src/modelize/modelize_class.nit

   1 # This file is part of NIT ( http://www.nitlanguage.org ).
   2 #
   3 # Copyright 2012 Jean Privat <jean@pryen.org>
   4 #
   5 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
   6 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
   7 # You may obtain a copy of the License at
   8 #
   9 #     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  10 #
  11 # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  12 # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  13 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  14 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  15 # limitations under the License.
  16
  17 # Analysis and verification of class definitions to instantiate model element
  18 module modelize_class
  19
  20 import modelbuilder
  21
  22 redef class ToolContext
  23         var modelize_class_phase: Phase = new ModelizeClassPhase(self, null)
  24 end
  25
  26 private class ModelizeClassPhase
  27         super Phase
  28
  29         redef fun process_nmodule(nmodule)
  30         do
  31                 toolcontext.modelbuilder.build_classes(nmodule)
  32         end
  33 end
  34
  35 redef class ModelBuilder
  36         # Visit the AST and create the `MClass` objects
  37         private fun build_a_mclass(nmodule: AModule, nclassdef: AClassdef)
  38         do
  39                 var mmodule = nmodule.mmodule.as(not null)
  40
  41                 var name: String
  42                 var nkind: nullable AClasskind
  43                 var mkind: MClassKind
  44                 var nvisibility: nullable AVisibility
  45                 var mvisibility: nullable MVisibility
  46                 var arity = 0
  47                 var names = new Array[String]
  48                 if nclassdef isa AStdClassdef then
  49                         name = nclassdef.n_id.text
  50                         nkind = nclassdef.n_classkind
  51                         mkind = nkind.mkind
  52                         nvisibility = nclassdef.n_visibility
  53                         mvisibility = nvisibility.mvisibility
  54                         arity = nclassdef.n_formaldefs.length
  55                         if mvisibility == protected_visibility then
  56                                 error(nvisibility, "Error: only properties can be protected.")
  57                                 return
  58                         else if mvisibility == intrude_visibility then
  59                                 error(nvisibility, "Error: intrude is not a legal visibility for classes.")
  60                                 return
  61                         end
  62                         # Collect formal parameter names
  63                         for i in [0..arity[ do
  64                                 var nfd = nclassdef.n_formaldefs[i]
  65                                 var ptname = nfd.n_id.text
  66                                 if names.has(ptname) then
  67                                         error(nfd, "Error: A formal parameter type `{ptname}' already exists")
  68                                         return
  69                                 end
  70                                 for c in ptname.chars do if c >= 'a' and c<= 'z' then
  71                                         warning(nfd, "formal-type-name", "Warning: lowercase in the formal parameter type {ptname}")
  72                                         break
  73                                 end
  74                                 names.add(ptname)
  75                         end
  76
  77                 else if nclassdef isa ATopClassdef then
  78                         name = "Object"
  79                         nkind = null
  80                         mkind = interface_kind
  81                         nvisibility = null
  82                         mvisibility = public_visibility
  83                 else if nclassdef isa AMainClassdef then
  84                         name = "Sys"
  85                         nkind = null
  86                         mkind = concrete_kind
  87                         nvisibility = null
  88                         mvisibility = public_visibility
  89                 else
  90                         abort
  91                 end
  92
  93                 var mclass = try_get_mclass_by_name(nclassdef, mmodule, name)
  94                 if mclass == null then
  95                         if nclassdef isa AStdClassdef and nclassdef.n_kwredef != null then
  96                                 error(nclassdef, "Redef error: No imported class {name} to refine.")
  97                                 return
  98                         end
  99                         mclass = new MClass(mmodule, name, names, mkind, mvisibility)
 100                         #print "new class {mclass}"
 101                 else if nclassdef isa AStdClassdef and nmodule.mclass2nclassdef.has_key(mclass) then
 102                         error(nclassdef, "Error: A class {name} is already defined at line {nmodule.mclass2nclassdef[mclass].location.line_start}.")
 103                         return
 104                 else if nclassdef isa AStdClassdef and nclassdef.n_kwredef == null then
 105                         error(nclassdef, "Redef error: {name} is an imported class. Add the redef keyword to refine it.")
 106                         return
 107                 else if arity != 0 and mclass.arity != arity then
 108                         error(nclassdef, "Redef error: Formal parameter arity missmatch; got {arity}, expected {mclass.arity}.")
 109                         return
 110                 else if nkind != null and mkind != concrete_kind and mclass.kind != mkind then
 111                         error(nkind, "Error: refinement changed the kind from a {mclass.kind} to a {mkind}")
 112                 else if nvisibility != null and mvisibility != public_visibility and mclass.visibility != mvisibility then
 113                         error(nvisibility, "Error: refinement changed the visibility from a {mclass.visibility} to a {mvisibility}")
 114                 end
 115                 nclassdef.mclass = mclass
 116                 if not nmodule.mclass2nclassdef.has_key(mclass) then
 117                         nmodule.mclass2nclassdef[mclass] = nclassdef
 118                         nclassdef.all_defs = [nclassdef]
 119                 else
 120                         nmodule.mclass2nclassdef[mclass].all_defs.add(nclassdef)
 121                 end
 122         end
 123
 124         # Visit the AST and create the `MClassDef` objects
 125         private fun build_a_mclassdef(nmodule: AModule, nclassdef: AClassdef)
 126         do
 127                 var mmodule = nmodule.mmodule.as(not null)
 128                 var objectclass = try_get_mclass_by_name(nmodule, mmodule, "Object")
 129                 var mclass = nclassdef.mclass
 130                 if mclass == null then return # Skip error
 131
 132                 # In case of non-standard AClassdef, try to attach to an already existing mclassdef
 133                 var other_nclassdef = nmodule.mclass2nclassdef[mclass]
 134                 if other_nclassdef != nclassdef then
 135                         assert not nclassdef isa AStdClassdef
 136                         nclassdef.mclassdef = other_nclassdef.mclassdef
 137                         return
 138                 end
 139
 140                 var bounds = new Array[MType]
 141                 if nclassdef isa AStdClassdef and mclass.arity > 0 then
 142                         # Revolve bound for formal parameters
 143                         for i in [0..mclass.arity[ do
 144                                 if nclassdef.n_formaldefs.is_empty then
 145                                         # Inherit the bound
 146                                         var bound = mclass.intro.bound_mtype.arguments[i]
 147                                         bounds.add(bound)
 148                                         continue
 149                                 end
 150
 151                                 var nfd = nclassdef.n_formaldefs[i]
 152                                 var pname = mclass.mparameters[i].name
 153                                 if nfd.n_id.text != pname then
 154                                         error(nfd.n_id, "Error: Formal parameter type #{i} `{nfd.n_id.text}` must be named `{pname}' as in the original definition in module `{mclass.intro.mmodule}`.")
 155                                 end
 156                                 var nfdt = nfd.n_type
 157                                 if nfdt != null then
 158                                         var bound = resolve_mtype_unchecked(mmodule, null, nfdt, false)
 159                                         if bound == null then return # Forward error
 160                                         if bound.need_anchor then
 161                                                 # No F-bounds!
 162                                                 error(nfd, "Error: Formal parameter type `{pname}' bounded with a formal parameter type")
 163                                         else
 164                                                 bounds.add(bound)
 165                                                 nfd.bound = bound
 166                                         end
 167                                         if bound isa MClassType and bound.mclass.kind == enum_kind then
 168                                                 warning(nfdt, "useless-bound", "Warning: Useless formal parameter type since `{bound}` cannnot have subclasses.")
 169                                         end
 170                                 else if mclass.mclassdefs.is_empty then
 171                                         if objectclass == null then
 172                                                 error(nfd, "Error: Formal parameter type `{pname}' unbounded but no Object class exist.")
 173                                                 return
 174                                         end
 175                                         # No bound, then implicitely bound by nullable Object
 176                                         var bound = objectclass.mclass_type.as_nullable
 177                                         bounds.add(bound)
 178                                         nfd.bound = bound
 179                                 else
 180                                         # Inherit the bound
 181                                         var bound = mclass.intro.bound_mtype.arguments[i]
 182                                         bounds.add(bound)
 183                                         nfd.bound = bound
 184                                 end
 185                         end
 186                 end
 187
 188                 var bound_mtype = mclass.get_mtype(bounds)
 189                 var mclassdef = new MClassDef(mmodule, bound_mtype, nclassdef.location)
 190                 nclassdef.mclassdef = mclassdef
 191                 self.mclassdef2nclassdef[mclassdef] = nclassdef
 192
 193                 if nclassdef isa AStdClassdef then
 194                         var ndoc = nclassdef.n_doc
 195                         if ndoc != null then
 196                                 var mdoc = ndoc.to_mdoc
 197                                 mclassdef.mdoc = mdoc
 198                                 mdoc.original_mentity = mclassdef
 199                         else if mclassdef.is_intro and mclass.visibility >= public_visibility then
 200                                 advice(nclassdef, "missing-doc", "Documentation warning: Undocumented public class `{mclass}`")
 201                         end
 202                 end
 203
 204                 if mclassdef.is_intro then
 205                         self.toolcontext.info("{mclassdef} introduces new {mclass.kind} {mclass.full_name}", 3)
 206                 else
 207                         self.toolcontext.info("{mclassdef} refine {mclass.kind} {mclass.full_name}", 3)
 208                 end
 209         end
 210
 211         # Visit the AST and set the super-types of the `MClassDef` objects
 212         private fun collect_a_mclassdef_inheritance(nmodule: AModule, nclassdef: AClassdef)
 213         do
 214                 var mmodule = nmodule.mmodule.as(not null)
 215                 var objectclass = try_get_mclass_by_name(nmodule, mmodule, "Object")
 216                 var pointerclass = try_get_mclass_by_name(nmodule, mmodule, "Pointer")
 217                 var mclass = nclassdef.mclass.as(not null)
 218                 var mclassdef = nclassdef.mclassdef.as(not null)
 219
 220                 # Do we need to specify Object as a super class?
 221                 var specobject = true
 222
 223                 # Do we need to specify Pointer as a super class? (is only valid
 224                 # if `nclassdef` is an extern class)
 225                 var specpointer = true
 226
 227                 var supertypes = new Array[MClassType]
 228                 if nclassdef isa AStdClassdef then
 229                         for nsc in nclassdef.n_superclasses do
 230                                 specobject = false
 231                                 var ntype = nsc.n_type
 232                                 var mtype = resolve_mtype_unchecked(mmodule, mclassdef, ntype, false)
 233                                 if mtype == null then continue # Skip because of error
 234                                 if not mtype isa MClassType then
 235                                         error(ntype, "Error: supertypes cannot be a formal type")
 236                                         return
 237                                 end
 238                                 if not mclass.kind.can_specialize(mtype.mclass.kind) then
 239                                         error(ntype, "Error: {mclass.kind} {mclass} cannot specialize {mtype.mclass.kind} {mtype.mclass}")
 240                                 end
 241                                 supertypes.add mtype
 242                                 #print "new super : {mclass} < {mtype}"
 243                                 if mtype.mclass.kind == extern_kind then specpointer = false
 244                         end
 245                 end
 246
 247                 if mclassdef.is_intro and objectclass != null then
 248                         if mclass.kind == extern_kind and mclass.name != "Pointer" then
 249                                 # it is an extern class, but not a Pointer
 250                                 if specpointer then supertypes.add pointerclass.mclass_type
 251                         else if specobject and mclass.name != "Object" then
 252                                 # it is a standard class without super class (but is not Object)
 253                                 supertypes.add objectclass.mclass_type
 254                         end
 255                 end
 256
 257                 mclassdef.set_supertypes(supertypes)
 258                 if not supertypes.is_empty then self.toolcontext.info("{mclassdef} new super-types: {supertypes.join(", ")}", 3)
 259         end
 260
 261         # Check the validity of the specialization heirarchy
 262         private fun check_supertypes(nmodule: AModule, nclassdef: AClassdef)
 263         do
 264                 var mmodule = nmodule.mmodule.as(not null)
 265                 var mclass = nclassdef.mclass.as(not null)
 266                 var mclassdef = nclassdef.mclassdef.as(not null)
 267
 268                 for s in mclassdef.supertypes do
 269                         if s.is_subtype(mmodule, mclassdef.bound_mtype, mclassdef.bound_mtype) then
 270                                 error(nclassdef, "Error: Inheritance loop for class {mclass} with type {s}")
 271                         end
 272                 end
 273         end
 274
 275         # Build the classes of the module `nmodule`.
 276         # REQUIRE: classes of imported modules are already build. (let `phase` do the job)
 277         private fun build_classes(nmodule: AModule)
 278         do
 279                 var errcount = toolcontext.error_count
 280                 # Force building recursively
 281                 if nmodule.build_classes_is_done then return
 282                 nmodule.build_classes_is_done = true
 283                 var mmodule = nmodule.mmodule.as(not null)
 284                 for imp in mmodule.in_importation.direct_greaters do
 285
 286                         if not mmodule2nmodule.has_key(imp) then continue
 287                         build_classes(mmodule2nmodule[imp])
 288                 end
 289
 290                 if errcount != toolcontext.error_count then return
 291
 292                 # Create all classes
 293                 for nclassdef in nmodule.n_classdefs do
 294                         self.build_a_mclass(nmodule, nclassdef)
 295                 end
 296
 297                 if errcount != toolcontext.error_count then return
 298
 299                 # Create all classdefs
 300                 for nclassdef in nmodule.n_classdefs do
 301                         self.build_a_mclassdef(nmodule, nclassdef)
 302                 end
 303
 304                 if errcount != toolcontext.error_count then return
 305
 306                 # Create inheritance on all classdefs
 307                 for nclassdef in nmodule.n_classdefs do
 308                         self.collect_a_mclassdef_inheritance(nmodule, nclassdef)
 309                 end
 310
 311                 if errcount != toolcontext.error_count then return
 312
 313                 # Create the mclassdef hierarchy
 314                 for mclassdef in mmodule.mclassdefs do
 315                         mclassdef.add_in_hierarchy
 316                 end
 317
 318                 if errcount != toolcontext.error_count then return
 319
 320                 # Check inheritance
 321                 for nclassdef in nmodule.n_classdefs do
 322                         self.check_supertypes(nmodule, nclassdef)
 323                 end
 324
 325                 if errcount != toolcontext.error_count then return
 326
 327                 # Check unchecked ntypes
 328                 for nclassdef in nmodule.n_classdefs do
 329                         if nclassdef isa AStdClassdef then
 330                                 var mclassdef = nclassdef.mclassdef
 331                                 # check bound of formal parameter
 332                                 for nfd in  nclassdef.n_formaldefs do
 333                                         var nfdt = nfd.n_type
 334                                         if nfdt != null and nfdt.mtype != null then
 335                                                 var bound = resolve_mtype(mmodule, mclassdef, nfdt)
 336                                                 if bound == null then return # Forward error
 337                                         end
 338                                 end
 339                                 # check declared super types
 340                                 for nsc in nclassdef.n_superclasses do
 341                                         var ntype = nsc.n_type
 342                                         if ntype.mtype != null then
 343                                                 var mtype = resolve_mtype(mmodule, mclassdef, ntype)
 344                                                 if mtype == null then return # Forward error
 345                                         end
 346                                 end
 347                         end
 348                 end
 349
 350                 if errcount != toolcontext.error_count then return
 351
 352                 # Check clash of ancestors
 353                 for nclassdef in nmodule.n_classdefs do
 354                         var mclassdef = nclassdef.mclassdef.as(not null)
 355                         var superclasses = new HashMap[MClass, MClassType]
 356                         for scd in mclassdef.in_hierarchy.greaters do
 357                                 for st in scd.supertypes do
 358                                         if not superclasses.has_key(st.mclass) then
 359                                                 superclasses[st.mclass] = st
 360                                         else if superclasses[st.mclass] != st then
 361                                                 var st1 = superclasses[st.mclass].resolve_for(mclassdef.mclass.mclass_type, mclassdef.bound_mtype, mmodule, false)
 362                                                 var st2 = st.resolve_for(mclassdef.mclass.mclass_type, mclassdef.bound_mtype, mmodule, false)
 363                                                 if st1 != st2 then
 364                                                         error(nclassdef, "Error: Incompatibles ancestors for {mclassdef.mclass}: {st1}, {st2}")
 365                                                 end
 366                                         end
 367                                 end
 368                         end
 369                 end
 370
 371                 if errcount != toolcontext.error_count then return
 372
 373                 # TODO: Check that the super-class is not intrusive
 374
 375                 # Check that the superclasses are not already known (by transitivity)
 376                 for nclassdef in nmodule.n_classdefs do
 377                         if not nclassdef isa AStdClassdef then continue
 378                         var mclassdef = nclassdef.mclassdef.as(not null)
 379
 380                         # Get the direct superclasses
 381                         # Since we are a mclassdef, just look at the mclassdef hierarchy
 382                         var parents = new Array[MClass]
 383                         for sup in mclassdef.in_hierarchy.direct_greaters do
 384                                 parents.add(sup.mclass)
 385                         end
 386
 387                         # Used to track duplicates of superclasses
 388                         var seen_parents = new ArrayMap[MClass, AType]
 389
 390                         # The Object class
 391                         var objectclass = try_get_mclass_by_name(nmodule, mmodule, "Object")
 392
 393                         # Check each declared superclass to see if it belong to the direct superclass
 394                         for nsc in nclassdef.n_superclasses do
 395                                 var ntype = nsc.n_type
 396                                 var mtype = ntype.mtype
 397                                 if mtype == null then continue
 398                                 assert mtype isa MClassType
 399                                 var sc = mtype.mclass
 400                                 if not parents.has(sc) or sc == objectclass then
 401                                         # Skip the warning on generated code
 402                                         if ntype.location.file != null and not ntype.location.file.filename.is_empty then
 403                                                 warning(ntype, "useless-superclass", "Warning: superfluous super-class {mtype} in class {mclassdef.mclass}.")
 404                                         end
 405                                 else if not seen_parents.has_key(sc) then
 406                                         seen_parents[sc] = ntype
 407                                 else
 408                                         warning(ntype, "useless-superclass", "Warning: duplicated super-class {mtype} in class {mclassdef.mclass}.")
 409                                 end
 410                         end
 411                 end
 412         end
 413
 414         # Registration of the nclassdef associated to each mclassdef
 415         private var mclassdef2nclassdef = new HashMap[MClassDef, AClassdef]
 416
 417         # Return the static type associated to the node `ntype`.
 418         # `mmodule` and `mclassdef` is the context where the call is made (used to understand formal types)
 419         # In case of problem, an error is displayed on `ntype` and null is returned.
 420         # FIXME: the name "resolve_mtype" is awful
 421         fun resolve_mtype_unchecked(mmodule: MModule, mclassdef: nullable MClassDef, ntype: AType, with_virtual: Bool): nullable MType
 422         do
 423                 var name = ntype.n_id.text
 424                 var res: MType
 425
 426                 # Check virtual type
 427                 if mclassdef != null and with_virtual then
 428                         var prop = try_get_mproperty_by_name(ntype, mclassdef, name).as(nullable MVirtualTypeProp)
 429                         if prop != null then
 430                                 if not ntype.n_types.is_empty then
 431                                         error(ntype, "Type error: formal type {name} cannot have formal parameters.")
 432                                 end
 433                                 res = prop.mvirtualtype
 434                                 if ntype.n_kwnullable != null then res = res.as_nullable
 435                                 ntype.mtype = res
 436                                 return res
 437                         end
 438                 end
 439
 440                 # Check parameter type
 441                 if mclassdef != null then
 442                         for p in mclassdef.mclass.mparameters do
 443                                 if p.name != name then continue
 444
 445                                 if not ntype.n_types.is_empty then
 446                                         error(ntype, "Type error: formal type {name} cannot have formal parameters.")
 447                                 end
 448
 449                                 res = p
 450                                 if ntype.n_kwnullable != null then res = res.as_nullable
 451                                 ntype.mtype = res
 452                                 return res
 453                         end
 454                 end
 455
 456                 # Check class
 457                 var mclass = try_get_mclass_by_name(ntype, mmodule, name)
 458                 if mclass != null then
 459                         var arity = ntype.n_types.length
 460                         if arity != mclass.arity then
 461                                 if arity == 0 then
 462                                         error(ntype, "Type error: '{name}' is a generic class.")
 463                                 else if mclass.arity == 0 then
 464                                         error(ntype, "Type error: '{name}' is not a generic class.")
 465                                 else
 466                                         error(ntype, "Type error: '{name}' has {mclass.arity} parameters ({arity} are provided).")
 467                                 end
 468                                 return null
 469                         end
 470                         if arity == 0 then
 471                                 res = mclass.mclass_type
 472                                 if ntype.n_kwnullable != null then res = res.as_nullable
 473                                 ntype.mtype = res
 474                                 return res
 475                         else
 476                                 var mtypes = new Array[MType]
 477                                 for nt in ntype.n_types do
 478                                         var mt = resolve_mtype_unchecked(mmodule, mclassdef, nt, with_virtual)
 479                                         if mt == null then return null # Forward error
 480                                         mtypes.add(mt)
 481                                 end
 482                                 res = mclass.get_mtype(mtypes)
 483                                 if ntype.n_kwnullable != null then res = res.as_nullable
 484                                 ntype.mtype = res
 485                                 return res
 486                         end
 487                 end
 488
 489                 # If everything fail, then give up :(
 490                 error(ntype, "Type error: class {name} not found in module {mmodule}.")
 491                 return null
 492         end
 493
 494         # Return the static type associated to the node `ntype`.
 495         # `mmodule` and `mclassdef` is the context where the call is made (used to understand formal types)
 496         # In case of problem, an error is displayed on `ntype` and null is returned.
 497         # FIXME: the name "resolve_mtype" is awful
 498         fun resolve_mtype(mmodule: MModule, mclassdef: nullable MClassDef, ntype: AType): nullable MType
 499         do
 500                 var mtype = ntype.mtype
 501                 if mtype == null then mtype = resolve_mtype_unchecked(mmodule, mclassdef, ntype, true)
 502                 if mtype == null then return null # Forward error
 503
 504                 if ntype.checked_mtype then return mtype
 505                 if mtype isa MGenericType then
 506                         var mclass = mtype.mclass
 507                         for i in [0..mclass.arity[ do
 508                                 var bound = mclass.intro.bound_mtype.arguments[i]
 509                                 var nt = ntype.n_types[i]
 510                                 var mt = resolve_mtype(mmodule, mclassdef, nt)
 511                                 if mt == null then return null # forward error
 512                                 var anchor
 513                                 if mclassdef != null then anchor = mclassdef.bound_mtype else anchor = null
 514                                 if not mt.is_subtype(mmodule, anchor, bound) then
 515                                         error(nt, "Type error: expected {bound}, got {mt}")
 516                                         return null
 517                                 end
 518                         end
 519                 end
 520                 ntype.checked_mtype = true
 521                 return mtype
 522         end
 523
 524 end
 525
 526 redef class AModule
 527         # Flag that indicate if the class building is already completed
 528         var build_classes_is_done: Bool = false
 529         # What is the AClassdef associated to a `MClass`?
 530         # Used to check multiple definition of a class.
 531         var mclass2nclassdef: Map[MClass, AClassdef] = new HashMap[MClass, AClassdef]
 532 end
 533
 534 redef class AClassdef
 535         # The associated MClass once build by a `ModelBuilder`
 536         var mclass: nullable MClass
 537         # The associated MClassDef once build by a `ModelBuilder`
 538         var mclassdef: nullable MClassDef
 539         # All (self and other) definitions for the same mclassdef
 540         var all_defs: nullable Array[AClassdef]
 541 end
 542
 543 redef class AClasskind
 544         # The class kind associated with the AST node class
 545         private fun mkind: MClassKind is abstract
 546 end
 547 redef class AConcreteClasskind
 548         redef fun mkind do return concrete_kind
 549 end
 550 redef class AAbstractClasskind
 551         redef fun mkind do return abstract_kind
 552 end
 553 redef class AInterfaceClasskind
 554         redef fun mkind do return interface_kind
 555 end
 556 redef class AEnumClasskind
 557         redef fun mkind do return enum_kind
 558 end
 559 redef class AExternClasskind
 560         redef fun mkind do return extern_kind
 561 end
 562
 563 redef class AFormaldef
 564         # The associated parameter type
 565         var mtype: nullable MParameterType = null
 566
 567         # The associated bound
 568         var bound: nullable MType = null
 569 end
 570
 571 redef class AType
 572         # The mtype associated to the node
 573         var mtype: nullable MType = null
 574
 575         # Is the mtype a valid one?
 576         var checked_mtype: Bool = false
 577 end