typing: add `ARangeExpr::init_callsite` and use it everywhere
[nit.git] / src / abstract_compiler.nit
index 53ccced..0f854ba 100644 (file)
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ import literal
 import typing
 import auto_super_init
 import frontend
+import common_ffi
+import platform
 
 # Add compiling options
 redef class ToolContext
@@ -32,6 +34,8 @@ redef class ToolContext
        var opt_cc_path: OptionArray = new OptionArray("Set include path for C header files (may be used more than once)", "--cc-path")
        # --make-flags
        var opt_make_flags: OptionString = new OptionString("Additional options to make", "--make-flags")
+       # --compile-dir
+       var opt_compile_dir: OptionString = new OptionString("Directory used to generate temporary files", "--compile-dir")
        # --hardening
        var opt_hardening: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Generate contracts in the C code against bugs in the compiler", "--hardening")
        # --no-shortcut-range
@@ -48,17 +52,70 @@ redef class ToolContext
        var opt_no_check_other: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Disable implicit tests: unset attribute, null receiver (dangerous)", "--no-check-other")
        # --typing-test-metrics
        var opt_typing_test_metrics: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Enable static and dynamic count of all type tests", "--typing-test-metrics")
+       # --no-stacktrace
+       var opt_no_stacktrace: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Disables libunwind and generation of C stack traces (can be problematic when compiling to targets such as Android or NaCl)", "--no-stacktrace")
+       # --stack-trace-C-to-Nit-name-binding
+       var opt_stacktrace: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Enables the use of gperf to bind C to Nit function names when encountering a Stack trace at runtime", "--nit-stacktrace")
 
        redef init
        do
                super
-               self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_output, self.opt_no_cc, self.opt_make_flags, self.opt_hardening, self.opt_no_shortcut_range)
+               self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_output, self.opt_no_cc, self.opt_make_flags, self.opt_compile_dir, self.opt_hardening, self.opt_no_shortcut_range)
                self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_no_check_covariance, self.opt_no_check_initialization, self.opt_no_check_assert, self.opt_no_check_autocast, self.opt_no_check_other)
                self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_typing_test_metrics)
+               self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_stacktrace)
+               self.option_context.add_option(self.opt_no_stacktrace)
        end
 end
 
 redef class ModelBuilder
+       redef init(model, toolcontext)
+       do
+               if toolcontext.opt_no_stacktrace.value and toolcontext.opt_stacktrace.value then
+                       print "Cannot use --nit-stacktrace when --no-stacktrace is activated"
+                       exit(1)
+               end
+
+               super
+       end
+
+       # The compilation directory
+       var compile_dir: String
+
+       # Simple indirection to `Toolchain::write_and_make`
+       protected fun write_and_make(compiler: AbstractCompiler)
+       do
+               var platform = compiler.mainmodule.target_platform
+               var toolchain
+               if platform == null then
+                       toolchain = new MakefileToolchain(toolcontext)
+               else
+                       toolchain = platform.toolchain(toolcontext)
+               end
+               compile_dir = toolchain.compile_dir
+               toolchain.write_and_make compiler
+       end
+end
+
+redef class Platform
+       fun toolchain(toolcontext: ToolContext): Toolchain is abstract
+end
+
+class Toolchain
+       var toolcontext: ToolContext
+
+       fun compile_dir: String
+       do
+               var compile_dir = toolcontext.opt_compile_dir.value
+               if compile_dir == null then compile_dir = ".nit_compile"
+               return compile_dir
+       end
+
+       fun write_and_make(compiler: AbstractCompiler) is abstract
+end
+
+class MakefileToolchain
+       super Toolchain
        # The list of directories to search for included C headers (-I for C compilers)
        # The list is initially set with :
        #   * the toolcontext --cc-path option
@@ -67,10 +124,8 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
        # Path can be added (or removed) by the client
        var cc_paths = new Array[String]
 
-       redef init(model, toolcontext)
+       protected fun gather_cc_paths
        do
-               super
-
                # Look for the the Nit clib path
                var path_env = "NIT_DIR".environ
                if not path_env.is_empty then
@@ -92,12 +147,14 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
                if not path_env.is_empty then
                        cc_paths.append(path_env.split_with(':'))
                end
-
        end
 
-       protected fun write_and_make(compiler: AbstractCompiler)
+       redef fun write_and_make(compiler)
        do
+               gather_cc_paths
+
                var mainmodule = compiler.mainmodule
+               var compile_dir = compile_dir
 
                # Generate the .h and .c files
                # A single C file regroups many compiled rumtime functions
@@ -105,15 +162,59 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
                var time0 = get_time
                self.toolcontext.info("*** WRITING C ***", 1)
 
-               ".nit_compile".mkdir
+               compile_dir.mkdir
 
-               var outname = self.toolcontext.opt_output.value
-               if outname == null then
-                       outname = "{mainmodule.name}"
+               var cfiles = new Array[String]
+               write_files(compiler, compile_dir, cfiles)
+
+               # Generate the Makefile
+
+               write_makefile(compiler, compile_dir, cfiles)
+
+               var time1 = get_time
+               self.toolcontext.info("*** END WRITING C: {time1-time0} ***", 2)
+
+               # Execute the Makefile
+
+               if self.toolcontext.opt_no_cc.value then return
+
+               time0 = time1
+               self.toolcontext.info("*** COMPILING C ***", 1)
+
+               compile_c_code(compiler, compile_dir)
+
+               time1 = get_time
+               self.toolcontext.info("*** END COMPILING C: {time1-time0} ***", 2)
+       end
+
+       fun write_files(compiler: AbstractCompiler, compile_dir: String, cfiles: Array[String])
+       do
+               if self.toolcontext.opt_stacktrace.value then compiler.build_c_to_nit_bindings
+
+               # Add gc_choser.h to aditionnal bodies
+               var gc_chooser = new ExternCFile("gc_chooser.c", "-DWITH_LIBGC")
+               compiler.extern_bodies.add(gc_chooser)
+               compiler.files_to_copy.add "{cc_paths.first}/gc_chooser.c"
+               compiler.files_to_copy.add "{cc_paths.first}/gc_chooser.h"
+
+               # FFI
+               var m2m = toolcontext.modelbuilder.mmodule2nmodule
+               for m in compiler.mainmodule.in_importation.greaters do if m2m.keys.has(m) then
+                       var amodule = m2m[m]
+                       if m.uses_ffi or amodule.uses_legacy_ni then
+                               compiler.finalize_ffi_for_module(amodule)
+                       end
+               end
+
+               # Copy original .[ch] files to compile_dir
+               for src in compiler.files_to_copy do
+                       var basename = src.basename("")
+                       var dst = "{compile_dir}/{basename}"
+                       src.file_copy_to dst
                end
 
                var hfilename = compiler.header.file.name + ".h"
-               var hfilepath = ".nit_compile/{hfilename}"
+               var hfilepath = "{compile_dir}/{hfilename}"
                var h = new OFStream.open(hfilepath)
                for l in compiler.header.decl_lines do
                        h.write l
@@ -125,18 +226,22 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
                end
                h.close
 
-               var cfiles = new Array[String]
-
                for f in compiler.files do
                        var i = 0
                        var hfile: nullable OFStream = null
                        var count = 0
-                       var cfilename = ".nit_compile/{f.name}.0.h"
-                       hfile = new OFStream.open(cfilename)
+                       var cfilename = "{f.name}.0.h"
+                       var cfilepath = "{compile_dir}/{cfilename}"
+                       hfile = new OFStream.open(cfilepath)
                        hfile.write "#include \"{hfilename}\"\n"
                        for key in f.required_declarations do
                                if not compiler.provided_declarations.has_key(key) then
-                                       print "No provided declaration for {key}"
+                                       var node = compiler.requirers_of_declarations.get_or_null(key)
+                                       if node != null then
+                                               node.debug "No provided declaration for {key}"
+                                       else
+                                               print "No provided declaration for {key}"
+                                       end
                                        abort
                                end
                                hfile.write compiler.provided_declarations[key]
@@ -152,10 +257,11 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
                                if file == null or count > 10000  then
                                        i += 1
                                        if file != null then file.close
-                                       cfilename = ".nit_compile/{f.name}.{i}.c"
-                                       self.toolcontext.info("new C source files to compile: {cfilename}", 3)
+                                       cfilename = "{f.name}.{i}.c"
+                                       cfilepath = "{compile_dir}/{cfilename}"
+                                       self.toolcontext.info("new C source files to compile: {cfilepath}", 3)
                                        cfiles.add(cfilename)
-                                       file = new OFStream.open(cfilename)
+                                       file = new OFStream.open(cfilepath)
                                        file.write "#include \"{f.name}.0.h\"\n"
                                        count = total_lines
                                end
@@ -172,72 +278,95 @@ redef class ModelBuilder
                end
 
                self.toolcontext.info("Total C source files to compile: {cfiles.length}", 2)
+       end
 
-               # Generate the Makefile
+       fun write_makefile(compiler: AbstractCompiler, compile_dir: String, cfiles: Array[String])
+       do
+               var mainmodule = compiler.mainmodule
 
-               var makename = ".nit_compile/{mainmodule.name}.mk"
-               var makefile = new OFStream.open(makename)
+               var outname = self.toolcontext.opt_output.value
+               if outname == null then
+                       outname = "{mainmodule.name}"
+               end
+
+               var orig_dir=".." # FIXME only works if `compile_dir` is a subdirectory of cwd
+               var outpath = orig_dir.join_path(outname).simplify_path
+               var makename = "{mainmodule.name}.mk"
+               var makepath = "{compile_dir}/{makename}"
+               var makefile = new OFStream.open(makepath)
 
                var cc_includes = ""
                for p in cc_paths do
-                       #p = "..".join_path(p)
                        cc_includes += " -I \"" + p + "\""
                end
-               makefile.write("CC = ccache cc\nCFLAGS = -g -O2\nCINCL = {cc_includes}\nLDFLAGS ?= \nLDLIBS  ?= -lm -lgc\n\n")
-               makefile.write("all: {outname}\n\n")
+
+               var linker_options = new HashSet[String]
+               var m2m = toolcontext.modelbuilder.mmodule2nmodule
+               for m in mainmodule.in_importation.greaters do if m2m.keys.has(m) then
+                       var amod = m2m[m]
+                       linker_options.add(amod.c_linker_options)
+               end
+
+               if not toolcontext.opt_no_stacktrace.value then linker_options.add("-lunwind")
+
+               makefile.write("CC = ccache cc\nCFLAGS = -g -O2\nCINCL = {cc_includes}\nLDFLAGS ?= \nLDLIBS  ?= -lm -lgc {linker_options.join(" ")}\n\n")
+               makefile.write("all: {outpath}\n\n")
 
                var ofiles = new Array[String]
+               var dep_rules = new Array[String]
                # Compile each generated file
                for f in cfiles do
                        var o = f.strip_extension(".c") + ".o"
                        makefile.write("{o}: {f}\n\t$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CINCL) -D NONITCNI -c -o {o} {f}\n\n")
                        ofiles.add(o)
+                       dep_rules.add(o)
                end
 
-               # Add gc_choser.h to aditionnal bodies
-               var gc_chooser = new ExternCFile("{cc_paths.first}/gc_chooser.c", "-DWITH_LIBGC")
-               compiler.extern_bodies.add(gc_chooser)
-
                # Compile each required extern body into a specific .o
                for f in compiler.extern_bodies do
-                       var basename = f.filename.basename(".c")
-                       var o = ".nit_compile/{basename}.extern.o"
-                       makefile.write("{o}: {f.filename}\n\t$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -D NONITCNI {f.cflags} -c -o {o} {f.filename}\n\n")
-                       ofiles.add(o)
+                       if f isa ExternCFile then
+                               var basename = f.filename.basename(".c")
+                               var o = "{basename}.extern.o"
+                               var ff = f.filename.basename("")
+                               makefile.write("{o}: {ff}\n\t$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -D NONITCNI {f.cflags} -c -o {o} {ff}\n\n")
+                               ofiles.add(o)
+                               dep_rules.add(o)
+                       else
+                               var o = f.makefile_rule_name
+                               var ff = f.filename.basename("")
+                               makefile.write("{o}: {ff}\n")
+                               makefile.write("\t{f.makefile_rule_content}\n\n")
+                               dep_rules.add(f.makefile_rule_name)
+
+                               if f isa ExternCppFile then ofiles.add(o)
+                       end
                end
 
                # Link edition
-               makefile.write("{outname}: {ofiles.join(" ")}\n\t$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) -o {outname} {ofiles.join(" ")} $(LDLIBS)\n\n")
+               makefile.write("{outpath}: {dep_rules.join(" ")}\n\t$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) -o {outpath} {ofiles.join(" ")} $(LDLIBS)\n\n")
                # Clean
                makefile.write("clean:\n\trm {ofiles.join(" ")} 2>/dev/null\n\n")
                makefile.close
-               self.toolcontext.info("Generated makefile: {makename}", 2)
-
-               var time1 = get_time
-               self.toolcontext.info("*** END WRITING C: {time1-time0} ***", 2)
-
-               # Execute the Makefile
+               self.toolcontext.info("Generated makefile: {makepath}", 2)
+       end
 
-               if self.toolcontext.opt_no_cc.value then return
+       fun compile_c_code(compiler: AbstractCompiler, compile_dir: String)
+       do
+               var makename = "{compiler.mainmodule.name}.mk" # FIXME duplicated from write_makefile
 
-               time0 = time1
-               self.toolcontext.info("*** COMPILING C ***", 1)
                var makeflags = self.toolcontext.opt_make_flags.value
                if makeflags == null then makeflags = ""
-               self.toolcontext.info("make -B -f {makename} -j 4 {makeflags}", 2)
+               self.toolcontext.info("make -B -C {compile_dir} -f {makename} -j 4 {makeflags}", 2)
 
                var res
                if self.toolcontext.verbose_level >= 3 then
-                       res = sys.system("make -B -f {makename} -j 4 {makeflags} 2>&1")
+                       res = sys.system("make -B -C {compile_dir} -f {makename} -j 4 {makeflags} 2>&1")
                else
-                       res = sys.system("make -B -f {makename} -j 4 {makeflags} 2>&1 >/dev/null")
+                       res = sys.system("make -B -C {compile_dir} -f {makename} -j 4 {makeflags} 2>&1 >/dev/null")
                end
                if res != 0 then
                        toolcontext.error(null, "make failed! Error code: {res}.")
                end
-
-               time1 = get_time
-               self.toolcontext.info("*** END COMPILING C: {time1-time0} ***", 2)
        end
 end
 
@@ -245,6 +374,9 @@ end
 abstract class AbstractCompiler
        type VISITOR: AbstractCompilerVisitor
 
+       # Table corresponding c_names to nit names (methods)
+       var names = new HashMap[String, String]
+
        # The main module of the program currently compiled
        # Is assigned during the separate compilation
        var mainmodule: MModule writable
@@ -295,26 +427,69 @@ abstract class AbstractCompiler
 
        private var provided_declarations = new HashMap[String, String]
 
+       private var requirers_of_declarations = new HashMap[String, ANode]
+
+       # Builds the .c and .h files to be used when generating a Stack Trace
+       # Binds the generated C function names to Nit function names
+       fun build_c_to_nit_bindings
+       do
+               var compile_dir = modelbuilder.compile_dir
+
+               var stream = new OFStream.open("{compile_dir}/C_fun_names")
+               stream.write("%\{\n#include \"c_functions_hash.h\"\n%\}\n")
+               stream.write("%define lookup-function-name get_nit_name\n")
+               stream.write("struct C_Nit_Names;\n")
+               stream.write("%%\n")
+               stream.write("####\n")
+               for i in names.keys do
+                       stream.write(i)
+                       stream.write(",\t\"")
+                       stream.write(names[i])
+                       stream.write("\"\n")
+               end
+               stream.write("####\n")
+               stream.write("%%\n")
+               stream.close
+
+               stream = new OFStream.open("{compile_dir}/c_functions_hash.h")
+               stream.write("typedef struct C_Nit_Names\{char* name; char* nit_name;\}C_Nit_Names;\n")
+               stream.write("const struct C_Nit_Names* get_nit_name(register const char *str, register unsigned int len);\n")
+               stream.close
+
+               var x = new Process("gperf","{compile_dir}/C_fun_names","-t","-7","--output-file={compile_dir}/c_functions_hash.c","-C")
+               x.wait
+
+               extern_bodies.add(new ExternCFile("{compile_dir}/c_functions_hash.c", ""))
+       end
+
        # Compile C headers
        # This method call compile_header_strucs method that has to be refined
        fun compile_header do
                var v = self.header
+               var toolctx = modelbuilder.toolcontext
                self.header.add_decl("#include <stdlib.h>")
                self.header.add_decl("#include <stdio.h>")
                self.header.add_decl("#include <string.h>")
-               self.header.add_decl("#include <gc_chooser.h>")
+               self.header.add_decl("#include \"gc_chooser.h\"")
 
                compile_header_structs
+               compile_nitni_structs
+
+               # Signal handler function prototype
+               self.header.add_decl("void show_backtrace(int);")
 
-               # Global variable used by the legacy native interface
+               # Global variable used by intern methods
                self.header.add_decl("extern int glob_argc;")
                self.header.add_decl("extern char **glob_argv;")
                self.header.add_decl("extern val *glob_sys;")
        end
 
-       # Declaration of structures the live Nit types
+       # Declaration of structures for live Nit types
        protected fun compile_header_structs is abstract
 
+       # Declaration of structures for nitni undelying the FFI
+       protected fun compile_nitni_structs is abstract
+
        # Generate the main C function.
        # This function:
        #       * allocate the Sys object if it exists
@@ -323,6 +498,14 @@ abstract class AbstractCompiler
        fun compile_main_function
        do
                var v = self.new_visitor
+               if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_stacktrace.value then
+                       v.add_decl("#include \"c_functions_hash.h\"")
+               end
+               v.add_decl("#include <signal.h>")
+               if not modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_stacktrace.value then
+                       v.add_decl("#define UNW_LOCAL_ONLY")
+                       v.add_decl("#include <libunwind.h>")
+               end
                v.add_decl("int glob_argc;")
                v.add_decl("char **glob_argv;")
                v.add_decl("val *glob_sys;")
@@ -337,7 +520,55 @@ abstract class AbstractCompiler
                                v.compiler.header.add_decl("extern long count_type_test_skipped_{tag};")
                        end
                end
+
+               v.add_decl("void sig_handler(int signo)\{")
+               v.add_decl("printf(\"Caught signal : %s\\n\", strsignal(signo));")
+               v.add_decl("show_backtrace(signo);")
+               v.add_decl("\}")
+
+               v.add_decl("void show_backtrace (int signo) \{")
+               if not modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_stacktrace.value then
+                       v.add_decl("char* opt = getenv(\"NIT_NO_STACK\");")
+                       v.add_decl("unw_cursor_t cursor;")
+                       v.add_decl("if(opt==NULL)\{")
+                       v.add_decl("unw_context_t uc;")
+                       v.add_decl("unw_word_t ip;")
+                       v.add_decl("char* procname = malloc(sizeof(char) * 100);")
+                       v.add_decl("unw_getcontext(&uc);")
+                       v.add_decl("unw_init_local(&cursor, &uc);")
+                       v.add_decl("printf(\"-------------------------------------------------\\n\");")
+                       v.add_decl("printf(\"--   Stack Trace   ------------------------------\\n\");")
+                       v.add_decl("printf(\"-------------------------------------------------\\n\");")
+                       v.add_decl("while (unw_step(&cursor) > 0) \{")
+                       v.add_decl("    unw_get_proc_name(&cursor, procname, 100, &ip);")
+                       if modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_stacktrace.value then
+                       v.add_decl("    const C_Nit_Names* recv = get_nit_name(procname, strlen(procname));")
+                       v.add_decl("    if (recv != 0)\{")
+                       v.add_decl("            printf(\"` %s\\n\", recv->nit_name);")
+                       v.add_decl("    \}else\{")
+                       v.add_decl("            printf(\"` %s\\n\", procname);")
+                       v.add_decl("    \}")
+                       else
+                       v.add_decl("    printf(\"` %s \\n\",procname);")
+                       end
+                       v.add_decl("\}")
+                       v.add_decl("printf(\"-------------------------------------------------\\n\");")
+                       v.add_decl("free(procname);")
+                       v.add_decl("\}")
+               end
+               v.add_decl("exit(signo);")
+               v.add_decl("\}")
+
                v.add_decl("int main(int argc, char** argv) \{")
+
+               v.add("signal(SIGABRT, sig_handler);")
+               v.add("signal(SIGFPE, sig_handler);")
+               v.add("signal(SIGILL, sig_handler);")
+               v.add("signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);")
+               v.add("signal(SIGTERM, sig_handler);")
+               v.add("signal(SIGSEGV, sig_handler);")
+               v.add("signal(SIGPIPE, sig_handler);")
+
                v.add("glob_argc = argc; glob_argv = argv;")
                v.add("initialize_gc_option();")
                var main_type = mainmodule.sys_type
@@ -380,19 +611,20 @@ abstract class AbstractCompiler
                                v.add("printf(\"\\t%ld (%.2f%%)\\n\", count_type_test_total_{tag}, 100.0*count_type_test_total_{tag}/count_type_test_total_total);")
                        end
                end
+
                v.add("return 0;")
                v.add("\}")
        end
 
-       # List of additional .c files required to compile (native interface)
-       var extern_bodies = new Array[ExternCFile]
+       # List of additional files required to compile (FFI)
+       var extern_bodies = new Array[ExternFile]
+
+       # List of source files to copy over to the compile dir
+       var files_to_copy = new Array[String]
 
        # This is used to avoid adding an extern file more than once
        private var seen_extern = new ArraySet[String]
 
-       # Generate code that check if an instance is correctly initialized
-       fun generate_check_init_instance(mtype: MClassType) is abstract
-
        # Generate code that initialize the attributes on a new instance
        fun generate_init_attr(v: VISITOR, recv: RuntimeVariable, mtype: MClassType)
        do
@@ -484,6 +716,13 @@ abstract class AbstractCompiler
                if b == 0 then return "n/a"
                return ((a*10000/b).to_f / 100.0).to_precision(2)
        end
+
+       fun finalize_ffi_for_module(nmodule: AModule)
+       do
+               var visitor = new_visitor
+               nmodule.finalize_ffi(visitor, modelbuilder)
+               nmodule.finalize_nitni(visitor)
+       end
 end
 
 # A file unit (may be more than one file if
@@ -614,7 +853,7 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
        # Unsafely cast a value to a new type
        # ie the result share the same C variable but my have a different mcasttype
        # NOTE: if the adaptation is useless then `value` is returned as it.
-       # ENSURE: `(return).name == value.name`
+       # ENSURE: `result.name == value.name`
        fun autoadapt(value: RuntimeVariable, mtype: MType): RuntimeVariable
        do
                mtype = self.anchor(mtype)
@@ -638,7 +877,7 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
        fun adapt_signature(m: MMethodDef, args: Array[RuntimeVariable]) is abstract
 
        # Box or unbox a value to another type iff a C type conversion is needed
-       # ENSURE: result.mtype.ctype == mtype.ctype
+       # ENSURE: `result.mtype.ctype == mtype.ctype`
        fun autobox(value: RuntimeVariable, mtype: MType): RuntimeVariable is abstract
 
        #  Generate a polymorphic subtype test
@@ -666,6 +905,14 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
                return self.call(propdef, t, args)
        end
 
+       # Generate a monomorphic super send from the method `m`, the type `t` and the arguments `args`
+       fun monomorphic_super_send(m: MMethodDef, t: MType, args: Array[RuntimeVariable]): nullable RuntimeVariable
+       do
+               assert t isa MClassType
+               m = m.lookup_next_definition(self.compiler.mainmodule, t)
+               return self.call(m, t, args)
+       end
+
        # Attributes handling
 
        # Generate a polymorphic attribute is_set test
@@ -687,14 +934,11 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
                var maybenull = recv.mcasttype isa MNullableType or recv.mcasttype isa MNullType
                if maybenull then
                        self.add("if ({recv} == NULL) \{")
-                       self.add_abort("Reciever is null")
+                       self.add_abort("Receiver is null")
                        self.add("\}")
                end
        end
 
-       # Generate a check-init-instance
-       fun check_init_instance(recv: RuntimeVariable, mtype: MClassType) is abstract
-
        # Names handling
 
        private var names: HashSet[String] = new HashSet[String]
@@ -807,13 +1051,11 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
                self.add("if ({name}) \{")
                self.add("{res} = {name};")
                self.add("\} else \{")
-               var nat = self.new_var(self.get_class("NativeString").mclass_type)
+               var native_mtype = self.get_class("NativeString").mclass_type
+               var nat = self.new_var(native_mtype)
                self.add("{nat} = \"{string.escape_to_c}\";")
-               var res2 = self.init_instance(mtype)
-               self.add("{res} = {res2};")
                var length = self.int_instance(string.length)
-               self.send(self.get_property("with_native", mtype), [res, nat, length])
-               self.check_init_instance(res, mtype)
+               self.add("{res} = {self.send(self.get_property("to_s_with_length", native_mtype), [nat, length]).as(not null)};")
                self.add("{name} = {res};")
                self.add("\}")
                return res
@@ -837,7 +1079,11 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
        # Request the presence of a global declaration
        fun require_declaration(key: String)
        do
-               self.writer.file.required_declarations.add(key)
+               var reqs = self.writer.file.required_declarations
+               if reqs.has(key) then return
+               reqs.add(key)
+               var node = current_node
+               if node != null then compiler.requirers_of_declarations[key] = node
        end
 
        # Add a declaration in the local-header
@@ -855,11 +1101,13 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
                file = file.strip_extension(".nit")
                var tryfile = file + ".nit.h"
                if tryfile.file_exists then
-                       self.declare_once("#include \"{"..".join_path(tryfile)}\"")
+                       self.declare_once("#include \"{tryfile.basename("")}\"")
+                       self.compiler.files_to_copy.add(tryfile)
                end
                tryfile = file + "_nit.h"
                if tryfile.file_exists then
-                       self.declare_once("#include \"{"..".join_path(tryfile)}\"")
+                       self.declare_once("#include \"{tryfile.basename("")}\"")
+                       self.compiler.files_to_copy.add(tryfile)
                end
 
                if self.compiler.seen_extern.has(file) then return
@@ -869,8 +1117,9 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
                        tryfile = file + "_nit.c"
                        if not tryfile.file_exists then return
                end
-               var f = new ExternCFile(tryfile, "")
+               var f = new ExternCFile(tryfile.basename(""), "")
                self.compiler.extern_bodies.add(f)
+               self.compiler.files_to_copy.add(tryfile)
        end
 
        # Return a new local runtime_variable initialized with the C expression `cexpr`.
@@ -885,12 +1134,29 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
        # used by aborts, asserts, casts, etc.
        fun add_abort(message: String)
        do
+               self.add("fprintf(stderr, \"Runtime error: %s\", \"{message.escape_to_c}\");")
+               add_raw_abort
+       end
+
+       fun add_raw_abort
+       do
                if self.current_node != null and self.current_node.location.file != null then
-                       self.add("fprintf(stderr, \"Runtime error: %s (%s:%d)\\n\", \"{message.escape_to_c}\", \"{self.current_node.location.file.filename.escape_to_c}\", {current_node.location.line_start});")
+                       self.add("fprintf(stderr, \" (%s:%d)\\n\", \"{self.current_node.location.file.filename.escape_to_c}\", {current_node.location.line_start});")
                else
-                       self.add("fprintf(stderr, \"Runtime error: %s\\n\", \"{message.escape_to_c}\");")
+                       self.add("fprintf(stderr, \"\\n\");")
                end
-               self.add("exit(1);")
+               self.add("show_backtrace(1);")
+       end
+
+       # Add a dynamic cast
+       fun add_cast(value: RuntimeVariable, mtype: MType, tag: String)
+       do
+               var res = self.type_test(value, mtype, tag)
+               self.add("if (!{res}) \{")
+               var cn = self.class_name_string(value)
+               self.add("fprintf(stderr, \"Runtime error: Cast failed. Expected `%s`, got `%s`\", \"{mtype.to_s.escape_to_c}\", {cn});")
+               self.add_raw_abort
+               self.add("\}")
        end
 
        # Generate a return with the value `s`
@@ -924,10 +1190,7 @@ abstract class AbstractCompilerVisitor
                res = autoadapt(res, nexpr.mtype.as(not null))
                var implicit_cast_to = nexpr.implicit_cast_to
                if implicit_cast_to != null and not self.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_check_autocast.value then
-                       var castres = self.type_test(res, implicit_cast_to, "auto")
-                       self.add("if (!{castres}) \{")
-                       self.add_abort("Cast failed")
-                       self.add("\}")
+                       add_cast(res, implicit_cast_to, "auto")
                        res = autoadapt(res, implicit_cast_to)
                end
                self.current_node = old
@@ -1057,71 +1320,6 @@ class Frame
        var returnlabel: nullable String writable = null
 end
 
-# An extern C file to compile
-class ExternCFile
-       # The filename of the file
-       var filename: String
-       # Additionnal specific CC compiler -c flags
-       var cflags: String
-end
-
-redef class String
-       # Mangle a string to be a unique valid C identifier
-       fun to_cmangle: String
-       do
-               var res = new Buffer
-               var underscore = false
-               for c in self do
-                       if (c >= 'a' and c <= 'z') or (c >='A' and c <= 'Z') then
-                               res.add(c)
-                               underscore = false
-                               continue
-                       end
-                       if underscore then
-                               res.append('_'.ascii.to_s)
-                               res.add('d')
-                       end
-                       if c >= '0' and c <= '9' then
-                               res.add(c)
-                               underscore = false
-                       else if c == '_' then
-                               res.add(c)
-                               underscore = true
-                       else
-                               res.add('_')
-                               res.append(c.ascii.to_s)
-                               res.add('d')
-                               underscore = false
-                       end
-               end
-               return res.to_s
-       end
-
-       # Escape " \ ' and non printable characters for literal C strings or characters
-       fun escape_to_c: String
-       do
-               var b = new Buffer
-               for c in self do
-                       if c == '\n' then
-                               b.append("\\n")
-                       else if c == '\0' then
-                               b.append("\\0")
-                       else if c == '"' then
-                               b.append("\\\"")
-                       else if c == '\'' then
-                               b.append("\\\'")
-                       else if c == '\\' then
-                               b.append("\\\\")
-                       else if c.ascii < 32 then
-                               b.append("\\{c.ascii.to_base(8, false)}")
-                       else
-                               b.add(c)
-                       end
-               end
-               return b.to_s
-       end
-end
-
 redef class MType
        # Return the C type associated to a given Nit static type
        fun ctype: String do return "val*"
@@ -1332,10 +1530,7 @@ redef class MMethodDef
                        # generate the cast
                        # note that v decides if and how to implements the cast
                        v.add("/* Covariant cast for argument {i} ({self.msignature.mparameters[i].name}) {arguments[i+1].inspect} isa {mtype} */")
-                       var cond = v.type_test(arguments[i+1], mtype, "covariance")
-                       v.add("if (!{cond}) \{")
-                       v.add_abort("Cast failed")
-                       v.add("\}")
+                       v.add_cast(arguments[i+1], mtype, "covariance")
                end
        end
 end
@@ -1362,13 +1557,13 @@ redef class AConcreteMethPropdef
                # Call the implicit super-init
                var auto_super_inits = self.auto_super_inits
                if auto_super_inits != null then
-                       var selfarg = [arguments.first]
+                       var args = [arguments.first]
                        for auto_super_init in auto_super_inits do
-                               if auto_super_init.intro.msignature.arity == 0 then
-                                       v.send(auto_super_init, selfarg)
-                               else
-                                       v.send(auto_super_init, arguments)
+                               args.clear
+                               for i in [0..auto_super_init.msignature.arity+1[ do
+                                       args.add(arguments[i])
                                end
+                               v.compile_callsite(auto_super_init, args)
                        end
                end
                v.stmt(self.n_block)
@@ -1465,7 +1660,7 @@ redef class AInternMethPropdef
                                v.add("printf(\"%c\", {arguments.first});")
                                return
                        else if pname == "object_id" then
-                               v.ret(arguments.first)
+                               v.ret(v.new_expr("(long){arguments.first}", ret.as(not null)))
                                return
                        else if pname == "+" then
                                v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]} + {arguments[1]}", ret.as(not null)))
@@ -1510,7 +1705,7 @@ redef class AInternMethPropdef
                                v.add("printf({arguments.first}?\"true\\n\":\"false\\n\");")
                                return
                        else if pname == "object_id" then
-                               v.ret(arguments.first)
+                               v.ret(v.new_expr("(long){arguments.first}", ret.as(not null)))
                                return
                        else if pname == "==" then
                                v.ret(v.equal_test(arguments[0], arguments[1]))
@@ -1571,24 +1766,6 @@ redef class AInternMethPropdef
                                v.ret(v.new_expr("(long){arguments[0]}", ret.as(not null)))
                                return
                        end
-               else if cname == "Char" then
-                       if pname == "output" then
-                               v.add("printf(\"%c\", {arguments.first});")
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "object_id" then
-                               v.ret(arguments.first)
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "==" then
-                               v.ret(v.equal_test(arguments[0], arguments[1]))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "!=" then
-                               var res = v.equal_test(arguments[0], arguments[1])
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("!{res}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       else if pname == "ascii" then
-                               v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]}", ret.as(not null)))
-                               return
-                       end
                else if cname == "NativeString" then
                        if pname == "[]" then
                                v.ret(v.new_expr("{arguments[0]}[{arguments[1]}]", ret.as(not null)))
@@ -1625,6 +1802,9 @@ redef class AInternMethPropdef
                else if pname == "is_same_type" then
                        v.ret(v.is_same_type_test(arguments[0], arguments[1]))
                        return
+               else if pname == "is_same_instance" then
+                       v.ret(v.equal_test(arguments[0], arguments[1]))
+                       return
                else if pname == "output_class_name" then
                        var nat = v.class_name_string(arguments.first)
                        v.add("printf(\"%s\\n\", {nat});")
@@ -1655,7 +1835,7 @@ redef class AExternMethPropdef
                var nextern = self.n_extern
                if nextern == null then
                        v.add("fprintf(stderr, \"NOT YET IMPLEMENTED nitni for {mpropdef} at {location.to_s}\\n\");")
-                       v.add("exit(1);")
+                       v.add("show_backtrace(1);")
                        return
                end
                externname = nextern.text.substring(1, nextern.text.length-2)
@@ -1687,7 +1867,7 @@ redef class AExternInitPropdef
                var nextern = self.n_extern
                if nextern == null then
                        v.add("printf(\"NOT YET IMPLEMENTED nitni for {mpropdef} at {location.to_s}\\n\");")
-                       v.add("exit(1);")
+                       v.add("show_backtrace(1);")
                        return
                end
                externname = nextern.text.substring(1, nextern.text.length-2)
@@ -1778,7 +1958,11 @@ redef class AClassdef
 end
 
 redef class ADeferredMethPropdef
-       redef fun compile_to_c(v, mpropdef, arguments) do v.add_abort("Deferred method called")
+       redef fun compile_to_c(v, mpropdef, arguments) do
+               var cn = v.class_name_string(arguments.first)
+               v.add("fprintf(stderr, \"Runtime error: Abstract method `%s` called on `%s`\", \"{mpropdef.mproperty.name.escape_to_c}\", {cn});")
+               v.add_raw_abort
+       end
        redef fun can_inline do return true
 end
 
@@ -2006,29 +2190,29 @@ redef class AForExpr
                var cl = v.expr(self.n_expr, null)
                var it_meth = self.method_iterator
                assert it_meth != null
-               var it = v.send(it_meth, [cl])
+               var it = v.compile_callsite(it_meth, [cl])
                assert it != null
                v.add("for(;;) \{")
                var isok_meth = self.method_is_ok
                assert isok_meth != null
-               var ok = v.send(isok_meth, [it])
+               var ok = v.compile_callsite(isok_meth, [it])
                assert ok != null
                v.add("if(!{ok}) break;")
                if self.variables.length == 1 then
                        var item_meth = self.method_item
                        assert item_meth != null
-                       var i = v.send(item_meth, [it])
+                       var i = v.compile_callsite(item_meth, [it])
                        assert i != null
                        v.assign(v.variable(variables.first), i)
                else if self.variables.length == 2 then
                        var key_meth = self.method_key
                        assert key_meth != null
-                       var i = v.send(key_meth, [it])
+                       var i = v.compile_callsite(key_meth, [it])
                        assert i != null
                        v.assign(v.variable(variables[0]), i)
                        var item_meth = self.method_item
                        assert item_meth != null
-                       i = v.send(item_meth, [it])
+                       i = v.compile_callsite(item_meth, [it])
                        assert i != null
                        v.assign(v.variable(variables[1]), i)
                else
@@ -2038,7 +2222,7 @@ redef class AForExpr
                v.add("CONTINUE_{v.escapemark_name(escapemark)}: (void)0;")
                var next_meth = self.method_next
                assert next_meth != null
-               v.send(next_meth, [it])
+               v.compile_callsite(next_meth, [it])
                v.add("\}")
                v.add("BREAK_{v.escapemark_name(escapemark)}: (void)0;")
        end
@@ -2077,6 +2261,21 @@ redef class AOrExpr
        end
 end
 
+redef class AImpliesExpr
+       redef fun expr(v)
+       do
+               var res = v.new_var(self.mtype.as(not null))
+               var i1 = v.expr_bool(self.n_expr)
+               v.add("if (!{i1}) \{")
+               v.add("{res} = 1;")
+               v.add("\} else \{")
+               var i2 = v.expr_bool(self.n_expr2)
+               v.add("{res} = {i2};")
+               v.add("\}")
+               return res
+       end
+end
+
 redef class AAndExpr
        redef fun expr(v)
        do
@@ -2115,15 +2314,6 @@ redef class AOrElseExpr
        end
 end
 
-redef class AEeExpr
-       redef fun expr(v)
-       do
-               var value1 = v.expr(self.n_expr, null)
-               var value2 = v.expr(self.n_expr2, null)
-               return v.equal_test(value1, value2)
-       end
-end
-
 redef class AIntExpr
        redef fun expr(v) do return v.new_expr("{self.value.to_s}", self.mtype.as(not null))
 end
@@ -2175,8 +2365,7 @@ redef class ACrangeExpr
                var i2 = v.expr(self.n_expr2, null)
                var mtype = self.mtype.as(MClassType)
                var res = v.init_instance(mtype)
-               var it = v.send(v.get_property("init", res.mtype), [res, i1, i2])
-               v.check_init_instance(res, mtype)
+               var it = v.compile_callsite(init_callsite.as(not null), [res, i1, i2])
                return res
        end
 end
@@ -2188,8 +2377,7 @@ redef class AOrangeExpr
                var i2 = v.expr(self.n_expr2, null)
                var mtype = self.mtype.as(MClassType)
                var res = v.init_instance(mtype)
-               var it = v.send(v.get_property("without_last", res.mtype), [res, i1, i2])
-               v.check_init_instance(res, mtype)
+               var it = v.compile_callsite(init_callsite.as(not null), [res, i1, i2])
                return res
        end
 end
@@ -2220,10 +2408,7 @@ redef class AAsCastExpr
                var i = v.expr(self.n_expr, null)
                if v.compiler.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_check_assert.value then return i
 
-               var cond = v.type_test(i, self.mtype.as(not null), "as")
-               v.add("if (!{cond}) \{")
-               v.add_abort("Cast failed")
-               v.add("\}")
+               v.add_cast(i, self.mtype.as(not null), "as")
                return i
        end
 end
@@ -2307,22 +2492,26 @@ redef class ASuperExpr
                for a in self.n_args.n_exprs do
                        args.add(v.expr(a, null))
                end
-               if args.length == 1 then
-                       args = v.frame.arguments
-               end
 
-               var mproperty = self.mproperty
-               if mproperty != null then
-                       if mproperty.intro.msignature.arity == 0 then
-                               args = [recv]
+               var callsite = self.callsite
+               if callsite != null then
+                       # Add additionnals arguments for the super init call
+                       if args.length == 1 then
+                               for i in [0..callsite.mproperty.intro.msignature.arity[ do
+                                       args.add(v.frame.arguments[i+1])
+                               end
                        end
                        # Super init call
-                       var res = v.send(mproperty, args)
+                       var res = v.compile_callsite(callsite, args)
                        return res
                end
 
+               if args.length == 1 then
+                       args = v.frame.arguments
+               end
+
                # stantard call-next-method
-               return v.supercall(v.frame.mpropdef.as(MMethodDef), recv.mtype.as(MClassType), args)
+               return v.supercall(mpropdef.as(not null), recv.mtype.as(MClassType), args)
        end
 end
 
@@ -2349,7 +2538,6 @@ redef class ANewExpr
                        #self.debug("got {res2} from {mproperty}. drop {recv}")
                        return res2
                end
-               v.check_init_instance(recv, mtype)
                return recv
        end
 end
@@ -2436,3 +2624,14 @@ redef class MModule
        end
        private var properties_cache: Map[MClass, Set[MProperty]] = new HashMap[MClass, Set[MProperty]]
 end
+
+redef class AModule
+       # Does this module use the legacy native interface?
+       fun uses_legacy_ni: Bool is abstract
+
+       # Write FFI results to file
+       fun finalize_ffi(v: AbstractCompilerVisitor, modelbuilder: ModelBuilder) is abstract
+
+       # Write nitni results to file
+       fun finalize_nitni(v: AbstractCompilerVisitor) is abstract
+end