model: intro `MModule::first_real_mmodule` to get the first non-fictive module
[nit.git] / src / compiler / abstract_compiler.nit
index 5b88c2e..011b146 100644 (file)
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import platform
 import c_tools
 private import annotation
 import mixin
+import counter
 
 # Add compiling options
 redef class ToolContext
@@ -120,25 +121,31 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
        # Simple indirection to `Toolchain::write_and_make`
        protected fun write_and_make(compiler: AbstractCompiler)
        do
-               var platform = compiler.mainmodule.target_platform
-               var toolchain
-               if platform == null then
-                       toolchain = new MakefileToolchain(toolcontext)
-               else
-                       toolchain = platform.toolchain(toolcontext)
-               end
+               var platform = compiler.target_platform
+               var toolchain = platform.toolchain(toolcontext, compiler)
                compile_dir = toolchain.compile_dir
-               toolchain.write_and_make compiler
+               toolchain.write_and_make
        end
 end
 
 redef class Platform
-       fun toolchain(toolcontext: ToolContext): Toolchain is abstract
+       # The specific tool-chain associated to the platform
+       fun toolchain(toolcontext: ToolContext, compiler: AbstractCompiler): Toolchain
+       do
+               return new MakefileToolchain(toolcontext, compiler)
+       end
 end
 
+# Build toolchain for a specific target program, varies per `Platform`
 class Toolchain
+
+       # Toolcontext
        var toolcontext: ToolContext
 
+       # Compiler of the target program
+       var compiler: AbstractCompiler
+
+       # Directory where to generate all C files
        fun compile_dir: String
        do
                var compile_dir = toolcontext.opt_compile_dir.value
@@ -146,13 +153,15 @@ class Toolchain
                return compile_dir
        end
 
-       fun write_and_make(compiler: AbstractCompiler) is abstract
+       # Write all C files and compile them
+       fun write_and_make is abstract
 end
 
+# Default toolchain using a Makefile
 class MakefileToolchain
        super Toolchain
 
-       redef fun write_and_make(compiler)
+       redef fun write_and_make
        do
                var compile_dir = compile_dir
 
@@ -165,11 +174,11 @@ class MakefileToolchain
                compile_dir.mkdir
 
                var cfiles = new Array[String]
-               write_files(compiler, compile_dir, cfiles)
+               write_files(compile_dir, cfiles)
 
                # Generate the Makefile
 
-               write_makefile(compiler, compile_dir, cfiles)
+               write_makefile(compile_dir, cfiles)
 
                var time1 = get_time
                self.toolcontext.info("*** END WRITING C: {time1-time0} ***", 2)
@@ -181,18 +190,19 @@ class MakefileToolchain
                time0 = time1
                self.toolcontext.info("*** COMPILING C ***", 1)
 
-               compile_c_code(compiler, compile_dir)
+               compile_c_code(compile_dir)
 
                time1 = get_time
                self.toolcontext.info("*** END COMPILING C: {time1-time0} ***", 2)
        end
 
-       fun write_files(compiler: AbstractCompiler, compile_dir: String, cfiles: Array[String])
+       # Write all source files to the `compile_dir`
+       fun write_files(compile_dir: String, cfiles: Array[String])
        do
-               var platform = compiler.mainmodule.target_platform
-               if self.toolcontext.opt_stacktrace.value == "nitstack" and (platform == null or platform.supports_libunwind) then compiler.build_c_to_nit_bindings
+               var platform = compiler.target_platform
+               if self.toolcontext.opt_stacktrace.value == "nitstack" and platform.supports_libunwind then compiler.build_c_to_nit_bindings
                var cc_opt_with_libgc = "-DWITH_LIBGC"
-               if platform != null and not platform.supports_libgc then cc_opt_with_libgc = ""
+               if not platform.supports_libgc then cc_opt_with_libgc = ""
 
                # Add gc_choser.h to aditionnal bodies
                var gc_chooser = new ExternCFile("gc_chooser.c", cc_opt_with_libgc)
@@ -216,7 +226,7 @@ class MakefileToolchain
 
                var hfilename = compiler.header.file.name + ".h"
                var hfilepath = "{compile_dir}/{hfilename}"
-               var h = new OFStream.open(hfilepath)
+               var h = new FileWriter.open(hfilepath)
                for l in compiler.header.decl_lines do
                        h.write l
                        h.write "\n"
@@ -231,7 +241,7 @@ class MakefileToolchain
                for f in compiler.files do
                        var i = 0
                        var count = 0
-                       var file: nullable OFStream = null
+                       var file: nullable FileWriter = null
                        for vis in f.writers do
                                if vis == compiler.header then continue
                                var total_lines = vis.lines.length + vis.decl_lines.length
@@ -244,7 +254,7 @@ class MakefileToolchain
                                        var cfilepath = "{compile_dir}/{cfilename}"
                                        self.toolcontext.info("new C source files to compile: {cfilepath}", 3)
                                        cfiles.add(cfilename)
-                                       file = new OFStream.open(cfilepath)
+                                       file = new FileWriter.open(cfilepath)
                                        file.write "#include \"{f.name}.0.h\"\n"
                                        count = total_lines
                                end
@@ -262,8 +272,8 @@ class MakefileToolchain
 
                        var cfilename = "{f.name}.0.h"
                        var cfilepath = "{compile_dir}/{cfilename}"
-                       var hfile: nullable OFStream = null
-                       hfile = new OFStream.open(cfilepath)
+                       var hfile: nullable FileWriter = null
+                       hfile = new FileWriter.open(cfilepath)
                        hfile.write "#include \"{hfilename}\"\n"
                        for key in f.required_declarations do
                                if not compiler.provided_declarations.has_key(key) then
@@ -284,17 +294,14 @@ class MakefileToolchain
                self.toolcontext.info("Total C source files to compile: {cfiles.length}", 2)
        end
 
-       fun makefile_name(mainmodule: MModule): String do return "{mainmodule.c_name}.mk"
+       # Get the name of the Makefile to use
+       fun makefile_name: String do return "{compiler.mainmodule.c_name}.mk"
 
-       fun default_outname(mainmodule: MModule): String
+       # Get the default name of the executable to produce
+       fun default_outname: String
        do
-               # Search a non fictive module
-               var res = mainmodule.name
-               while mainmodule.is_fictive do
-                       mainmodule = mainmodule.in_importation.direct_greaters.first
-                       res = mainmodule.name
-               end
-               return res
+               var mainmodule = compiler.mainmodule.first_real_mmodule
+               return mainmodule.name
        end
 
        # Combine options and platform informations to get the final path of the outfile
@@ -302,16 +309,17 @@ class MakefileToolchain
        do
                var res = self.toolcontext.opt_output.value
                if res != null then return res
-               res = default_outname(mainmodule)
+               res = default_outname
                var dir = self.toolcontext.opt_dir.value
                if dir != null then return dir.join_path(res)
                return res
        end
 
-       fun write_makefile(compiler: AbstractCompiler, compile_dir: String, cfiles: Array[String])
+       # Write the Makefile
+       fun write_makefile(compile_dir: String, cfiles: Array[String])
        do
                var mainmodule = compiler.mainmodule
-               var platform = compiler.mainmodule.target_platform
+               var platform = compiler.target_platform
 
                var outname = outfile(mainmodule)
 
@@ -323,9 +331,9 @@ class MakefileToolchain
                        # 2. copy the binary at the right place in the `all` goal.
                        outpath = mainmodule.c_name
                end
-               var makename = makefile_name(mainmodule)
+               var makename = makefile_name
                var makepath = "{compile_dir}/{makename}"
-               var makefile = new OFStream.open(makepath)
+               var makefile = new FileWriter.open(makepath)
 
                var linker_options = new HashSet[String]
                for m in mainmodule.in_importation.greaters do
@@ -336,7 +344,7 @@ class MakefileToolchain
                makefile.write("CC = ccache cc\nCXX = ccache c++\nCFLAGS = -g -O2 -Wno-unused-value -Wno-switch -Wno-attributes\nCINCL =\nLDFLAGS ?= \nLDLIBS  ?= -lm {linker_options.join(" ")}\n\n")
 
                var ost = toolcontext.opt_stacktrace.value
-               if (ost == "libunwind" or ost == "nitstack") and (platform == null or platform.supports_libunwind) then makefile.write("NEED_LIBUNWIND := YesPlease\n")
+               if (ost == "libunwind" or ost == "nitstack") and platform.supports_libunwind then makefile.write("NEED_LIBUNWIND := YesPlease\n")
 
                # Dynamic adaptations
                # While `platform` enable complex toolchains, they are statically applied
@@ -371,6 +379,18 @@ class MakefileToolchain
                        dep_rules.add(o)
                end
 
+               # Generate linker script, if any
+               if not compiler.linker_script.is_empty then
+                       var linker_script_path = "{compile_dir}/linker_script"
+                       ofiles.add "linker_script"
+                       var f = new FileWriter.open(linker_script_path)
+                       for l in compiler.linker_script do
+                               f.write l
+                               f.write "\n"
+                       end
+                       f.close
+               end
+
                var java_files = new Array[ExternFile]
 
                var pkgconfigs = new Array[String]
@@ -436,9 +456,10 @@ endif
                makepath.file_copy_to "{compile_dir}/Makefile"
        end
 
-       fun compile_c_code(compiler: AbstractCompiler, compile_dir: String)
+       # The C code is generated, compile it to an executable
+       fun compile_c_code(compile_dir: String)
        do
-               var makename = makefile_name(compiler.mainmodule)
+               var makename = makefile_name
 
                var makeflags = self.toolcontext.opt_make_flags.value
                if makeflags == null then makeflags = ""
@@ -476,11 +497,19 @@ abstract class AbstractCompiler
        # Is hardening asked? (see --hardening)
        fun hardening: Bool do return self.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_hardening.value
 
+       # The targeted specific platform
+       var target_platform: Platform is noinit
+
        init
        do
                self.realmainmodule = mainmodule
+               target_platform = mainmodule.target_platform or else new Platform
        end
 
+       # Do the full code generation of the program `mainmodule`
+       # It is the main method usually called after the instantiation
+       fun do_compilation is abstract
+
        # Force the creation of a new file
        # The point is to avoid contamination between must-be-compiled-separately files
        fun new_file(name: String): CodeFile
@@ -507,6 +536,10 @@ abstract class AbstractCompiler
        # Where global declaration are stored (the main .h)
        var header: CodeWriter is writable, noinit
 
+       # Additionnal linker script for `ld`.
+       # Mainly used to do specific link-time symbol resolution
+       var linker_script = new Array[String]
+
        # Provide a declaration that can be requested (before or latter) by a visitor
        fun provide_declaration(key: String, s: String)
        do
@@ -526,7 +559,7 @@ abstract class AbstractCompiler
        do
                var compile_dir = modelbuilder.compile_dir
 
-               var stream = new OFStream.open("{compile_dir}/c_functions_hash.c")
+               var stream = new FileWriter.open("{compile_dir}/c_functions_hash.c")
                stream.write("#include <string.h>\n")
                stream.write("#include <stdlib.h>\n")
                stream.write("#include \"c_functions_hash.h\"\n")
@@ -556,7 +589,7 @@ abstract class AbstractCompiler
                stream.write("\}\n")
                stream.close
 
-               stream = new OFStream.open("{compile_dir}/c_functions_hash.h")
+               stream = new FileWriter.open("{compile_dir}/c_functions_hash.h")
                stream.write("const char* get_nit_name(register const char* procname, register unsigned int len);\n")
                stream.close
 
@@ -569,6 +602,8 @@ abstract class AbstractCompiler
                self.header.add_decl("#include <stdlib.h>")
                self.header.add_decl("#include <stdio.h>")
                self.header.add_decl("#include <string.h>")
+               self.header.add_decl("#include <sys/types.h>\n")
+               self.header.add_decl("#include <unistd.h>\n")
                self.header.add_decl("#include \"gc_chooser.h\"")
                self.header.add_decl("#ifdef ANDROID")
                self.header.add_decl("  #include <android/log.h>")
@@ -583,9 +618,9 @@ abstract class AbstractCompiler
                var gccd_disable = modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_gcc_directive.value
                if gccd_disable.has("noreturn") or gccd_disable.has("all") then
                        # Signal handler function prototype
-                       self.header.add_decl("void show_backtrace(int);")
+                       self.header.add_decl("void fatal_exit(int);")
                else
-                       self.header.add_decl("void show_backtrace(int) __attribute__ ((noreturn));")
+                       self.header.add_decl("void fatal_exit(int) __attribute__ ((noreturn));")
                end
 
                if gccd_disable.has("likely") or gccd_disable.has("all") then
@@ -677,11 +712,11 @@ extern void nitni_global_ref_decr( struct nitni_ref *ref );
                var v = self.new_visitor
                v.add_decl("#include <signal.h>")
                var ost = modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_stacktrace.value
-               var platform = mainmodule.target_platform
+               var platform = target_platform
 
-               if platform != null and not platform.supports_libunwind then ost = "none"
+               if not platform.supports_libunwind then ost = "none"
 
-               var no_main = (platform != null and platform.no_main) or modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_main.value
+               var no_main = platform.no_main or modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_main.value
 
                if ost == "nitstack" or ost == "libunwind" then
                        v.add_decl("#define UNW_LOCAL_ONLY")
@@ -721,12 +756,7 @@ extern void nitni_global_ref_decr( struct nitni_ref *ref );
                        v.compiler.header.add_decl("extern long count_isset_checks;")
                end
 
-               v.add_decl("void sig_handler(int signo)\{")
-               v.add_decl("PRINT_ERROR(\"Caught signal : %s\\n\", strsignal(signo));")
-               v.add_decl("show_backtrace(signo);")
-               v.add_decl("\}")
-
-               v.add_decl("void show_backtrace (int signo) \{")
+               v.add_decl("static void show_backtrace(void) \{")
                if ost == "nitstack" or ost == "libunwind" then
                        v.add_decl("char* opt = getenv(\"NIT_NO_STACK\");")
                        v.add_decl("unw_cursor_t cursor;")
@@ -756,7 +786,19 @@ extern void nitni_global_ref_decr( struct nitni_ref *ref );
                        v.add_decl("free(procname);")
                        v.add_decl("\}")
                end
-               v.add_decl("exit(signo);")
+               v.add_decl("\}")
+
+               v.add_decl("void sig_handler(int signo)\{")
+               v.add_decl("PRINT_ERROR(\"Caught signal : %s\\n\", strsignal(signo));")
+               v.add_decl("show_backtrace();")
+               # rethrows
+               v.add_decl("signal(signo, SIG_DFL);")
+               v.add_decl("kill(getpid(), signo);")
+               v.add_decl("\}")
+
+               v.add_decl("void fatal_exit(int status) \{")
+               v.add_decl("show_backtrace();")
+               v.add_decl("exit(status);")
                v.add_decl("\}")
 
                if no_main then
@@ -836,6 +878,12 @@ extern void nitni_global_ref_decr( struct nitni_ref *ref );
 
                v.add("return 0;")
                v.add("\}")
+
+               for m in mainmodule.in_importation.greaters do
+                       var f = "FILE_"+m.c_name
+                       v.add "const char {f}[] = \"{m.location.file.filename.escape_to_c}\";"
+                       provide_declaration(f, "extern const char {f}[];")
+               end
        end
 
        # Copile all C functions related to the [incr|decr]_ref features of the FFI
@@ -988,14 +1036,6 @@ extern void nitni_global_ref_decr( struct nitni_ref *ref ) {
        end
 
        fun finalize_ffi_for_module(mmodule: MModule) do mmodule.finalize_ffi(self)
-
-       # Division facility
-       # Avoid division by zero by returning the string "n/a"
-       fun div(a,b:Int):String
-       do
-               if b == 0 then return "n/a"
-               return ((a*10000/b).to_f / 100.0).to_precision(2)
-       end
 end
 
 # A file unit (may be more than one file if
@@ -1036,8 +1076,8 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
        # The current visited AST node
        var current_node: nullable ANode = null is writable
 
-       # The current `Frame`
-       var frame: nullable Frame = null is writable
+       # The current `StaticFrame`
+       var frame: nullable StaticFrame = null is writable
 
        # Alias for self.compiler.mainmodule.object_type
        fun object_type: MClassType do return self.compiler.mainmodule.object_type
@@ -1052,9 +1092,6 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
                self.writer = new CodeWriter(compiler.files.last)
        end
 
-       # Force to get the primitive class named `name` or abort
-       fun get_class(name: String): MClass do return self.compiler.mainmodule.get_primitive_class(name)
-
        # Force to get the primitive property named `name` in the instance `recv` or abort
        fun get_property(name: String, recv: MType): MMethod
        do
@@ -1096,6 +1133,14 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
 
        fun native_array_def(pname: String, ret_type: nullable MType, arguments: Array[RuntimeVariable]) is abstract
 
+       # Return an element of a native array.
+       # The method is unsafe and is just a direct wrapper for the specific implementation of native arrays
+       fun native_array_get(native_array: RuntimeVariable, index: Int): RuntimeVariable is abstract
+
+       # Store an element in a native array.
+       # The method is unsafe and is just a direct wrapper for the specific implementation of native arrays
+       fun native_array_set(native_array: RuntimeVariable, index: Int, value: RuntimeVariable) is abstract
+
        # Evaluate `args` as expressions in the call of `mpropdef` on `recv`.
        # This method is used to manage varargs in signatures and returns the real array
        # of runtime variables to use in the call.
@@ -1361,6 +1406,24 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
        # Generate a alloc-instance + init-attributes
        fun init_instance(mtype: MClassType): RuntimeVariable is abstract
 
+       # Allocate and init attributes of an instance of a standard or extern class
+       #
+       # Does not support universals and the pseudo-internal `NativeArray` class.
+       fun init_instance_or_extern(mtype: MClassType): RuntimeVariable
+       do
+               var recv
+               var ctype = mtype.ctype
+               assert mtype.mclass.name != "NativeArray"
+               if not mtype.is_c_primitive then
+                       recv = init_instance(mtype)
+               else if ctype == "char*" then
+                       recv = new_expr("NULL/*special!*/", mtype)
+               else
+                       recv = new_expr("({ctype})0/*special!*/", mtype)
+               end
+               return recv
+       end
+
        # Set a GC finalizer on `recv`, only if `recv` isa Finalizable
        fun set_finalizer(recv: RuntimeVariable)
        do
@@ -1372,37 +1435,64 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
                end
        end
 
+       # The currently processed module
+       #
+       # alias for `compiler.mainmodule`
+       fun mmodule: MModule do return compiler.mainmodule
+
        # Generate an integer value
        fun int_instance(value: Int): RuntimeVariable
        do
-               var res = self.new_var(self.get_class("Int").mclass_type)
-               self.add("{res} = {value};")
+               var t = mmodule.int_type
+               var res = new RuntimeVariable("{value.to_s}l", t, t)
+               return res
+       end
+
+       # Generate a char value
+       fun char_instance(value: Char): RuntimeVariable
+       do
+               var t = mmodule.char_type
+               var res = new RuntimeVariable("'{value.to_s.escape_to_c}'", t, t)
+               return res
+       end
+
+       # Generate a float value
+       #
+       # FIXME pass a Float, not a string
+       fun float_instance(value: String): RuntimeVariable
+       do
+               var t = mmodule.float_type
+               var res = new RuntimeVariable("{value}", t, t)
                return res
        end
 
        # Generate an integer value
        fun bool_instance(value: Bool): RuntimeVariable
        do
-               var res = self.new_var(self.get_class("Bool").mclass_type)
-               if value then
-                       self.add("{res} = 1;")
-               else
-                       self.add("{res} = 0;")
-               end
+               var s = if value then "1" else "0"
+               var res = new RuntimeVariable(s, bool_type, bool_type)
+               return res
+       end
+
+       # Generate the `null` value
+       fun null_instance: RuntimeVariable
+       do
+               var t = compiler.mainmodule.model.null_type
+               var res = new RuntimeVariable("((val*)NULL)", t, t)
                return res
        end
 
        # Generate a string value
        fun string_instance(string: String): RuntimeVariable
        do
-               var mtype = self.get_class("String").mclass_type
+               var mtype = mmodule.string_type
                var name = self.get_name("varonce")
                self.add_decl("static {mtype.ctype} {name};")
                var res = self.new_var(mtype)
-               self.add("if ({name}) \{")
+               self.add("if (likely({name}!=NULL)) \{")
                self.add("{res} = {name};")
                self.add("\} else \{")
-               var native_mtype = self.get_class("NativeString").mclass_type
+               var native_mtype = mmodule.native_string_type
                var nat = self.new_var(native_mtype)
                self.add("{nat} = \"{string.escape_to_c}\";")
                var length = self.int_instance(string.length)
@@ -1458,10 +1548,11 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
                self.require_declaration(s)
        end
 
-       # look for a needed .h and .c file for a given .nit source-file
-       # FIXME: bad API, parameter should be a `MModule`, not its source-file
-       fun add_extern(file: String)
+       # Look for a needed .h and .c file for a given module
+       # This is used for the legacy FFI
+       fun add_extern(mmodule: MModule)
        do
+               var file = mmodule.location.file.filename
                file = file.strip_extension(".nit")
                var tryfile = file + ".nit.h"
                if tryfile.file_exists then
@@ -1504,12 +1595,15 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
 
        fun add_raw_abort
        do
-               if self.current_node != null and self.current_node.location.file != null then
-                       self.add("PRINT_ERROR(\" (%s:%d)\\n\", \"{self.current_node.location.file.filename.escape_to_c}\", {current_node.location.line_start});")
+               if self.current_node != null and self.current_node.location.file != null and
+                               self.current_node.location.file.mmodule != null then
+                       var f = "FILE_{self.current_node.location.file.mmodule.c_name}"
+                       self.require_declaration(f)
+                       self.add("PRINT_ERROR(\" (%s:%d)\\n\", {f}, {current_node.location.line_start});")
                else
                        self.add("PRINT_ERROR(\"\\n\");")
                end
-               self.add("show_backtrace(1);")
+               self.add("fatal_exit(1);")
        end
 
        # Add a dynamic cast
@@ -1534,6 +1628,15 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
        fun stmt(nexpr: nullable AExpr)
        do
                if nexpr == null then return
+
+               var narray = nexpr.comprehension
+               if narray != null then
+                       var recv = frame.comprehension.as(not null)
+                       var val = expr(nexpr, narray.element_mtype)
+                       compile_callsite(narray.push_callsite.as(not null), [recv, val])
+                       return
+               end
+
                var old = self.current_node
                self.current_node = nexpr
                nexpr.stmt(self)
@@ -1656,8 +1759,8 @@ class RuntimeVariable
        end
 end
 
-# A frame correspond to a visited property in a `GlobalCompilerVisitor`
-class Frame
+# The static context of a visited property in a `AbstractCompilerVisitor`
+class StaticFrame
 
        type VISITOR: AbstractCompilerVisitor
 
@@ -1683,6 +1786,9 @@ class Frame
        # Labels associated to a each escapemarks.
        # Because of inlinings, escape-marks must be associated to their context (the frame)
        private var escapemark_names = new HashMap[EscapeMark, String]
+
+       # The array comprehension currently filled, if any
+       private var comprehension: nullable RuntimeVariable = null
 end
 
 redef class MType
@@ -1694,12 +1800,16 @@ redef class MType
 
        # Short name of the `ctype` to use in unions
        fun ctypename: String do return "val"
+
+       # Is the associated C type a primitive one?
+       #
+       # ENSURE `result == (ctype != "val*")`
+       fun is_c_primitive: Bool do return false
 end
 
 redef class MClassType
 
-       redef fun ctype: String
-       do
+       redef var ctype is lazy do
                if mclass.name == "Int" then
                        return "long"
                else if mclass.name == "Bool" then
@@ -1717,6 +1827,8 @@ redef class MClassType
                end
        end
 
+       redef var is_c_primitive is lazy do return ctype != "val*"
+
        redef fun ctype_extern: String
        do
                if mclass.kind == extern_kind then
@@ -1774,6 +1886,15 @@ redef class MMethodDef
                var modelbuilder = v.compiler.modelbuilder
                var val = constant_value
                var node = modelbuilder.mpropdef2node(self)
+
+               if is_abstract then
+                       var cn = v.class_name_string(arguments.first)
+                       v.current_node = node
+                       v.add("PRINT_ERROR(\"Runtime error: Abstract method `%s` called on `%s`\", \"{mproperty.name.escape_to_c}\", {cn});")
+                       v.add_raw_abort
+                       return null
+               end
+
                if node isa APropdef then
                        var oldnode = v.current_node
                        v.current_node = node
@@ -1833,13 +1954,6 @@ end
 redef class AMethPropdef
        redef fun compile_to_c(v, mpropdef, arguments)
        do
-               if mpropdef.is_abstract then
-                       var cn = v.class_name_string(arguments.first)
-                       v.add("PRINT_ERROR(\"Runtime error: Abstract method `%s` called on `%s`\", \"{mpropdef.mproperty.name.escape_to_c}\", {cn});")
-                       v.add_raw_abort
-                       return
-               end
-
                # Call the implicit super-init
                var auto_super_inits = self.auto_super_inits
                if auto_super_inits != null then
@@ -2139,16 +2253,13 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
        do
                var externname
                var at = self.get_single_annotation("extern", v.compiler.modelbuilder)
-               if at != null then
+               if at != null and at.n_args.length == 1 then
                        externname = at.arg_as_string(v.compiler.modelbuilder)
                        if externname == null then return false
                else
                        return false
                end
-               if location.file != null then
-                       var file = location.file.filename
-                       v.add_extern(file)
-               end
+               v.add_extern(mpropdef.mclassdef.mmodule)
                var res: nullable RuntimeVariable = null
                var ret = mpropdef.msignature.return_mtype
                if ret != null then
@@ -2180,10 +2291,7 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
                else
                        return false
                end
-               if location.file != null then
-                       var file = location.file.filename
-                       v.add_extern(file)
-               end
+               v.add_extern(mpropdef.mclassdef.mmodule)
                v.adapt_signature(mpropdef, arguments)
                v.unbox_signature_extern(mpropdef, arguments)
                var ret = arguments.first.mtype
@@ -2199,6 +2307,8 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
 end
 
 redef class AAttrPropdef
+       redef fun can_inline: Bool do return not is_lazy
+
        redef fun compile_to_c(v, mpropdef, arguments)
        do
                if mpropdef == mreadpropdef then
@@ -2208,7 +2318,7 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
                        if is_lazy then
                                var set
                                var ret = self.mpropdef.static_mtype
-                               var useiset = ret.ctype == "val*" and not ret isa MNullableType
+                               var useiset = not ret.is_c_primitive and not ret isa MNullableType
                                var guard = self.mlazypropdef.mproperty
                                if useiset then
                                        set = v.isset_attribute(self.mpropdef.mproperty, recv)
@@ -2223,7 +2333,7 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
 
                                v.assign(res, value)
                                if not useiset then
-                                       var true_v = v.new_expr("1", v.bool_type)
+                                       var true_v = v.bool_instance(true)
                                        v.write_attribute(guard, arguments.first, true_v)
                                end
                                v.add("\}")
@@ -2236,9 +2346,9 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
                        v.write_attribute(self.mpropdef.mproperty, arguments.first, arguments[1])
                        if is_lazy then
                                var ret = self.mpropdef.static_mtype
-                               var useiset = ret.ctype == "val*" and not ret isa MNullableType
+                               var useiset = not ret.is_c_primitive and not ret isa MNullableType
                                if not useiset then
-                                       v.write_attribute(self.mlazypropdef.mproperty, arguments.first, v.new_expr("1", v.bool_type))
+                                       v.write_attribute(self.mlazypropdef.mproperty, arguments.first, v.bool_instance(true))
                                end
                        end
                else
@@ -2248,7 +2358,7 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
 
        fun init_expr(v: AbstractCompilerVisitor, recv: RuntimeVariable)
        do
-               if has_value and not is_lazy then evaluate_expr(v, recv)
+               if has_value and not is_lazy and not n_expr isa ANullExpr then evaluate_expr(v, recv)
        end
 
        # Evaluate, store and return the default value of the attribute
@@ -2257,7 +2367,7 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
                var oldnode = v.current_node
                v.current_node = self
                var old_frame = v.frame
-               var frame = new Frame(v, self.mpropdef.as(not null), recv.mcasttype.as_notnullable.as(MClassType), [recv])
+               var frame = new StaticFrame(v, self.mpropdef.as(not null), recv.mcasttype.as_notnullable.as(MClassType), [recv])
                v.frame = frame
 
                var value
@@ -2296,7 +2406,7 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
                var oldnode = v.current_node
                v.current_node = self
                var old_frame = v.frame
-               var frame = new Frame(v, self.mpropdef.as(not null), recv.mtype.as(MClassType), [recv])
+               var frame = new StaticFrame(v, self.mpropdef.as(not null), recv.mtype.as(MClassType), [recv])
                v.frame = frame
                # Force read to check the initialization
                v.read_attribute(self.mpropdef.mproperty, recv)
@@ -2636,27 +2746,32 @@ redef class AOrElseExpr
 end
 
 redef class AIntExpr
-       redef fun expr(v) do return v.new_expr("{self.value.to_s}", self.mtype.as(not null))
+       redef fun expr(v) do return v.int_instance(self.value.as(not null))
 end
 
 redef class AFloatExpr
-       redef fun expr(v) do return v.new_expr("{self.n_float.text}", self.mtype.as(not null)) # FIXME use value, not n_float
+       redef fun expr(v) do return v.float_instance("{self.n_float.text}") # FIXME use value, not n_float
 end
 
 redef class ACharExpr
-       redef fun expr(v) do return v.new_expr("'{self.value.to_s.escape_to_c}'", self.mtype.as(not null))
+       redef fun expr(v) do return v.char_instance(self.value.as(not null))
 end
 
 redef class AArrayExpr
        redef fun expr(v)
        do
-               var mtype = self.mtype.as(MClassType).arguments.first
+               var mtype = self.element_mtype.as(not null)
                var array = new Array[RuntimeVariable]
+               var res = v.array_instance(array, mtype)
+
+               var old_comprehension = v.frame.comprehension
+               v.frame.comprehension = res
                for nexpr in self.n_exprs do
-                       var i = v.expr(nexpr, mtype)
-                       array.add(i)
+                       v.stmt(nexpr)
                end
-               return v.array_instance(array, mtype)
+               v.frame.comprehension = old_comprehension
+
+               return res
        end
 end
 
@@ -2667,14 +2782,64 @@ end
 redef class ASuperstringExpr
        redef fun expr(v)
        do
-               var array = new Array[RuntimeVariable]
+               var type_string = mtype.as(not null)
+
+               # Collect elements of the superstring
+               var array = new Array[AExpr]
                for ne in self.n_exprs do
+                       # Drop literal empty string.
+                       # They appears in things like "{a}" that is ["", a, ""]
                        if ne isa AStringFormExpr and ne.value == "" then continue # skip empty sub-strings
-                       var i = v.expr(ne, null)
-                       array.add(i)
+                       array.add(ne)
                end
-               var a = v.array_instance(array, v.object_type)
-               var res = v.send(v.get_property("to_s", a.mtype), [a])
+
+               # Store the allocated native array in a static variable
+               # For reusing later
+               var varonce = v.get_name("varonce")
+               v.add("if (unlikely({varonce}==NULL)) \{")
+
+               # The native array that will contains the elements to_s-ized.
+               # For fast concatenation.
+               var a = v.native_array_instance(type_string, v.int_instance(array.length))
+
+               v.add_decl("static {a.mtype.ctype} {varonce};")
+
+               # Pre-fill the array with the literal string parts.
+               # So they do not need to be filled again when reused
+               for i in [0..array.length[ do
+                       var ne = array[i]
+                       if not ne isa AStringFormExpr then continue
+                       var e = v.expr(ne, null)
+                       v.native_array_set(a, i, e)
+               end
+
+               v.add("\} else \{")
+               # Take the native-array from the store.
+               # The point is to prevent that some recursive execution use (and corrupt) the same native array
+               # WARNING: not thread safe! (FIXME?)
+               v.add("{a} = {varonce};")
+               v.add("{varonce} = NULL;")
+               v.add("\}")
+
+               # Stringify the elements and put them in the native array
+               var to_s_method = v.get_property("to_s", v.object_type)
+               for i in [0..array.length[ do
+                       var ne = array[i]
+                       if ne isa AStringFormExpr then continue
+                       var e = v.expr(ne, null)
+                       # Skip the `to_s` if the element is already a String
+                       if not e.mcasttype.is_subtype(v.compiler.mainmodule, null, type_string) then
+                               e = v.send(to_s_method, [e]).as(not null)
+                       end
+                       v.native_array_set(a, i, e)
+               end
+
+               # Fast join the native string to get the result
+               var res = v.send(v.get_property("native_to_s", a.mtype), [a])
+
+               # We finish to work with the native array,
+               # so store it so that it can be reused
+               v.add("{varonce} = {a};")
                return res
        end
 end
@@ -2704,15 +2869,15 @@ redef class AOrangeExpr
 end
 
 redef class ATrueExpr
-       redef fun expr(v) do return v.new_expr("1", self.mtype.as(not null))
+       redef fun expr(v) do return v.bool_instance(true)
 end
 
 redef class AFalseExpr
-       redef fun expr(v) do return v.new_expr("0", self.mtype.as(not null))
+       redef fun expr(v) do return v.bool_instance(false)
 end
 
 redef class ANullExpr
-       redef fun expr(v) do return v.new_expr("NULL", self.mtype.as(not null))
+       redef fun expr(v) do return v.null_instance
 end
 
 redef class AIsaExpr
@@ -2740,7 +2905,7 @@ redef class AAsNotnullExpr
                var i = v.expr(self.n_expr, null)
                if v.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_check_assert.value then return i
 
-               if i.mtype.ctype != "val*" then return i
+               if i.mtype.is_c_primitive then return i
 
                v.add("if (unlikely({i} == NULL)) \{")
                v.add_abort("Cast failed")
@@ -2762,7 +2927,7 @@ redef class AOnceExpr
                v.add_decl("static {mtype.ctype} {name};")
                v.add_decl("static int {guard};")
                var res = v.new_var(mtype)
-               v.add("if ({guard}) \{")
+               v.add("if (likely({guard})) \{")
                v.add("{res} = {name};")
                v.add("\} else \{")
                var i = v.expr(self.n_expr, mtype)
@@ -2840,22 +3005,17 @@ redef class ANewExpr
        do
                var mtype = self.recvtype
                assert mtype != null
-               var recv
-               var ctype = mtype.ctype
+
                if mtype.mclass.name == "NativeArray" then
                        assert self.n_args.n_exprs.length == 1
                        var l = v.expr(self.n_args.n_exprs.first, null)
                        assert mtype isa MGenericType
                        var elttype = mtype.arguments.first
                        return v.native_array_instance(elttype, l)
-               else if ctype == "val*" then
-                       recv = v.init_instance(mtype)
-               else if ctype == "char*" then
-                       recv = v.new_expr("NULL/*special!*/", mtype)
-               else
-                       recv = v.new_expr("({ctype})0/*special!*/", mtype)
                end
 
+               var recv = v.init_instance_or_extern(mtype)
+
                var callsite = self.callsite.as(not null)
                var args = v.varargize(callsite.mpropdef, recv, self.n_args.n_exprs)
                var res2 = v.compile_callsite(callsite, args)
@@ -2956,7 +3116,7 @@ redef class MModule
 
        # Give requided addinional system libraries (as given to LD_LIBS)
        # Note: can return null instead of an empty set
-       fun collect_linker_libs: nullable Set[String] do return null
+       fun collect_linker_libs: nullable Array[String] do return null
 end
 
 # Create a tool context to handle options and paths