-               v.add("if (unlikely(!{cond})) \{")
-               v.stmt(self.n_else)
-               var nid = self.n_id
-               if nid != null then
-                       v.add_abort("Assert '{nid.text}' failed")
-               else
-                       v.add_abort("Assert failed")
-               end
-               v.add("\}")
-       end
-end
-
-redef class AOrExpr
-       redef fun expr(v)
-       do
-               var res = v.new_var(self.mtype.as(not null))
-               var i1 = v.expr_bool(self.n_expr)
-               v.add("if ({i1}) \{")
-               v.add("{res} = 1;")
-               v.add("\} else \{")
-               var i2 = v.expr_bool(self.n_expr2)
-               v.add("{res} = {i2};")
-               v.add("\}")
-               return res
-       end
-end
-
-redef class AImpliesExpr
-       redef fun expr(v)
-       do
-               var res = v.new_var(self.mtype.as(not null))
-               var i1 = v.expr_bool(self.n_expr)
-               v.add("if (!{i1}) \{")
-               v.add("{res} = 1;")
-               v.add("\} else \{")
-               var i2 = v.expr_bool(self.n_expr2)
-               v.add("{res} = {i2};")
-               v.add("\}")
-               return res
-       end
-end
-
-redef class AAndExpr
-       redef fun expr(v)
-       do
-               var res = v.new_var(self.mtype.as(not null))
-               var i1 = v.expr_bool(self.n_expr)
-               v.add("if (!{i1}) \{")
-               v.add("{res} = 0;")
-               v.add("\} else \{")
-               var i2 = v.expr_bool(self.n_expr2)
-               v.add("{res} = {i2};")
-               v.add("\}")
-               return res
-       end
-end
-
-redef class ANotExpr
-       redef fun expr(v)
-       do
-               var cond = v.expr_bool(self.n_expr)
-               return v.new_expr("!{cond}", self.mtype.as(not null))
-       end
-end
-
-redef class AOrElseExpr
-       redef fun expr(v)
-       do
-               var res = v.new_var(self.mtype.as(not null))
-               var i1 = v.expr(self.n_expr, null)
-               v.add("if ({i1}!=NULL) \{")
-               v.assign(res, i1)
-               v.add("\} else \{")
-               var i2 = v.expr(self.n_expr2, null)
-               v.assign(res, i2)
-               v.add("\}")
-               return res
-       end
-end
-
-redef class AIntExpr
-       redef fun expr(v) do return v.new_expr("{self.value.to_s}", self.mtype.as(not null))
-end
-
-redef class AFloatExpr
-       redef fun expr(v) do return v.new_expr("{self.n_float.text}", self.mtype.as(not null)) # FIXME use value, not n_float
-end
-
-redef class ACharExpr
-       redef fun expr(v) do return v.new_expr("'{self.value.to_s.escape_to_c}'", self.mtype.as(not null))
-end
-
-redef class AArrayExpr
-       redef fun expr(v)
-       do
-               var mtype = self.mtype.as(MClassType).arguments.first
-               var array = new Array[RuntimeVariable]
-               for nexpr in self.n_exprs.n_exprs do
-                       var i = v.expr(nexpr, mtype)
-                       array.add(i)
-               end
-               return v.array_instance(array, mtype)
-       end
-end
-
-redef class AStringFormExpr
-       redef fun expr(v) do return v.string_instance(self.value.as(not null))
-end
-
-redef class ASuperstringExpr
-       redef fun expr(v)
-       do
-               var array = new Array[RuntimeVariable]
-               for ne in self.n_exprs do
-                       if ne isa AStringFormExpr and ne.value == "" then continue # skip empty sub-strings
-                       var i = v.expr(ne, null)
-                       array.add(i)
-               end
-               var a = v.array_instance(array, v.object_type)
-               var res = v.send(v.get_property("to_s", a.mtype), [a])
-               return res
-       end
-end
-
-redef class ACrangeExpr
-       redef fun expr(v)
-       do
-               var i1 = v.expr(self.n_expr, null)
-               var i2 = v.expr(self.n_expr2, null)
-               var mtype = self.mtype.as(MClassType)
-               var res = v.init_instance(mtype)
-               var it = v.compile_callsite(init_callsite.as(not null), [res, i1, i2])
-               return res
-       end
-end
-
-redef class AOrangeExpr
-       redef fun expr(v)
-       do
-               var i1 = v.expr(self.n_expr, null)
-               var i2 = v.expr(self.n_expr2, null)
-               var mtype = self.mtype.as(MClassType)
-               var res = v.init_instance(mtype)
-               var it = v.compile_callsite(init_callsite.as(not null), [res, i1, i2])
-               return res
-       end
-end
-
-redef class ATrueExpr
-       redef fun expr(v) do return v.new_expr("1", self.mtype.as(not null))
-end
-
-redef class AFalseExpr
-       redef fun expr(v) do return v.new_expr("0", self.mtype.as(not null))
-end
-
-redef class ANullExpr
-       redef fun expr(v) do return v.new_expr("NULL", self.mtype.as(not null))
-end
-
-redef class AIsaExpr
-       redef fun expr(v)
-       do
-               var i = v.expr(self.n_expr, null)
-               return v.type_test(i, self.cast_type.as(not null), "isa")
-       end
-end
-
-redef class AAsCastExpr
-       redef fun expr(v)
-       do
-               var i = v.expr(self.n_expr, null)
-               if v.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_check_assert.value then return i
-
-               v.add_cast(i, self.mtype.as(not null), "as")
-               return i
-       end
-end
-
-redef class AAsNotnullExpr
-       redef fun expr(v)
-       do
-               var i = v.expr(self.n_expr, null)
-               if v.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_check_assert.value then return i
-
-               if i.mtype.ctype != "val*" then return i
-
-               v.add("if (unlikely({i} == NULL)) \{")
-               v.add_abort("Cast failed")
-               v.add("\}")
-               return i
-       end
-end
-
-redef class AParExpr
-       redef fun expr(v) do return v.expr(self.n_expr, null)
-end
-
-redef class AOnceExpr
-       redef fun expr(v)
-       do
-               var mtype = self.mtype.as(not null)
-               var name = v.get_name("varonce")
-               var guard = v.get_name(name + "_guard")
-               v.add_decl("static {mtype.ctype} {name};")
-               v.add_decl("static int {guard};")
-               var res = v.new_var(mtype)
-               v.add("if ({guard}) \{")
-               v.add("{res} = {name};")
-               v.add("\} else \{")
-               var i = v.expr(self.n_expr, mtype)
-               v.add("{res} = {i};")
-               v.add("{name} = {res};")
-               v.add("{guard} = 1;")
-               v.add("\}")
-               return res
-       end
-end
-
-redef class ASendExpr
-       redef fun expr(v)
-       do
-               var recv = v.expr(self.n_expr, null)
-               var args = [recv]
-               for a in self.raw_arguments do
-                       args.add(v.expr(a, null))
-               end
-               return v.compile_callsite(self.callsite.as(not null), args)
-       end
-end
-
-redef class ASendReassignFormExpr
-       redef fun stmt(v)
-       do
-               var recv = v.expr(self.n_expr, null)
-               var args = [recv]
-               for a in self.raw_arguments do
-                       args.add(v.expr(a, null))
-               end
-               var value = v.expr(self.n_value, null)
-
-               var left = v.compile_callsite(self.callsite.as(not null), args)
-               assert left != null
-
-               var res = v.compile_callsite(self.reassign_callsite.as(not null), [left, value])
-               assert res != null
-
-               args.add(res)
-               v.compile_callsite(self.write_callsite.as(not null), args)
-       end
-end
-
-redef class ASuperExpr
-       redef fun expr(v)
-       do
-               var recv = v.frame.arguments.first
-               var args = [recv]
-               for a in self.n_args.n_exprs do
-                       args.add(v.expr(a, null))
-               end
-
-               var callsite = self.callsite
-               if callsite != null then
-                       # Add additionnals arguments for the super init call
-                       if args.length == 1 then
-                               for i in [0..callsite.msignature.arity[ do
-                                       args.add(v.frame.arguments[i+1])
-                               end
-                       end
-                       # Super init call
-                       var res = v.compile_callsite(callsite, args)
-                       return res
-               end
-
-               if args.length == 1 then
-                       args = v.frame.arguments
-               end
-
-               # stantard call-next-method
-               return v.supercall(mpropdef.as(not null), recv.mtype.as(MClassType), args)
-       end
-end
-
-redef class ANewExpr
-       redef fun expr(v)
-       do
-               var mtype = self.mtype.as(MClassType)
-               var recv
-               var ctype = mtype.ctype
-               if mtype.mclass.name == "NativeArray" then
-                       assert self.n_args.n_exprs.length == 1
-                       var l = v.expr(self.n_args.n_exprs.first, null)
-                       assert mtype isa MGenericType
-                       var elttype = mtype.arguments.first
-                       return v.native_array_instance(elttype, l)
-               else if ctype == "val*" then
-                       recv = v.init_instance(mtype)
-               else if ctype == "char*" then
-                       recv = v.new_expr("NULL/*special!*/", mtype)
-               else
-                       recv = v.new_expr("({ctype})0/*special!*/", mtype)
-               end
-               var args = [recv]
-               for a in self.n_args.n_exprs do
-                       args.add(v.expr(a, null))
-               end
-               var res2 = v.compile_callsite(self.callsite.as(not null), args)
-               if res2 != null then
-                       #self.debug("got {res2} from {mproperty}. drop {recv}")
-                       return res2
-               end
-               return recv
-       end
-end
-
-redef class AAttrExpr
-       redef fun expr(v)
-       do
-               var recv = v.expr(self.n_expr, null)
-               var mproperty = self.mproperty.as(not null)
-               return v.read_attribute(mproperty, recv)
-       end
-end
-
-redef class AAttrAssignExpr
-       redef fun stmt(v)
-       do
-               var recv = v.expr(self.n_expr, null)
-               var i = v.expr(self.n_value, null)
-               var mproperty = self.mproperty.as(not null)
-               v.write_attribute(mproperty, recv, i)
-       end
-end
-
-redef class AAttrReassignExpr
-       redef fun stmt(v)
-       do
-               var recv = v.expr(self.n_expr, null)
-               var value = v.expr(self.n_value, null)
-               var mproperty = self.mproperty.as(not null)
-               var attr = v.read_attribute(mproperty, recv)
-               var res = v.compile_callsite(self.reassign_callsite.as(not null), [attr, value])
-               assert res != null
-               v.write_attribute(mproperty, recv, res)
-       end
-end
-
-redef class AIssetAttrExpr
-       redef fun expr(v)
-       do
-               var recv = v.expr(self.n_expr, null)
-               var mproperty = self.mproperty.as(not null)
-               return v.isset_attribute(mproperty, recv)
-       end
-end
-
-redef class ADebugTypeExpr
-       redef fun stmt(v)
-       do
-               # do nothing
-       end
-end
-
-# Utils
-
-redef class Array[E]
-       # Return a new `Array` with the elements only contened in self and not in `o`
-       fun -(o: Array[E]): Array[E] do
-               var res = new Array[E]
-               for e in self do if not o.has(e) then res.add(e)
-               return res
-       end
-end
-
-redef class MModule
-       # All `MProperty` associated to all `MClassDef` of `mclass`
-       fun properties(mclass: MClass): Set[MProperty] do
-               if not self.properties_cache.has_key(mclass) then
-                       var properties = new HashSet[MProperty]
-                       var parents = new Array[MClass]
-                       if self.flatten_mclass_hierarchy.has(mclass) then
-                               parents.add_all(mclass.in_hierarchy(self).direct_greaters)
-                       end
-                       for parent in parents do
-                               properties.add_all(self.properties(parent))
-                       end
-                       for mclassdef in mclass.mclassdefs do
-                               if not self.in_importation <= mclassdef.mmodule then continue
-                               for mprop in mclassdef.intro_mproperties do
-                                       properties.add(mprop)
-                               end
-                       end
-                       self.properties_cache[mclass] = properties
-               end
-               return properties_cache[mclass]
-       end
-       private var properties_cache: Map[MClass, Set[MProperty]] = new HashMap[MClass, Set[MProperty]]
-
-       # Write FFI and nitni results to file
-       fun finalize_ffi(c: AbstractCompiler) do end
-
-       # Give requided addinional system libraries (as given to LD_LIBS)
-       # Note: can return null instead of an empty set
-       fun collect_linker_libs: nullable Set[String] do return null
-end
-
-# Create a tool context to handle options and paths
-var toolcontext = new ToolContext
-
-var opt_mixins = new OptionArray("Additionals module to min-in", "-m")
-toolcontext.option_context.add_option(opt_mixins)
-
-toolcontext.tooldescription = "Usage: nitg [OPTION]... file.nit...\nCompiles Nit programs."
-
-# We do not add other options, so process them now!
-toolcontext.process_options(args)
-
-# We need a model to collect stufs
-var model = new Model
-# An a model builder to parse files
-var modelbuilder = new ModelBuilder(model, toolcontext)
-
-var arguments = toolcontext.option_context.rest
-if arguments.length > 1 and toolcontext.opt_output.value != null then
-       print "Error: --output needs a single source file. Do you prefer --dir?"
-       exit 1
-end
-
-# Here we load an process all modules passed on the command line
-var mmodules = modelbuilder.parse(arguments)
-var mixins = modelbuilder.parse(opt_mixins.value)
-
-if mmodules.is_empty then return
-modelbuilder.run_phases
-
-for mmodule in mmodules do
-       toolcontext.info("*** PROCESS {mmodule} ***", 1)
-       var ms = [mmodule]
-       if not mixins.is_empty then
-               ms.add_all mixins
-       end
-       toolcontext.run_global_phases(ms)
-end
-