nitg: add GlobalCompiler::new_file
[nit.git] / src / separate_compiler.nit
index ef1a3b7..612c22d 100644 (file)
@@ -17,60 +17,59 @@ module separate_compiler
 
 
 import global_compiler # TODO better separation of concerns
-intrude import coloring
+import coloring
+
 redef class ToolContext
        # --separate
        var opt_separate: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Use separate compilation", "--separate")
 
+       # --no-inline-intern
+       var opt_no_inline_intern: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Do not inline call to intern methods", "--no-inline-intern")
+
+       # --no-union-attribute
+       var opt_no_union_attribute: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Put primitive attibutes in a box instead of an union", "--no-union-attribute")
+
+       # --no-shortcut-equate
+       var opt_no_shortcut_equate: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Always call == in a polymorphic way", "--no-shortcut-equal")
+
+       # --inline-coloring-numbers
+       var opt_inline_coloring_numbers: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Inline colors and ids", "--inline-coloring-numbers")
+
+       # --use-naive-coloring
+       var opt_bm_typing: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Colorize items incrementaly, used to simulate binary matrix typing", "--bm-typing")
+
+       # --use-mod-perfect-hashing
+       var opt_phmod_typing: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Replace coloration by perfect hashing (with mod operator)", "--phmod-typing")
+
+       # --use-and-perfect-hashing
+       var opt_phand_typing: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Replace coloration by perfect hashing (with and operator)", "--phand-typing")
+
+       # --generic-resolution-tree
+       var opt_generic_tree: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Use tree representation for live generic types instead of flattened representation", "--generic-resolution-tree")
+
        redef init
        do
                super
                self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_separate)
+               self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_no_inline_intern)
+               self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_no_union_attribute)
+               self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_no_shortcut_equate)
+               self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_inline_coloring_numbers)
+               self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_bm_typing)
+               self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_phmod_typing)
+               self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_phand_typing)
+               self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_generic_tree)
        end
 end
 
 redef class ModelBuilder
-       redef fun run_global_compiler(mainmodule: MModule, runtime_type_analysis: RapidTypeAnalysis)
-       do
-               # Hijack the run_global_compiler to run the separate one if requested.
-               if self.toolcontext.opt_separate.value then
-                       run_separate_compiler(mainmodule, runtime_type_analysis)
-               else
-                       super
-               end
-       end
-
        fun run_separate_compiler(mainmodule: MModule, runtime_type_analysis: RapidTypeAnalysis)
        do
                var time0 = get_time
                self.toolcontext.info("*** COMPILING TO C ***", 1)
 
                var compiler = new SeparateCompiler(mainmodule, runtime_type_analysis, self)
-               var v = compiler.new_visitor
-               compiler.header = v
-               v.add_decl("#include <stdlib.h>")
-               v.add_decl("#include <stdio.h>")
-               v.add_decl("#include <string.h>")
-               v.add_decl("#include <gc/gc.h>")
-               v.add_decl("typedef void(*nitmethod_t)(void); /* general C type representing a Nit method. */")
-               v.add_decl("typedef void* nitattribute_t; /* general C type representing a Nit attribute. */")
-
-               # Class abstract representation
-               v.add_decl("struct class \{ nitmethod_t vft[1]; \}; /* general C type representing a Nit class. */")
-               # Type abstract representation
-               v.add_decl("struct type \{ int id; int color; int livecolor; short int is_nullable; struct vts_table *vts_table; struct fts_table *fts_table; int table_size; int type_table[1]; \}; /* general C type representing a Nit type. */")
-               v.add_decl("struct fts_table \{ struct type *fts[1]; \}; /* fts list of a C type representation. */")
-               v.add_decl("struct vts_table \{ struct type *vts[1]; \}; /* vts list of a C type representation. */")
-               # Instance abstract representation
-               v.add_decl("typedef struct \{ struct type *type; struct class *class; nitattribute_t attrs[1]; \} val; /* general C type representing a Nit instance. */")
-
-               # Declare global instances
-               v.add_decl("extern int glob_argc;")
-               v.add_decl("extern char **glob_argv;")
-               v.add_decl("extern val *glob_sys;")
-
-               # The main function of the C
-               compiler.compile_main_function
+               compiler.compile_header
 
                # compile class structures
                for m in mainmodule.in_importation.greaters do
@@ -79,24 +78,31 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
                        end
                end
 
+               # The main function of the C
+               compiler.new_file
+               compiler.compile_main_function
+
                # compile methods
                for m in mainmodule.in_importation.greaters do
+                       compiler.new_file
                        compiler.compile_module_to_c(m)
                end
 
                # compile live & cast type structures
-               var mtypes = compiler.do_global_type_coloring
+               compiler.new_file
+               var mtypes = compiler.do_type_coloring
                for t in mtypes do
                        compiler.compile_type_to_c(t)
                end
 
-               # compile live generic types selection structures
-               for mclass in model.mclasses do
-                       compiler.compile_live_gentype_to_c(mclass)
+               if self.toolcontext.opt_generic_tree.value then
+                       # compile live generic types selection structures
+                       for mclass in model.mclasses do
+                               compiler.compile_live_gentype_to_c(mclass)
+                       end
                end
 
-               # for the class_name and output_class_name methods
-               compiler.compile_class_names
+               compiler.display_stats
 
                write_and_make(compiler)
        end
@@ -107,6 +113,7 @@ class SeparateCompiler
        super GlobalCompiler # TODO better separation of concerns
 
        private var undead_types: Set[MType] = new HashSet[MType]
+       private var partial_types: Set[MType] = new HashSet[MType]
        protected var typeids: HashMap[MType, Int] protected writable = new HashMap[MType, Int]
 
        private var type_colors: Map[MType, Int] = typeids
@@ -115,123 +122,348 @@ class SeparateCompiler
        private var livetypes_colors: nullable Map[MType, Int]
        private var livetypes_tables: nullable Map[MClass, Array[nullable Object]]
        private var livetypes_tables_sizes: nullable Map[MClass, Array[Int]]
+       private var live_unanchored_types: Map[MClassDef, Set[MType]] = new HashMap[MClassDef, HashSet[MType]]
 
-       protected var class_colors: Map[MClass, Int] protected writable
+       private var unanchored_types_colors: nullable Map[MType, Int]
+       private var unanchored_types_tables: nullable Map[MClassType, Array[nullable MType]]
+       private var unanchored_types_masks: nullable Map[MClassType, Int]
 
-       protected var method_colors: Map[MMethod, Int] protected writable
-       protected var method_tables: Map[MClass, Array[nullable MMethodDef]] protected writable
+       protected var class_coloring: ClassColoring
 
-       protected var attr_colors: Map[MAttribute, Int] protected writable
-       protected var attr_tables: Map[MClass, Array[nullable MAttributeDef]] protected writable
+       protected var method_colors: Map[MMethod, Int]
+       protected var method_tables: Map[MClass, Array[nullable MMethodDef]]
 
-       private var vt_colors: Map[MVirtualTypeProp, Int]
-       private var vt_tables: Map[MClass, Array[nullable MVirtualTypeDef]]
+       protected var attr_colors: Map[MAttribute, Int]
+       protected var attr_tables: Map[MClass, Array[nullable MAttributeDef]]
 
-       private var ft_colors: Map[MParameterType, Int]
-       private var ft_tables: Map[MClass, Array[nullable MParameterType]]
+       protected var vt_colors: Map[MVirtualTypeProp, Int]
+       protected var vt_tables: Map[MClass, Array[nullable MVirtualTypeDef]]
+       protected var vt_masks: nullable Map[MClass, Int]
+
+       private var ft_colors: nullable Map[MParameterType, Int]
+       private var ft_tables: nullable Map[MClass, Array[nullable MParameterType]]
+       private var ft_masks: nullable Map[MClass, Int]
 
        init(mainmodule: MModule, runtime_type_analysis: RapidTypeAnalysis, mmbuilder: ModelBuilder) do
+               self.do_property_coloring
+               self.compile_box_kinds
+       end
+
+       redef fun compile_header_structs do
+               self.header.add_decl("typedef void(*nitmethod_t)(void); /* general C type representing a Nit method. */")
+               self.compile_header_attribute_structs
+               self.header.add_decl("struct class \{ int box_kind; nitmethod_t vft[1]; \}; /* general C type representing a Nit class. */")
+
+               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_generic_tree.value then
+                       # With generic_tree, only ft and vt resolution is stored in the type
+                       self.header.add_decl("struct type \{ int id; const char *name; int color; short int is_nullable; int livecolor; struct types *vts_table; struct types *fts_table; int table_size; int type_table[1]; \}; /* general C type representing a Nit type. */")
+               else
+                       # With unanchored_table, all live type resolution are stored in a big table: unanchored_table
+                       self.header.add_decl("struct type \{ int id; const char *name; int color; short int is_nullable; struct types *unanchored_table; int table_size; int type_table[1]; \}; /* general C type representing a Nit type. */")
+               end
+
+               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
+                       self.header.add_decl("struct types \{ int mask; struct type *types[1]; \}; /* a list types (used for vts, fts and unanchored lists). */")
+               else
+                       self.header.add_decl("struct types \{ struct type *types[1]; \}; /* a list types (used for vts, fts and unanchored lists). */")
+               end
+
+
+               self.header.add_decl("typedef struct \{ struct type *type; struct class *class; nitattribute_t attrs[1]; \} val; /* general C type representing a Nit instance. */")
+       end
+
+       fun compile_header_attribute_structs
+       do
+               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_union_attribute.value then
+                       self.header.add_decl("typedef void* nitattribute_t; /* general C type representing a Nit attribute. */")
+               else
+                       self.header.add_decl("typedef union \{")
+                       self.header.add_decl("void* val;")
+                       for c, v in self.box_kinds do
+                               var t = c.mclass_type
+                               self.header.add_decl("{t.ctype} {t.ctypename};")
+                       end
+                       self.header.add_decl("\} nitattribute_t; /* general C type representing a Nit attribute. */")
+               end
+       end
+
+       redef fun compile_class_names do
+               abort # There is no class name compilation since the name is stored in the type structure
+       end
+
+       fun compile_box_kinds
+       do
+               # Collect all bas box class
+               # FIXME: this is not completely fine with a separate compilation scheme
+               for classname in ["Int", "Bool", "Char", "Float", "NativeString", "Pointer"] do
+                       var classes = self.mainmodule.model.get_mclasses_by_name(classname)
+                       if classes == null then continue
+                       assert classes.length == 1 else print classes.join(", ")
+                       self.box_kinds[classes.first] = self.box_kinds.length + 1
+               end
+       end
+
+       var box_kinds = new HashMap[MClass, Int]
+
+       fun box_kind_of(mclass: MClass): Int
+       do
+               if mclass.mclass_type.ctype == "val*" then
+                       return 0
+               else if mclass.kind == extern_kind then
+                       return self.box_kinds[self.mainmodule.get_primitive_class("Pointer")]
+               else
+                       return self.box_kinds[mclass]
+               end
+
+       end
+
+       fun compile_color_consts(colors: Map[Object, Int]) do
+               for m, c in colors do
+                       if m isa MProperty then
+                               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_inline_coloring_numbers.value then
+                                       self.header.add_decl("#define {m.const_color} {c}")
+                               else
+                                       self.header.add_decl("extern const int {m.const_color};")
+                                       self.header.add("const int {m.const_color} = {c};")
+                               end
+                       else if m isa MType then
+                               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_inline_coloring_numbers.value then
+                                       self.header.add_decl("#define {m.const_color} {c}")
+                               else
+                                       self.header.add_decl("extern const int {m.const_color};")
+                                       self.header.add("const int {m.const_color} = {c};")
+                               end
+                       end
+               end
+       end
+
+       # colorize classe properties
+       fun do_property_coloring do
+
                # classes coloration
-               var class_coloring = new ClassColoring(mainmodule)
-               self.class_colors = class_coloring.colorize(mmbuilder.model.mclasses)
+               self.class_coloring = new ClassColoring(mainmodule)
+               class_coloring.colorize(modelbuilder.model.mclasses)
 
                # methods coloration
-               var method_coloring = new MethodColoring(class_coloring)
+               var method_coloring = new MethodColoring(self.class_coloring)
                self.method_colors = method_coloring.colorize
                self.method_tables = method_coloring.build_property_tables
+               self.compile_color_consts(self.method_colors)
 
                # attributes coloration
-               var attribute_coloring = new AttributeColoring(class_coloring)
+               var attribute_coloring = new AttributeColoring(self.class_coloring)
                self.attr_colors = attribute_coloring.colorize
                self.attr_tables = attribute_coloring.build_property_tables
+               self.compile_color_consts(self.attr_colors)
 
-               # vt coloration
-               var vt_coloring = new VTColoring(class_coloring)
-               self.vt_colors = vt_coloring.colorize
-               self.vt_tables = vt_coloring.build_property_tables
-
-               # fts coloration
-               var ft_coloring = new FTColoring(class_coloring)
-               self.ft_colors = ft_coloring.colorize
-               self.ft_tables = ft_coloring.build_ft_tables
-       end
-
-       protected fun compile_class_names do
-
-               # Build type names table
-               var type_array = new Array[nullable MType]
-               for t, i in typeids do
-                       if i >= type_array.length then
-                               type_array[i] = null
-                       end
-                       type_array[i] = t
+               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_bm_typing.value then
+                       self.class_coloring = new NaiveClassColoring(mainmodule)
+                       self.class_coloring.colorize(modelbuilder.model.mclasses)
                end
 
-               var v = self.new_visitor
-               self.header.add_decl("extern const char const * class_names[];")
-               v.add("const char const * class_names[] = \{")
-               for t in type_array do
-                       if t == null then
-                               v.add("NULL,")
-                       else
-                               v.add("\"{t}\",")
-                       end
+               # vt coloration
+               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_bm_typing.value then
+                       var vt_coloring = new NaiveVTColoring(self.class_coloring)
+                       self.vt_colors = vt_coloring.colorize
+                       self.vt_tables = vt_coloring.build_property_tables
+               else if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value then
+                       var vt_coloring = new VTModPerfectHashing(self.class_coloring)
+                       self.vt_colors = vt_coloring.colorize
+                       self.vt_masks = vt_coloring.compute_masks
+                       self.vt_tables = vt_coloring.build_property_tables
+               else if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
+                       var vt_coloring = new VTAndPerfectHashing(self.class_coloring)
+                       self.vt_colors = vt_coloring.colorize
+                       self.vt_masks = vt_coloring.compute_masks
+                       self.vt_tables = vt_coloring.build_property_tables
+               else
+                       var vt_coloring = new VTColoring(self.class_coloring)
+                       self.vt_colors = vt_coloring.colorize
+                       self.vt_tables = vt_coloring.build_property_tables
                end
-               v.add("\};")
+               self.compile_color_consts(self.vt_colors)
        end
 
        # colorize live types of the program
-       private fun do_global_type_coloring: Set[MType] do
+       private fun do_type_coloring: Set[MType] do
                var mtypes = new HashSet[MType]
                mtypes.add_all(self.runtime_type_analysis.live_types)
                mtypes.add_all(self.runtime_type_analysis.live_cast_types)
                mtypes.add_all(self.undead_types)
+               for c in self.box_kinds.keys do
+                       mtypes.add(c.mclass_type)
+               end
 
-               self.undead_types.clear
                for mtype in mtypes do
-                       # add formal types arguments to mtypes
-                       if mtype isa MGenericType then
-                               for ft in mtype.arguments do
-                                       if ft.need_anchor then
-                                               print("Why do we need anchor here ?")
-                                               abort
-                                       end
-                                       self.undead_types.add(ft)
-                               end
+                       retieve_live_partial_types(mtype)
+               end
+               mtypes.add_all(self.partial_types)
+
+               # set type unique id
+               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
+                       var sorted_mtypes = new OrderedSet[MType].from(mtypes)
+                       sorted_mtypes.linearize(new ReverseTypeSorter(self.mainmodule))
+                       for mtype in sorted_mtypes do
+                               self.typeids[mtype] = self.typeids.length + 1
+                       end
+               else
+                       for mtype in mtypes do
+                               self.typeids[mtype] = self.typeids.length
+                       end
+               end
+
+               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_generic_tree.value then
+                       # fts coloration for non-erased compilation
+                       if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_bm_typing.value then
+                               var ft_coloring = new NaiveFTColoring(self.class_coloring)
+                               self.ft_colors = ft_coloring.colorize
+                               self.ft_tables = ft_coloring.build_ft_tables
+                       else if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value then
+                               var ft_coloring = new FTModPerfectHashing(self.class_coloring)
+                               self.ft_colors = ft_coloring.colorize
+                               self.ft_masks = ft_coloring.compute_masks
+                               self.ft_tables = ft_coloring.build_ft_tables
+                       else if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
+                               var ft_coloring = new FTAndPerfectHashing(self.class_coloring)
+                               self.ft_colors = ft_coloring.colorize
+                               self.ft_masks = ft_coloring.compute_masks
+                               self.ft_tables = ft_coloring.build_ft_tables
+                       else
+                               var ft_coloring = new FTColoring(self.class_coloring)
+                               self.ft_colors = ft_coloring.colorize
+                               self.ft_tables = ft_coloring.build_ft_tables
                        end
-                       var mclass_type: MClassType
-                       if mtype isa MNullableType then
-                               mclass_type = mtype.mtype.as(MClassType)
+                       self.compile_color_consts(self.ft_colors.as(not null))
+
+                       # colorize live entries
+                       var entries_coloring
+                       if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_bm_typing.value then
+                               entries_coloring = new NaiveLiveEntryColoring
                        else
-                               mclass_type = mtype.as(MClassType)
+                               entries_coloring = new LiveEntryColoring
                        end
-                       # add virtual types to mtypes
-                       for vt in self.vt_tables[mclass_type.mclass] do
-                               if vt != null then
-                                       var anchored = vt.bound.anchor_to(self.mainmodule, mclass_type)
-                                       self.undead_types.add(anchored)
+                       self.livetypes_colors = entries_coloring.colorize(mtypes)
+                       self.livetypes_tables = entries_coloring.build_livetype_tables(mtypes)
+                       self.livetypes_tables_sizes = entries_coloring.livetypes_tables_sizes
+               else
+                       # VT and FT are stored with other unresolved types in the big unanchored_tables
+                       self.compile_unanchored_tables(mtypes)
+               end
+
+               # colorize types
+               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_bm_typing.value then
+                       var type_coloring = new NaiveTypeColoring(self.mainmodule, mtypes)
+                       self.type_colors = type_coloring.colorize(mtypes)
+                       self.type_tables = type_coloring.build_type_tables(mtypes, type_colors)
+               else if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value then
+                       var type_coloring = new TypeModPerfectHashing(self.mainmodule, mtypes)
+                       self.type_colors = type_coloring.compute_masks(mtypes, typeids)
+                       self.type_tables = type_coloring.hash_type_tables(mtypes, typeids, type_colors)
+                       self.header.add_decl("#define HASH(mask, id) ((mask)%(id))")
+               else if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
+                       var type_coloring = new TypeAndPerfectHashing(self.mainmodule, mtypes)
+                       self.type_colors = type_coloring.compute_masks(mtypes, typeids)
+                       self.type_tables = type_coloring.hash_type_tables(mtypes, typeids, type_colors)
+                       self.header.add_decl("#define HASH(mask, id) ((mask)&(id))")
+               else
+                       var type_coloring = new TypeColoring(self.mainmodule, mtypes)
+                       self.type_colors = type_coloring.colorize(mtypes)
+                       self.type_tables = type_coloring.build_type_tables(mtypes, type_colors)
+               end
+
+
+               return mtypes
+       end
+
+       protected fun compile_unanchored_tables(mtypes: Set[MType]) do
+               # Unanchored_tables is used to perform a type resolution at runtime in O(1)
+
+               # During the visit of the body of classes, live_unanchored_types are collected
+               # and associated to
+               # Collect all live_unanchored_types (visited in the body of classes)
+
+               # Determinate fo each livetype what are its possible requested anchored types
+               var mtype2unanchored = new HashMap[MClassType, Set[MType]]
+               for mtype in self.runtime_type_analysis.live_types do
+                       var set = new HashSet[MType]
+                       for cd in mtype.collect_mclassdefs(self.mainmodule) do
+                               if self.live_unanchored_types.has_key(cd) then
+                                       set.add_all(self.live_unanchored_types[cd])
                                end
                        end
+                       mtype2unanchored[mtype] = set
                end
-               mtypes.add_all(self.undead_types)
 
-               # set type unique id
-               for mtype in mtypes do
-                       self.typeids[mtype] = self.typeids.length
+               # Compute the table layout with the prefered method
+               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_bm_typing.value then
+                       var unanchored_type_coloring = new NaiveUnanchoredTypeColoring
+                       self.unanchored_types_colors = unanchored_type_coloring.colorize(mtype2unanchored)
+                       self.unanchored_types_tables = unanchored_type_coloring.build_tables(mtype2unanchored)
+               else if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value then
+                       var unanchored_type_coloring = new UnanchoredTypeModPerfectHashing
+                       self.unanchored_types_colors = unanchored_type_coloring.colorize(mtype2unanchored)
+                       self.unanchored_types_masks = unanchored_type_coloring.compute_masks(mtype2unanchored)
+                       self.unanchored_types_tables = unanchored_type_coloring.build_tables(mtype2unanchored)
+               else if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
+                       var unanchored_type_coloring = new UnanchoredTypeAndPerfectHashing
+                       self.unanchored_types_colors = unanchored_type_coloring.colorize(mtype2unanchored)
+                       self.unanchored_types_masks = unanchored_type_coloring.compute_masks(mtype2unanchored)
+                       self.unanchored_types_tables = unanchored_type_coloring.build_tables(mtype2unanchored)
+               else
+                       var unanchored_type_coloring = new UnanchoredTypeColoring
+                       self.unanchored_types_colors = unanchored_type_coloring.colorize(mtype2unanchored)
+                       self.unanchored_types_tables = unanchored_type_coloring.build_tables(mtype2unanchored)
                end
 
-               # colorize live entries
-               var entries_coloring = new LiveEntryColoring
-               self.livetypes_colors = entries_coloring.colorize(mtypes)
-               self.livetypes_tables = entries_coloring.build_livetype_tables(mtypes)
-               self.livetypes_tables_sizes = entries_coloring.livetypes_tables_sizes
+               # Compile a C constant for each collected unanchored type.
+               # Either to a color, or to -1 if the unanchored type is dead (no live receiver can require it)
+               var all_unanchored = new HashSet[MType]
+               for t in self.live_unanchored_types.values do
+                       all_unanchored.add_all(t)
+               end
+               var all_unanchored_types_colors = new HashMap[MType, Int]
+               for t in all_unanchored do
+                       if unanchored_types_colors.has_key(t) then
+                               all_unanchored_types_colors[t] = unanchored_types_colors[t]
+                       else
+                               all_unanchored_types_colors[t] = -1
+                       end
+               end
+               self.compile_color_consts(all_unanchored_types_colors)
 
-               # colorize types
-               var type_coloring = new TypeColoring(self.mainmodule, mtypes)
-               self.type_colors = type_coloring.colorize(mtypes)
-               self.type_tables = type_coloring.build_type_tables(mtypes, type_colors)
+               #print "tables"
+               #for k, v in unanchored_types_tables.as(not null) do
+               #       print "{k}: {v.join(", ")}"
+               #end
+               #print ""
+       end
 
-               return mtypes
+       fun retieve_live_partial_types(mtype: MType) do
+               # add formal types arguments to mtypes
+               if mtype isa MGenericType then
+                       for ft in mtype.arguments do
+                               if ft.need_anchor then
+                                       print("Why do we need anchor here ?")
+                                       abort
+                               end
+                               self.partial_types.add(ft)
+                               retieve_live_partial_types(ft)
+                       end
+               end
+               var mclass_type: MClassType
+               if mtype isa MNullableType then
+                       mclass_type = mtype.mtype.as(MClassType)
+               else
+                       mclass_type = mtype.as(MClassType)
+               end
+
+               # add virtual types to mtypes
+               for vt in self.vt_tables[mclass_type.mclass] do
+                       if vt != null then
+                               var anchored = vt.bound.anchor_to(self.mainmodule, mclass_type)
+                               self.partial_types.add(anchored)
+                       end
+               end
        end
 
        # declare live generic types tables selection
@@ -277,6 +509,8 @@ class SeparateCompiler
        # Separately compile all the method definitions of the module
        fun compile_module_to_c(mmodule: MModule)
        do
+               var old_module = self.mainmodule
+               self.mainmodule = mmodule
                for cd in mmodule.mclassdefs do
                        for pd in cd.mpropdefs do
                                if not pd isa MMethodDef then continue
@@ -289,6 +523,7 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                                end
                        end
                end
+               self.mainmodule = old_module
        end
 
        # Globaly compile the type structure of a live type
@@ -298,50 +533,53 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                var v = new SeparateCompilerVisitor(self)
                v.add_decl("/* runtime type {mtype} */")
 
-               var mclass_type: MClassType
-               if mtype isa MNullableType then
-                       mclass_type = mtype.mtype.as(MClassType)
-               else
-                       mclass_type = mtype.as(MClassType)
-               end
-
                # extern const struct type_X
                self.header.add_decl("extern const struct type_{c_name} type_{c_name};")
                self.header.add_decl("struct type_{c_name} \{")
                self.header.add_decl("int id;")
+               self.header.add_decl("const char *name;")
                self.header.add_decl("int color;")
-               self.header.add_decl("int livecolor;")
                self.header.add_decl("short int is_nullable;")
-               self.header.add_decl("const struct vts_table_{c_name} *vts_table;")
-               self.header.add_decl("const struct fts_table_{c_name} *fts_table;")
+               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_generic_tree.value then
+                       self.header.add_decl("int livecolor;")
+                       self.header.add_decl("const struct vts_table_{c_name} *vts_table;")
+                       self.header.add_decl("const struct fts_table_{c_name} *fts_table;")
+               else
+                       self.header.add_decl("const struct types *unanchored_table;")
+               end
                self.header.add_decl("int table_size;")
                self.header.add_decl("int type_table[{self.type_tables[mtype].length}];")
                self.header.add_decl("\};")
 
-               # extern const struct vts_table_X vts_table_X
-               self.header.add_decl("extern const struct vts_table_{c_name} vts_table_{c_name};")
-               self.header.add_decl("struct vts_table_{c_name} \{")
-               self.header.add_decl("struct type *vts[{self.vt_tables[mclass_type.mclass].length}];")
-               self.header.add_decl("\};")
-
-               # extern const struct fst_table_X fst_table_X
-               self.header.add_decl("extern const struct fts_table_{c_name} fts_table_{c_name};")
-               self.header.add_decl("struct fts_table_{c_name} \{")
-               self.header.add_decl("struct type *fts[{self.ft_tables[mclass_type.mclass].length}];")
-               self.header.add_decl("\};")
-
                # const struct type_X
                v.add_decl("const struct type_{c_name} type_{c_name} = \{")
                v.add_decl("{self.typeids[mtype]},")
+               v.add_decl("\"{mtype}\", /* class_name_string */")
                v.add_decl("{self.type_colors[mtype]},")
-               v.add_decl("{self.livetypes_colors[mtype]},")
                if mtype isa MNullableType then
                        v.add_decl("1,")
                else
                        v.add_decl("0,")
                end
-               v.add_decl("&vts_table_{c_name},")
-               v.add_decl("&fts_table_{c_name},")
+               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_generic_tree.value then
+                       v.add_decl("{self.livetypes_colors[mtype]},")
+                       if compile_type_vts_table(mtype) then
+                               v.add_decl("&vts_table_{c_name},")
+                       else
+                               v.add_decl("NULL,")
+                       end
+                       if compile_type_fts_table(mtype) then
+                               v.add_decl("&fts_table_{c_name},")
+                       else
+                               v.add_decl("NULL,")
+                       end
+               else
+                       if compile_type_unanchored_table(mtype) then
+                               v.add_decl("(struct types*) &unanchored_table_{c_name},")
+                       else
+                               v.add_decl("NULL,")
+                       end
+               end
                v.add_decl("{self.type_tables[mtype].length},")
                v.add_decl("\{")
                for stype in self.type_tables[mtype] do
@@ -353,15 +591,9 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                end
                v.add_decl("\},")
                v.add_decl("\};")
-
-               build_fts_table(mtype, v)
-               build_vts_table(mtype, v)
        end
 
-       # const struct fst_table_X fst_table_X
-       private fun build_fts_table(mtype: MType, v: SeparateCompilerVisitor) do
-               v.add_decl("const struct fts_table_{mtype.c_name} fts_table_{mtype.c_name} = \{")
-               v.add_decl("\{")
+       protected fun compile_type_fts_table(mtype: MType): Bool do
 
                var mclass_type: MClassType
                if mtype isa MNullableType then
@@ -369,7 +601,24 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                else
                        mclass_type = mtype.as(MClassType)
                end
+               if self.ft_tables[mclass_type.mclass].is_empty then return false
+
+               # extern const struct fst_table_X fst_table_X
+               self.header.add_decl("extern const struct fts_table_{mtype.c_name} fts_table_{mtype.c_name};")
+               self.header.add_decl("struct fts_table_{mtype.c_name} \{")
+               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
+                       self.header.add_decl("int mask;")
+               end
+               self.header.add_decl("struct type *types[{self.ft_tables[mclass_type.mclass].length}];")
+               self.header.add_decl("\};")
 
+               # const struct fts_table_X fts_table_X
+               var v = new_visitor
+               v.add_decl("const struct fts_table_{mtype.c_name} fts_table_{mtype.c_name} = \{")
+               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
+                       v.add_decl("{self.ft_masks[mclass_type.mclass]},")
+               end
+               v.add_decl("\{")
                for ft in self.ft_tables[mclass_type.mclass] do
                        if ft == null then
                                v.add_decl("NULL, /* empty */")
@@ -389,12 +638,10 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                end
                v.add_decl("\},")
                v.add_decl("\};")
+               return true
        end
 
-       # const struct vts_table_X vts_table_X
-       private fun build_vts_table(mtype: MType, v: SeparateCompilerVisitor) do
-               v.add_decl("const struct vts_table_{mtype.c_name} vts_table_{mtype.c_name} = \{")
-               v.add_decl("\{")
+       protected fun compile_type_vts_table(mtype: MType): Bool do
 
                var mclass_type: MClassType
                if mtype isa MNullableType then
@@ -402,6 +649,24 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                else
                        mclass_type = mtype.as(MClassType)
                end
+               if self.vt_tables[mclass_type.mclass].is_empty then return false
+
+               # extern const struct vts_table_X vts_table_X
+               self.header.add_decl("extern const struct vts_table_{mtype.c_name} vts_table_{mtype.c_name};")
+               self.header.add_decl("struct vts_table_{mtype.c_name} \{")
+               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
+                       self.header.add_decl("int mask;")
+               end
+               self.header.add_decl("struct type *types[{self.vt_tables[mclass_type.mclass].length}];")
+               self.header.add_decl("\};")
+
+               # const struct vts_table_X vts_table_X
+               var v = new_visitor
+               v.add_decl("const struct vts_table_{mtype.c_name} vts_table_{mtype.c_name} = \{")
+               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
+                       v.add_decl("{vt_masks[mclass_type.mclass]},")
+               end
+               v.add_decl("\{")
 
                for vt in self.vt_tables[mclass_type.mclass] do
                        if vt == null then
@@ -413,30 +678,82 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                                        print "No bound found for virtual type {vt} ?"
                                        abort
                                else
-                                       var ntype = bound
-                                       if ntype isa MNullableType then ntype = ntype.mtype
-                                       if ntype isa MVirtualType then
-                                               bound = ntype.anchor_to(self.mainmodule, mclass_type)
-                                       else if ntype isa MParameterType then
-                                               bound = ntype.anchor_to(self.mainmodule, mclass_type)
-                                       else if ntype isa MGenericType and bound.need_anchor then
-                                               bound = ntype.anchor_to(self.mainmodule, mclass_type)
-                                       else if ntype isa MClassType then
+                                       var is_nullable = ""
+                                       if bound isa MNullableType then
+                                               bound = bound.mtype
+                                               is_nullable = "nullable_"
+                                       end
+                                       if bound isa MVirtualType then
+                                               bound = bound.anchor_to(self.mainmodule, mclass_type)
+                                       else if bound isa MParameterType then
+                                               bound = bound.anchor_to(self.mainmodule, mclass_type)
+                                       else if bound isa MGenericType and bound.need_anchor then
+                                               bound = bound.anchor_to(self.mainmodule, mclass_type)
+                                       else if bound isa MClassType then
                                        else
-                                               print "NOT YET IMPLEMENTED: mtype_to_livetype with type: {ntype}"
+                                               print "NOT YET IMPLEMENTED: mtype_to_livetype with type: {bound}"
                                                abort
                                        end
 
                                        if self.typeids.has_key(bound) then
-                                               v.add_decl("(struct type*)&type_{bound.c_name}, /* {ntype} */")
+                                               v.add_decl("(struct type*)&type_{is_nullable}{bound.c_name}, /* {bound} */")
                                        else
-                                               v.add_decl("NULL, /* dead type {ntype} */")
+                                               v.add_decl("NULL, /* dead type {bound} */")
                                        end
                                end
                        end
                end
                v.add_decl("\},")
                v.add_decl("\};")
+               return true
+       end
+
+       fun compile_type_unanchored_table(mtype: MType): Bool do
+
+               var mclass_type: MClassType
+               if mtype isa MNullableType then
+                       mclass_type = mtype.mtype.as(MClassType)
+               else
+                       mclass_type = mtype.as(MClassType)
+               end
+               if not self.unanchored_types_tables.has_key(mclass_type) then return false
+
+               # extern const struct unanchored_table_X unanchored_table_X
+               self.header.add_decl("extern const struct unanchored_table_{mtype.c_name} unanchored_table_{mtype.c_name};")
+
+               self.header.add_decl("struct unanchored_table_{mtype.c_name} \{")
+               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
+                       self.header.add_decl("int mask;")
+               end
+               self.header.add_decl("struct type *types[{self.unanchored_types_tables[mclass_type].length}];")
+               self.header.add_decl("\};")
+
+               # const struct fts_table_X fts_table_X
+               var v = new_visitor
+               v.add_decl("const struct unanchored_table_{mtype.c_name} unanchored_table_{mtype.c_name} = \{")
+               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
+                       v.add_decl("{self.unanchored_types_masks[mclass_type]},")
+               end
+               v.add_decl("\{")
+               for t in self.unanchored_types_tables[mclass_type] do
+                       if t == null then
+                               v.add_decl("NULL, /* empty */")
+                       else
+                               # The table stores the result of the type resolution
+                               # Therefore, for a receiver `mclass_type`, and a unresolved type `t`
+                               # the value stored is tv.
+                               var tv = t.resolve_for(mclass_type, mclass_type, self.mainmodule, true)
+                               # FIXME: What typeids means here? How can a tv not be live?
+                               if self.typeids.has_key(tv) then
+                                       v.add_decl("(struct type*)&type_{tv.c_name}, /* {t}: {tv} */")
+                               else
+                                       v.add_decl("NULL, /* empty ({t}: {tv} not a live type) */")
+                               end
+                       end
+               end
+               v.add_decl("\},")
+               v.add_decl("\};")
+               return true
        end
 
        # Globally compile the table of the class mclass
@@ -449,7 +766,7 @@ class SeparateCompiler
 
                var vft = self.method_tables[mclass]
                var attrs = self.attr_tables[mclass]
-               var v = new SeparateCompilerVisitor(self)
+               var v = new_visitor
 
                v.add_decl("/* runtime class {c_name} */")
                var idnum = classids.length
@@ -458,12 +775,14 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                #self.header.add_decl("#define {idname} {idnum} /* {c_name} */")
 
                self.header.add_decl("struct class_{c_name} \{")
+               self.header.add_decl("int box_kind;")
                self.header.add_decl("nitmethod_t vft[{vft.length}];")
                self.header.add_decl("\};")
 
                # Build class vft
                self.header.add_decl("extern const struct class_{c_name} class_{c_name};")
                v.add_decl("const struct class_{c_name} class_{c_name} = \{")
+               v.add_decl("{self.box_kind_of(mclass)}, /* box_kind */")
                v.add_decl("\{")
                for i in [0 .. vft.length[ do
                        var mpropdef = vft[i]
@@ -535,21 +854,39 @@ class SeparateCompiler
                else
                        v.add("{res} = GC_MALLOC(sizeof(struct instance_{c_name}));")
                end
-               #v.add("{res} = calloc(sizeof(struct instance_{c_name}), 1);")
                v.add("{res}->type = type;")
-               v.add("{res}->class = (struct class*) &class_{c_name};")
-
-               for cd in mtype.collect_mclassdefs(self.mainmodule)
-               do
-                       var n = self.modelbuilder.mclassdef2nclassdef[cd]
-                       for npropdef in n.n_propdefs do
-                               if npropdef isa AAttrPropdef then
-                                       npropdef.init_expr(v, res)
-                               end
+               if v.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_hardening.value then
+                       v.add("if(type == NULL) \{")
+                       v.add_abort("type null")
+                       v.add("\}")
+                       if not v.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_generic_tree.value then
+                               v.add("if(type->unanchored_table == NULL) \{")
+                               v.add("fprintf(stderr, \"Insantiation of a dead type: %s\\n\", type->name);")
+                               v.add_abort("type dead")
+                               v.add("\}")
                        end
                end
+               v.add("{res}->class = (struct class*) &class_{c_name};")
+
+               self.generate_init_attr(v, res, mtype)
                v.add("return {res};")
                v.add("\}")
+
+               generate_check_init_instance(mtype)
+       end
+
+       redef fun generate_check_init_instance(mtype)
+       do
+               if self.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_check_initialization.value then return
+
+               var v = self.new_visitor
+               var c_name = mtype.mclass.c_name
+               var res = new RuntimeVariable("self", mtype, mtype)
+               self.header.add_decl("void CHECK_NEW_{c_name}({mtype.ctype});")
+               v.add_decl("/* allocate {mtype} */")
+               v.add_decl("void CHECK_NEW_{c_name}({mtype.ctype} {res}) \{")
+               self.generate_check_attr(v, res, mtype)
+               v.add("\}")
        end
 
        redef fun new_visitor do return new SeparateCompilerVisitor(self)
@@ -740,7 +1077,9 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
        # ENSURE: result.mtype.ctype == mtype.ctype
        redef fun autobox(value: RuntimeVariable, mtype: MType): RuntimeVariable
        do
-               if value.mtype.ctype == mtype.ctype then
+               if value.mtype == mtype then
+                       return value
+               else if value.mtype.ctype == "val*" and mtype.ctype == "val*" then
                        return value
                else if value.mtype.ctype == "val*" then
                        return self.new_expr("((struct instance_{mtype.c_name}*){value})->value; /* autounbox from {value.mtype} to {mtype} */", mtype)
@@ -763,6 +1102,17 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                end
        end
 
+       # Return a C expression returning the runtime type structure of the value
+       # The point of the method is to works also with primitives types.
+       fun type_info(value: RuntimeVariable): String
+       do
+               if value.mtype.ctype == "val*" then
+                       return "{value}->type"
+               else
+                       return "(&type_{value.mtype.c_name})"
+               end
+       end
+
        redef fun send(mmethod, arguments)
        do
                if arguments.first.mcasttype.ctype != "val*" then
@@ -787,7 +1137,7 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                var recv = arguments.first
                s.append("val*")
                ss.append("{recv}")
-               self.varargize(msignature, arguments)
+               self.varargize(mmethod.intro, mmethod.intro.msignature.as(not null), arguments)
                for i in [0..msignature.arity[ do
                        var a = arguments[i+1]
                        var t = msignature.mparameters[i].mtype
@@ -799,7 +1149,8 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                        ss.append(", {a}")
                end
 
-               var maybenull = recv.mcasttype isa MNullableType
+               var consider_null = not self.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_check_other.value or mmethod.name == "==" or mmethod.name == "!="
+               var maybenull = recv.mcasttype isa MNullableType and consider_null
                if maybenull then
                        self.add("if ({recv} == NULL) \{")
                        if mmethod.name == "==" then
@@ -827,11 +1178,26 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                        end
                        self.add("\} else \{")
                end
+               if not self.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_shortcut_equate.value and (mmethod.name == "==" or mmethod.name == "!=") then
+                       assert res != null
+                       # Recv is not null, thus is arg is, it is easy to conclude (and respect the invariants)
+                       var arg = arguments[1]
+                       if arg.mcasttype isa MNullType then
+                               if mmethod.name == "==" then
+                                       self.add("{res} = 0; /* arg is null but recv is not */")
+                               else
+                                       self.add("{res} = 1; /* arg is null and recv is not */")
+                               end
+                               if maybenull then
+                                       self.add("\}")
+                               end
+                               return res
+                       end
+               end
 
-               var color = self.compiler.as(SeparateCompiler).method_colors[mmethod]
                var r
                if ret == null then r = "void" else r = ret.ctype
-               var call = "(({r} (*)({s}))({arguments.first}->class->vft[{color}]))({ss}) /* {mmethod} on {arguments.first.inspect}*/"
+               var call = "(({r} (*)({s}))({arguments.first}->class->vft[{mmethod.const_color}]))({ss}) /* {mmethod} on {arguments.first.inspect}*/"
 
                if res != null then
                        self.add("{res} = {call};")
@@ -860,6 +1226,22 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                        res = self.new_var(ret)
                end
 
+               if self.compiler.modelbuilder.mpropdef2npropdef.has_key(mmethoddef) and
+               self.compiler.modelbuilder.mpropdef2npropdef[mmethoddef] isa AInternMethPropdef and
+               not compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_inline_intern.value then
+                       var frame = new Frame(self, mmethoddef, recvtype, arguments)
+                       frame.returnlabel = self.get_name("RET_LABEL")
+                       frame.returnvar = res
+                       var old_frame = self.frame
+                       self.frame = frame
+                       self.add("\{ /* Inline {mmethoddef} ({arguments.join(",")}) */")
+                       mmethoddef.compile_inside_to_c(self, arguments)
+                       self.add("{frame.returnlabel.as(not null)}:(void)0;")
+                       self.add("\}")
+                       self.frame = old_frame
+                       return res
+               end
+
                # Autobox arguments
                self.adapt_signature(mmethoddef, arguments)
 
@@ -873,11 +1255,50 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                return res
        end
 
+       redef fun vararg_instance(mpropdef, recv, varargs, elttype)
+       do
+               # A vararg must be stored into an new array
+               # The trick is that the dymaic type of the array may depends on the receiver
+               # of the method (ie recv) if the static type is unresolved
+               # This is more complex than usual because the unanchored type must not be resolved
+               # with the current receiver (ie self).
+               # Therefore to isolate the resolution from self, a local Frame is created.
+               # One can see this implementation as an inlined method of the receiver whose only
+               # job is to allocate the array
+               var old_frame = self.frame
+               var frame = new Frame(self, mpropdef, mpropdef.mclassdef.bound_mtype, [recv])
+               self.frame = frame
+               #print "required Array[{elttype}] for recv {recv.inspect}. bound=Array[{self.resolve_for(elttype, recv)}]. selfvar={frame.arguments.first.inspect}"
+               var res = self.array_instance(varargs, elttype)
+               self.frame = old_frame
+               return res
+       end
+
        redef fun isset_attribute(a, recv)
        do
                self.check_recv_notnull(recv)
                var res = self.new_var(bool_type)
-               self.add("{res} = {recv}->attrs[{self.compiler.as(SeparateCompiler).attr_colors[a]}] != NULL; /* {a} on {recv.inspect}*/")
+
+               # What is the declared type of the attribute?
+               var mtype = a.intro.static_mtype.as(not null)
+               var intromclassdef = a.intro.mclassdef
+               mtype = mtype.resolve_for(intromclassdef.bound_mtype, intromclassdef.bound_mtype, intromclassdef.mmodule, true)
+
+               if mtype isa MNullableType then
+                       self.add("{res} = 1; /* easy isset: {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
+                       return res
+               end
+
+               if self.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_union_attribute.value then
+                       self.add("{res} = {recv}->attrs[{a.const_color}] != NULL; /* {a} on {recv.inspect}*/")
+               else
+
+                       if mtype.ctype == "val*" then
+                               self.add("{res} = {recv}->attrs[{a.const_color}].val != NULL; /* {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
+                       else
+                               self.add("{res} = 1; /* NOT YET IMPLEMENTED: isset of primitives: {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
+                       end
+               end
                return res
        end
 
@@ -890,22 +1311,37 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                var intromclassdef = a.intro.mclassdef
                ret = ret.resolve_for(intromclassdef.bound_mtype, intromclassdef.bound_mtype, intromclassdef.mmodule, true)
 
-               # Get the attribute or a box (ie. always a val*)
-               var cret = self.object_type.as_nullable
-               var res = self.new_var(cret)
-               res.mcasttype = ret
-               self.add("{res} = {recv}->attrs[{self.compiler.as(SeparateCompiler).attr_colors[a]}]; /* {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
+               if self.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_union_attribute.value then
+                       # Get the attribute or a box (ie. always a val*)
+                       var cret = self.object_type.as_nullable
+                       var res = self.new_var(cret)
+                       res.mcasttype = ret
 
-               # Check for Uninitialized attribute
-               if not ret isa MNullableType then
-                       self.add("if ({res} == NULL) \{")
-                       self.add_abort("Uninitialized attribute {a.name}")
-                       self.add("\}")
-               end
+                       self.add("{res} = {recv}->attrs[{a.const_color}]; /* {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
+
+                       # Check for Uninitialized attribute
+                       if not ret isa MNullableType and not self.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_check_initialization.value then
+                               self.add("if ({res} == NULL) \{")
+                               self.add_abort("Uninitialized attribute {a.name}")
+                               self.add("\}")
+                       end
+
+                       # Return the attribute or its unboxed version
+                       # Note: it is mandatory since we reuse the box on write, we do not whant that the box escapes
+                       return self.autobox(res, ret)
+               else
+                       var res = self.new_var(ret)
+                       self.add("{res} = {recv}->attrs[{a.const_color}].{ret.ctypename}; /* {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
+
+                       # Check for Uninitialized attribute
+                       if ret.ctype == "val*" and not ret isa MNullableType and not self.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_check_initialization.value then
+                               self.add("if ({res} == NULL) \{")
+                               self.add_abort("Uninitialized attribute {a.name}")
+                               self.add("\}")
+                       end
 
-               # Return the attribute or its unboxed version
-               # Note: it is mandatory since we reuse the box on write, we do not whant that the box escapes
-               return self.autobox(res, ret)
+                       return res
+               end
        end
 
        redef fun write_attribute(a, recv, value)
@@ -919,20 +1355,25 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
 
                # Adapt the value to the declared type
                value = self.autobox(value, mtype)
-               var attr = "{recv}->attrs[{self.compiler.as(SeparateCompiler).attr_colors[a]}]"
-               if mtype.ctype != "val*" then
-                       assert mtype isa MClassType
-                       # The attribute is primitive, thus we store it in a box
-                       # The trick is to create the box the first time then resuse the box
-                       self.add("if ({attr} != NULL) \{")
-                       self.add("((struct instance_{mtype.c_name}*){attr})->value = {value}; /* {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
-                       self.add("\} else \{")
-                       value = self.autobox(value, self.object_type.as_nullable)
-                       self.add("{attr} = {value}; /* {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
-                       self.add("\}")
+
+               if self.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_union_attribute.value then
+                       var attr = "{recv}->attrs[{a.const_color}]"
+                       if mtype.ctype != "val*" then
+                               assert mtype isa MClassType
+                               # The attribute is primitive, thus we store it in a box
+                               # The trick is to create the box the first time then resuse the box
+                               self.add("if ({attr} != NULL) \{")
+                               self.add("((struct instance_{mtype.c_name}*){attr})->value = {value}; /* {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
+                               self.add("\} else \{")
+                               value = self.autobox(value, self.object_type.as_nullable)
+                               self.add("{attr} = {value}; /* {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
+                               self.add("\}")
+                       else
+                               # The attribute is not primitive, thus store it direclty
+                               self.add("{attr} = {value}; /* {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
+                       end
                else
-                       # The attribute is not primitive, thus store it direclty
-                       self.add("{attr} = {value}; /* {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
+                       self.add("{recv}->attrs[{a.const_color}].{mtype.ctypename} = {value}; /* {a} on {recv.inspect} */")
                end
        end
 
@@ -950,12 +1391,20 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                                ntype = ntype.mtype
                        end
 
+                       var recv = self.frame.arguments.first
+                       var recv_type_info = self.type_info(recv)
                        if ntype isa MParameterType then
-                               var ftcolor = compiler.ft_colors[ntype]
-                               buffer.append("[self->type->fts_table->fts[{ftcolor}]->livecolor]")
+                               if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
+                                       buffer.append("[{recv_type_info}->fts_table->types[HASH({recv_type_info}->fts_table->mask, {ntype.const_color})]->livecolor]")
+                               else
+                                       buffer.append("[{recv_type_info}->fts_table->types[{ntype.const_color}]->livecolor]")
+                               end
                        else if ntype isa MVirtualType then
-                               var vtcolor = compiler.vt_colors[ntype.mproperty.as(MVirtualTypeProp)]
-                               buffer.append("[self->type->vts_table->vts[{vtcolor}]->livecolor]")
+                               if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
+                                       buffer.append("[{recv_type_info}->vts_table->types[HASH({recv_type_info}->vts_table->mask, {ntype.mproperty.const_color})]->livecolor]")
+                               else
+                                       buffer.append("[{recv_type_info}->vts_table->types[{ntype.mproperty.const_color}]->livecolor]")
+                               end
                        else if ntype isa MGenericType and ntype.need_anchor then
                                var bbuff = new Buffer
                                retrieve_anchored_livetype(ntype, bbuff)
@@ -973,21 +1422,40 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
        do
                var compiler = self.compiler.as(SeparateCompiler)
                if mtype isa MGenericType and mtype.need_anchor then
-                       var buff = new Buffer
-                       retrieve_anchored_livetype(mtype, buff)
-                       mtype = self.anchor(mtype).as(MClassType)
-                       return self.new_expr("NEW_{mtype.mclass.c_name}((struct type *) livetypes_{mtype.mclass.c_name}{buff.to_s})", mtype)
+                       if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_generic_tree.value then
+                               var buff = new Buffer
+                               retrieve_anchored_livetype(mtype, buff)
+                               mtype = self.anchor(mtype).as(MClassType)
+                               return self.new_expr("NEW_{mtype.mclass.c_name}((struct type *) livetypes_{mtype.mclass.c_name}{buff.to_s})", mtype)
+                       else
+                               link_unanchored_type(self.frame.mpropdef.mclassdef, mtype)
+                               var recv = self.frame.arguments.first
+                               var recv_type_info = self.type_info(recv)
+                               if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
+                                       return self.new_expr("NEW_{mtype.mclass.c_name}((struct type *) {recv_type_info}->unanchored_table->types[HASH({recv_type_info}->unanchored_table->mask, {mtype.const_color})])", mtype)
+                               else
+                                       return self.new_expr("NEW_{mtype.mclass.c_name}((struct type *) {recv_type_info}->unanchored_table->types[{mtype.const_color}])", mtype)
+                               end
+                       end
                end
                compiler.undead_types.add(mtype)
                return self.new_expr("NEW_{mtype.mclass.c_name}((struct type *) &type_{mtype.c_name})", mtype)
        end
 
-       redef fun type_test(value, mtype)
+       redef fun check_init_instance(value, mtype)
+       do
+               if self.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_check_initialization.value then return
+               self.add("CHECK_NEW_{mtype.mclass.c_name}({value});")
+       end
+
+
+       redef fun type_test(value, mtype, tag)
        do
+               self.add("/* {value.inspect} isa {mtype} */")
                var compiler = self.compiler.as(SeparateCompiler)
 
                var recv = self.frame.arguments.first
-               var recv_boxed = self.autobox(recv, self.object_type)
+               var recv_type_info = self.type_info(recv)
 
                var res = self.new_var(bool_type)
 
@@ -995,40 +1463,75 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                self.add_decl("int {cltype};")
                var idtype = self.get_name("idtype")
                self.add_decl("int {idtype};")
-
                var is_nullable = self.get_name("is_nullable")
                self.add_decl("short int {is_nullable};")
 
-               var boxed = self.autobox(value, self.object_type)
-
                var ntype = mtype
                if ntype isa MNullableType then
                        ntype = ntype.mtype
                end
 
-               if ntype isa MParameterType then
-                       var ftcolor = compiler.ft_colors[ntype]
-                       self.add("{cltype} = {recv_boxed}->type->fts_table->fts[{ftcolor}]->color;")
-                       self.add("{idtype} = {recv_boxed}->type->fts_table->fts[{ftcolor}]->id;")
-                       self.add("{is_nullable} = {recv_boxed}->type->fts_table->fts[{ftcolor}]->is_nullable;")
-               else if ntype isa MGenericType and ntype.need_anchor then
-                       var buff = new Buffer
-                       retrieve_anchored_livetype(ntype, buff)
-                       self.add("{cltype} = livetypes_{ntype.mclass.c_name}{buff.to_s}->color;")
-                       self.add("{idtype} = livetypes_{ntype.mclass.c_name}{buff.to_s}->id;")
-                       self.add("{is_nullable} = livetypes_{ntype.mclass.c_name}{buff.to_s}->is_nullable;")
+               if value.mcasttype.is_subtype(self.frame.mpropdef.mclassdef.mmodule, self.frame.mpropdef.mclassdef.bound_mtype, mtype) then
+                       self.add("{res} = 1; /* easy {value.inspect} isa {mtype}*/")
+                       if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_typing_test_metrics.value then
+                               self.compiler.count_type_test_skipped[tag] += 1
+                               self.add("count_type_test_skipped_{tag}++;")
+                       end
+                       return res
+               end
+
+               if ntype.need_anchor then
+                       var type_struct = self.get_name("type_struct")
+                       self.add_decl("struct type* {type_struct};")
+
+                       # For unresolved types, there is two implementations
+                       if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_generic_tree.value then
+                               # Either with the generic_tree and the construction of a type
+                               if ntype isa MParameterType then
+                                       if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
+                                               self.add("{type_struct} = {recv_type_info}->fts_table->types[HASH({recv_type_info}->fts_table->mask, {ntype.const_color})];")
+                                       else
+                                               self.add("{type_struct} = {recv_type_info}->fts_table->types[{ntype.const_color}];")
+                                       end
+                               else if ntype isa MVirtualType then
+                                       var vtcolor = ntype.mproperty.const_color
+                                       if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
+                                               self.add("{type_struct} = {recv_type_info}->vts_table->types[HASH({recv_type_info}->vts_table->mask, {vtcolor})];")
+                                       else
+                                               self.add("{type_struct} = {recv_type_info}->vts_table->types[{vtcolor}];")
+                                       end
+                               else if ntype isa MGenericType then
+                                       var buff = new Buffer
+                                       retrieve_anchored_livetype(ntype, buff)
+                                       self.add("{type_struct} = (struct type*)livetypes_{ntype.mclass.c_name}{buff.to_s};")
+                               end
+                       else
+                               # Either with unanchored_table with a direct resolution
+                               link_unanchored_type(self.frame.mpropdef.mclassdef, ntype)
+                               if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
+                                       self.add("{type_struct} = {recv_type_info}->unanchored_table->types[HASH({recv_type_info}->unanchored_table->mask, {ntype.const_color})];")
+                               else
+                                       self.add("{type_struct} = {recv_type_info}->unanchored_table->types[{ntype.const_color}];")
+                               end
+                               if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_typing_test_metrics.value then
+                                       self.compiler.count_type_test_unresolved[tag] += 1
+                                       self.add("count_type_test_unresolved_{tag}++;")
+                               end
+                       end
+                       self.add("{cltype} = {type_struct}->color;")
+                       self.add("{idtype} = {type_struct}->id;")
+                       self.add("{is_nullable} = {type_struct}->is_nullable;")
                else if ntype isa MClassType then
                        compiler.undead_types.add(mtype)
                        self.add("{cltype} = type_{mtype.c_name}.color;")
                        self.add("{idtype} = type_{mtype.c_name}.id;")
                        self.add("{is_nullable} = type_{mtype.c_name}.is_nullable;")
-               else if ntype isa MVirtualType then
-                       var vtcolor = compiler.vt_colors[ntype.mproperty.as(MVirtualTypeProp)]
-                       self.add("{cltype} = {recv_boxed}->type->vts_table->vts[{vtcolor}]->color;")
-                       self.add("{idtype} = {recv_boxed}->type->vts_table->vts[{vtcolor}]->id;")
-                       self.add("{is_nullable} = {recv_boxed}->type->vts_table->vts[{vtcolor}]->is_nullable;")
+                       if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_typing_test_metrics.value then
+                               self.compiler.count_type_test_resolved[tag] += 1
+                               self.add("count_type_test_resolved_{tag}++;")
+                       end
                else
-                       self.add("printf(\"NOT YET IMPLEMENTED: type_test(%s, {mtype}).\\n\", \"{boxed.inspect}\"); exit(1);")
+                       self.add("printf(\"NOT YET IMPLEMENTED: type_test(%s, {mtype}).\\n\", \"{value.inspect}\"); exit(1);")
                end
 
                if mtype isa MNullableType then
@@ -1036,15 +1539,23 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                end
 
                # check color is in table
-               self.add("if({boxed} == NULL) \{")
-               self.add("{res} = {is_nullable};")
-               self.add("\} else \{")
-               self.add("if({cltype} >= {boxed}->type->table_size) \{")
+               if self.maybe_null(value) then
+                       self.add("if({value} == NULL) \{")
+                       self.add("{res} = {is_nullable};")
+                       self.add("\} else \{")
+               end
+               var value_type_info = self.type_info(value)
+               if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
+                       self.add("{cltype} = HASH({value_type_info}->color, {idtype});")
+               end
+               self.add("if({cltype} >= {value_type_info}->table_size) \{")
                self.add("{res} = 0;")
                self.add("\} else \{")
-               self.add("{res} = {boxed}->type->type_table[{cltype}] == {idtype};")
-               self.add("\}")
+               self.add("{res} = {value_type_info}->type_table[{cltype}] == {idtype};")
                self.add("\}")
+               if self.maybe_null(value) then
+                       self.add("\}")
+               end
 
                return res
        end
@@ -1059,7 +1570,7 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                        value2 = tmp
                end
                if value1.mtype.ctype != "val*" then
-                       if value2.mtype.ctype == value1.mtype.ctype then
+                       if value2.mtype == value1.mtype then
                                self.add("{res} = 1; /* is_same_type_test: compatible types {value1.mtype} vs. {value2.mtype} */")
                        else if value2.mtype.ctype != "val*" then
                                self.add("{res} = 0; /* is_same_type_test: incompatible types {value1.mtype} vs. {value2.mtype}*/")
@@ -1076,8 +1587,12 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
        redef fun class_name_string(value)
        do
                var res = self.get_name("var_class_name")
-               self.add_decl("const char *{res};")
-               self.add("{res} = class_names[{value}->type->id];")
+               self.add_decl("const char* {res};")
+               if value.mtype.ctype == "val*" then
+                       self.add "{res} = {value} == NULL ? \"null\" : {value}->type->name;"
+               else
+                       self.add "{res} = type_{value.mtype.c_name}.name;"
+               end
                return res
        end
 
@@ -1090,7 +1605,7 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                        value2 = tmp
                end
                if value1.mtype.ctype != "val*" then
-                       if value2.mtype.ctype == value1.mtype.ctype then
+                       if value2.mtype == value1.mtype then
                                self.add("{res} = {value1} == {value2};")
                        else if value2.mtype.ctype != "val*" then
                                self.add("{res} = 0; /* incompatible types {value1.mtype} vs. {value2.mtype}*/")
@@ -1101,46 +1616,135 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
                                self.add("{res} = ({self.autobox(value2, value1.mtype)} == {value1});")
                                self.add("\}")
                        end
+                       return res
+               end
+               var maybe_null = true
+               var test = new Array[String]
+               var t1 = value1.mcasttype
+               if t1 isa MNullableType then
+                       test.add("{value1} != NULL")
+                       t1 = t1.mtype
                else
-                       var s = new Array[String]
-                       # This is just ugly on so many level. this works but must be rewriten
-                       for t in self.compiler.live_primitive_types do
-                               if not t.is_subtype(self.compiler.mainmodule, null, value1.mcasttype) then continue
-                               if not t.is_subtype(self.compiler.mainmodule, null, value2.mcasttype) then continue
-                               s.add "({value1}->class == (struct class*)&class_{t.c_name} && ((struct instance_{t.c_name}*){value1})->value == ((struct instance_{t.c_name}*){value2})->value)"
+                       maybe_null = false
+               end
+               var t2 = value2.mcasttype
+               if t2 isa MNullableType then
+                       test.add("{value2} != NULL")
+                       t2 = t2.mtype
+               else
+                       maybe_null = false
+               end
+
+               var incompatible = false
+               var primitive
+               if t1.ctype != "val*" then
+                       primitive = t1
+                       if t1 == t2 then
+                               # No need to compare class
+                       else if t2.ctype != "val*" then
+                               incompatible = true
+                       else if can_be_primitive(value2) then
+                               test.add("{value1}->class == {value2}->class")
+                       else
+                               incompatible = true
                        end
-                       if s.is_empty then
-                               self.add("{res} = {value1} == {value2};")
+               else if t2.ctype != "val*" then
+                       primitive = t2
+                       if can_be_primitive(value1) then
+                               test.add("{value1}->class == {value2}->class")
+                       else
+                               incompatible = true
+                       end
+               else
+                       primitive = null
+               end
+
+               if incompatible then
+                       if maybe_null then
+                               self.add("{res} = {value1} == {value2}; /* incompatible types {t1} vs. {t2}; but may be NULL*/")
+                               return res
                        else
-                               self.add("{res} = {value1} == {value2} || ({value1} != NULL && {value2} != NULL && {value1}->class == {value2}->class && ({s.join(" || ")}));")
+                               self.add("{res} = 0; /* incompatible types {t1} vs. {t2}; cannot be NULL */")
+                               return res
                        end
                end
+               if primitive != null then
+                       test.add("((struct instance_{primitive.c_name}*){value1})->value == ((struct instance_{primitive.c_name}*){value2})->value")
+               else if can_be_primitive(value1) and can_be_primitive(value2) then
+                       test.add("{value1}->class == {value2}->class")
+                       var s = new Array[String]
+                       for t, v in self.compiler.as(SeparateCompiler).box_kinds do
+                               s.add "({value1}->class->box_kind == {v} && ((struct instance_{t.c_name}*){value1})->value == ((struct instance_{t.c_name}*){value2})->value)"
+                       end
+                       test.add("({s.join(" || ")})")
+               else
+                       self.add("{res} = {value1} == {value2};")
+                       return res
+               end
+               self.add("{res} = {value1} == {value2} || ({test.join(" && ")});")
                return res
        end
 
+       fun can_be_primitive(value: RuntimeVariable): Bool
+       do
+               var t = value.mcasttype
+               if t isa MNullableType then t = t.mtype
+               if not t isa MClassType then return false
+               var k = t.mclass.kind
+               return k == interface_kind or t.ctype != "val*"
+       end
+
+       fun maybe_null(value: RuntimeVariable): Bool
+       do
+               var t = value.mcasttype
+               return t isa MNullableType or t isa MNullType
+       end
+
        redef fun array_instance(array, elttype)
        do
-               var compiler = self.compiler.as(SeparateCompiler)
                var nclass = self.get_class("NativeArray")
-               elttype = self.anchor(elttype)
-               var arraytype = self.get_class("Array").get_mtype([elttype])
+               var arrayclass = self.get_class("Array")
+               var arraytype = arrayclass.get_mtype([elttype])
                var res = self.init_instance(arraytype)
                self.add("\{ /* {res} = array_instance Array[{elttype}] */")
-               var nat = self.new_var(self.get_class("NativeArray").get_mtype([elttype]))
-               nat.is_exact = true
-               compiler.undead_types.add(nat.mtype.as(MClassType))
-               self.add("{nat} = NEW_{nclass.c_name}({array.length}, (struct type *) &type_{nat.mtype.c_name});")
+               var length = self.int_instance(array.length)
+               var nat = native_array_instance(elttype, length)
                for i in [0..array.length[ do
                        var r = self.autobox(array[i], self.object_type)
                        self.add("((struct instance_{nclass.c_name}*){nat})->values[{i}] = (val*) {r};")
                end
-               var length = self.int_instance(array.length)
-               self.send(self.get_property("with_native", arraytype), [res, nat, length])
-               self.check_init_instance(res)
+               self.send(self.get_property("with_native", arrayclass.intro.bound_mtype), [res, nat, length])
+               self.check_init_instance(res, arraytype)
                self.add("\}")
                return res
        end
 
+       fun native_array_instance(elttype: MType, length: RuntimeVariable): RuntimeVariable
+       do
+               var mtype = self.get_class("NativeArray").get_mtype([elttype])
+               assert mtype isa MGenericType
+               var compiler = self.compiler.as(SeparateCompiler)
+               if mtype.need_anchor then
+                       if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_generic_tree.value then
+                               var buff = new Buffer
+                               retrieve_anchored_livetype(mtype, buff)
+                               mtype = self.anchor(mtype).as(MClassType)
+                               return self.new_expr("NEW_{mtype.mclass.c_name}({length}, (struct type *) livetypes_{mtype.mclass.c_name}{buff.to_s})", mtype)
+                       else
+                               link_unanchored_type(self.frame.mpropdef.mclassdef, mtype)
+                               var recv = self.frame.arguments.first
+                               var recv_type_info = self.type_info(recv)
+                               if compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phmod_typing.value or compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_phand_typing.value then
+                                       return self.new_expr("NEW_{mtype.mclass.c_name}({length}, (struct type *) {recv_type_info}->unanchored_table->types[HASH({recv_type_info}->unanchored_table->mask, {mtype.const_color})])", mtype)
+                               else
+                                       return self.new_expr("NEW_{mtype.mclass.c_name}({length}, (struct type *) {recv_type_info}->unanchored_table->types[{mtype.const_color}])", mtype)
+                               end
+                       end
+               end
+               compiler.undead_types.add(mtype)
+               return self.new_expr("NEW_{mtype.mclass.c_name}({length}, (struct type *) &type_{mtype.c_name})", mtype)
+       end
+
        redef fun native_array_def(pname, ret_type, arguments)
        do
                var elttype = arguments.first.mtype
@@ -1161,13 +1765,19 @@ class SeparateCompilerVisitor
 
        redef fun calloc_array(ret_type, arguments)
        do
-               var ret = ret_type.as(MGenericType)
-               var compiler = self.compiler.as(SeparateCompiler)
-               compiler.undead_types.add(ret)
                var mclass = self.get_class("ArrayCapable")
                var ft = mclass.mclass_type.arguments.first.as(MParameterType)
-               var color = compiler.ft_colors[ft]
-               self.ret(self.new_expr("NEW_{ret.mclass.c_name}({arguments[1]}, (struct type*) livetypes_array__NativeArray[self->type->fts_table->fts[{color}]->livecolor])", ret_type))
+               var res = self.native_array_instance(ft, arguments[1])
+               self.ret(res)
+       end
+
+       fun link_unanchored_type(mclassdef: MClassDef, mtype: MType) do
+               assert mtype.need_anchor
+               var compiler = self.compiler.as(SeparateCompiler)
+               if not compiler.live_unanchored_types.has_key(self.frame.mpropdef.mclassdef) then
+                       compiler.live_unanchored_types[self.frame.mpropdef.mclassdef] = new HashSet[MType]
+               end
+               compiler.live_unanchored_types[self.frame.mpropdef.mclassdef].add(mtype)
        end
 end
 
@@ -1182,3 +1792,53 @@ redef class MClass
        end
        private var c_name_cache: nullable String
 end
+
+redef class MType
+       fun const_color: String do return "COLOR_{c_name}"
+end
+
+redef class MParameterType
+       redef fun c_name
+       do
+               var res = self.c_name_cache
+               if res != null then return res
+               res = "{self.mclass.c_name}_FT{self.rank}"
+               self.c_name_cache = res
+               return res
+       end
+end
+
+redef class MVirtualType
+       redef fun c_name
+       do
+               var res = self.c_name_cache
+               if res != null then return res
+               res = "{self.mproperty.intro.mclassdef.mclass.c_name}_VT{self.mproperty.name}"
+               self.c_name_cache = res
+               return res
+       end
+end
+
+redef class MNullableType
+       redef fun c_name
+       do
+               var res = self.c_name_cache
+               if res != null then return res
+               res = "nullable_{self.mtype.c_name}"
+               self.c_name_cache = res
+               return res
+       end
+end
+
+redef class MProperty
+       fun c_name: String do
+               var res = self.c_name_cache
+               if res != null then return res
+               res = "{self.intro.c_name}"
+               self.c_name_cache = res
+               return res
+       end
+       private var c_name_cache: nullable String
+
+       fun const_color: String do return "COLOR_{c_name}"
+end