1 # This file is part of NIT ( http://www.nitlanguage.org ).
3 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
4 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
5 # You may obtain a copy of the License at
7 # http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
9 # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
10 # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
11 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
12 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
13 # limitations under the License.
15 # Separate compilation of a Nit program with generic type erasure
16 module separate_erasure_compiler
18 intrude import separate_compiler
20 # Add separate erased compiler specific options
21 redef class ToolContext
23 var opt_erasure
: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Erase generic types", "--erasure")
25 var opt_rta
= new OptionBool("Activate RTA (implicit with --global and --separate)", "--rta")
26 # --no-check-erasure-cast
27 var opt_no_check_erasure_cast
: OptionBool = new OptionBool("Disable implicit casts on unsafe return with erasure-typing policy (dangerous)", "--no-check-erasure-cast")
32 self.option_context
.add_option
(self.opt_erasure
, self.opt_no_check_erasure_cast
, opt_rta
)
35 var erasure_compiler_phase
= new ErasureCompilerPhase(self, null)
38 class ErasureCompilerPhase
40 redef fun process_mainmodule
(mainmodule
, given_mmodules
) do
41 if not toolcontext
.opt_erasure
.value
then return
43 var modelbuilder
= toolcontext
.modelbuilder
45 if toolcontext
.opt_rta
.value
then
46 analysis
= modelbuilder
.do_rapid_type_analysis
(mainmodule
)
48 modelbuilder
.run_separate_erasure_compiler
(mainmodule
, analysis
)
52 redef class ModelBuilder
53 fun run_separate_erasure_compiler
(mainmodule
: MModule, runtime_type_analysis
: nullable RapidTypeAnalysis)
56 self.toolcontext
.info
("*** GENERATING C ***", 1)
58 var compiler
= new SeparateErasureCompiler(mainmodule
, self, runtime_type_analysis
)
59 compiler
.compile_header
61 # compile class structures
62 self.toolcontext
.info
("Property coloring", 2)
63 compiler
.new_file
("{mainmodule.name}.tables")
64 compiler
.do_property_coloring
65 for m
in mainmodule
.in_importation
.greaters
do
66 for mclass
in m
.intro_mclasses
do
67 compiler
.compile_class_to_c
(mclass
)
70 compiler
.compile_color_consts
(compiler
.vt_layout
.pos
)
72 # The main function of the C
73 compiler
.new_file
("{mainmodule.name}.main")
74 compiler
.compile_main_function
77 for m
in mainmodule
.in_importation
.greaters
do
78 self.toolcontext
.info
("Generate C for module {m}", 2)
79 compiler
.new_file
("{m.name}.sep")
80 compiler
.compile_module_to_c
(m
)
83 compiler
.display_stats
86 self.toolcontext
.info
("*** END GENERATING C: {time1-time0} ***", 2)
87 write_and_make
(compiler
)
91 class SeparateErasureCompiler
92 super SeparateCompiler
94 private var class_layout
: nullable Layout[MClass]
95 protected var vt_layout
: nullable Layout[MVirtualTypeProp]
97 init(mainmodule
: MModule, mmbuilder
: ModelBuilder, runtime_type_analysis
: nullable RapidTypeAnalysis) do
100 var mclasses
= new HashSet[MClass].from
(mmbuilder
.model
.mclasses
)
102 var layout_builder
: TypingLayoutBuilder[MClass]
103 var class_colorer
= new MClassColorer(mainmodule
)
104 if modelbuilder
.toolcontext
.opt_phmod_typing
.value
then
105 layout_builder
= new MClassHasher(new PHModOperator, mainmodule
)
106 class_colorer
.build_layout
(mclasses
)
107 else if modelbuilder
.toolcontext
.opt_phand_typing
.value
then
108 layout_builder
= new MClassHasher(new PHAndOperator, mainmodule
)
109 class_colorer
.build_layout
(mclasses
)
110 else if modelbuilder
.toolcontext
.opt_bm_typing
.value
then
111 layout_builder
= new MClassBMizer(mainmodule
)
112 class_colorer
.build_layout
(mclasses
)
114 layout_builder
= class_colorer
116 self.class_layout
= layout_builder
.build_layout
(mclasses
)
117 self.class_tables
= self.build_class_typing_tables
(mclasses
)
119 # lookup vt to build layout with
120 var vts
= new HashMap[MClass, Set[MVirtualTypeProp]]
121 for mclass
in mclasses
do
122 vts
[mclass
] = new HashSet[MVirtualTypeProp]
123 for mprop
in self.mainmodule
.properties
(mclass
) do
124 if mprop
isa MVirtualTypeProp then
125 vts
[mclass
].add
(mprop
)
131 var vt_coloring
= new MPropertyColorer[MVirtualTypeProp](mainmodule
, class_colorer
)
132 var vt_layout
= vt_coloring
.build_layout
(vts
)
133 self.vt_tables
= build_vt_tables
(mclasses
, vt_layout
)
134 self.vt_layout
= vt_layout
137 fun build_vt_tables
(mclasses
: Set[MClass], layout
: Layout[MProperty]): Map[MClass, Array[nullable MPropDef]] do
138 var tables
= new HashMap[MClass, Array[nullable MPropDef]]
139 for mclass
in mclasses
do
140 var table
= new Array[nullable MPropDef]
141 # first, fill table from parents by reverse linearization order
142 var parents
= new Array[MClass]
143 if mainmodule
.flatten_mclass_hierarchy
.has
(mclass
) then
144 parents
= mclass
.in_hierarchy
(mainmodule
).greaters
.to_a
145 self.mainmodule
.linearize_mclasses
(parents
)
147 for parent
in parents
do
148 if parent
== mclass
then continue
149 for mproperty
in self.mainmodule
.properties
(parent
) do
150 if not mproperty
isa MVirtualTypeProp then continue
151 var color
= layout
.pos
[mproperty
]
152 if table
.length
<= color
then
153 for i
in [table
.length
.. color
[ do
157 for mpropdef
in mproperty
.mpropdefs
do
158 if mpropdef
.mclassdef
.mclass
== parent
then
159 table
[color
] = mpropdef
165 # then override with local properties
166 for mproperty
in self.mainmodule
.properties
(mclass
) do
167 if not mproperty
isa MVirtualTypeProp then continue
168 var color
= layout
.pos
[mproperty
]
169 if table
.length
<= color
then
170 for i
in [table
.length
.. color
[ do
174 for mpropdef
in mproperty
.mpropdefs
do
175 if mpropdef
.mclassdef
.mclass
== mclass
then
176 table
[color
] = mpropdef
180 tables
[mclass
] = table
186 fun build_class_typing_tables
(mclasses
: Set[MClass]): Map[MClass, Array[nullable MClass]] do
187 var tables
= new HashMap[MClass, Array[nullable MClass]]
188 var layout
= self.class_layout
189 for mclass
in mclasses
do
190 var table
= new Array[nullable MClass]
191 var supers
= new Array[MClass]
192 if mainmodule
.flatten_mclass_hierarchy
.has
(mclass
) then
193 supers
= mclass
.in_hierarchy
(mainmodule
).greaters
.to_a
197 if layout
isa PHLayout[MClass, MClass] then
198 color
= layout
.hashes
[mclass
][sup
]
200 color
= layout
.pos
[sup
]
202 if table
.length
<= color
then
203 for i
in [table
.length
.. color
[ do
209 tables
[mclass
] = table
214 redef fun compile_header_structs
do
215 self.header
.add_decl
("typedef void(*nitmethod_t)(void); /* general C type representing a Nit method. */")
216 self.compile_header_attribute_structs
217 self.header
.add_decl
("struct class \{ int id; const char *name; int box_kind; int color; const struct vts_table *vts_table; const struct type_table *type_table; nitmethod_t vft[]; \}; /* general C type representing a Nit class. */")
218 self.header
.add_decl
("struct type_table \{ int size; int table[]; \}; /* colorized type table. */")
219 self.header
.add_decl
("struct vts_entry \{ short int is_nullable; const struct class *class; \}; /* link (nullable or not) between the vts and is bound. */")
221 if self.vt_layout
isa PHLayout[MClass, MVirtualTypeProp] then
222 self.header
.add_decl
("struct vts_table \{ int mask; const struct vts_entry vts[]; \}; /* vts list of a C type representation. */")
224 self.header
.add_decl
("struct vts_table \{ int dummy; const struct vts_entry vts[]; \}; /* vts list of a C type representation. */")
227 if modelbuilder
.toolcontext
.opt_phmod_typing
.value
then
228 self.header
.add_decl
("#define HASH(mask, id) ((mask)%(id))")
229 else if modelbuilder
.toolcontext
.opt_phand_typing
.value
then
230 self.header
.add_decl
("#define HASH(mask, id) ((mask)&(id))")
233 self.header
.add_decl
("typedef struct instance \{ const struct class *class; nitattribute_t attrs[1]; \} val; /* general C type representing a Nit instance. */")
236 redef fun compile_class_to_c
(mclass
: MClass)
238 var mtype
= mclass
.intro
.bound_mtype
239 var c_name
= mclass
.c_name
240 var c_instance_name
= mclass
.c_instance_name
242 var vft
= self.method_tables
[mclass
]
243 var attrs
= self.attr_tables
[mclass
]
244 var class_table
= self.class_tables
[mclass
]
245 var v
= self.new_visitor
247 var rta
= runtime_type_analysis
248 var is_dead
= mclass
.kind
== abstract_kind
or mclass
.kind
== interface_kind
249 if not is_dead
and rta
!= null and not rta
.live_classes
.has
(mclass
) and mtype
.ctype
== "val*" and mclass
.name
!= "NativeArray" then
253 v
.add_decl
("/* runtime class {c_name} */")
255 self.provide_declaration
("class_{c_name}", "extern const struct class class_{c_name};")
256 v
.add_decl
("extern const struct type_table type_table_{c_name};")
259 v
.add_decl
("const struct class class_{c_name} = \{")
260 v
.add_decl
("{self.class_layout.ids[mclass]},")
261 v
.add_decl
("\"{mclass.name}\
", /* class_name_string */")
262 v
.add_decl
("{self.box_kind_of(mclass)}, /* box_kind */")
263 var layout
= self.class_layout
264 if layout
isa PHLayout[MClass, MClass] then
265 v
.add_decl
("{layout.masks[mclass]},")
267 v
.add_decl
("{layout.pos[mclass]},")
270 if build_class_vts_table
(mclass
) then
271 v
.require_declaration
("vts_table_{c_name}")
272 v
.add_decl
("&vts_table_{c_name},")
276 v
.add_decl
("&type_table_{c_name},")
278 for i
in [0 .. vft
.length
[ do
279 var mpropdef
= vft
[i
]
280 if mpropdef
== null then
281 v
.add_decl
("NULL, /* empty */")
283 assert mpropdef
isa MMethodDef
284 if rta
!= null and not rta
.live_methoddefs
.has
(mpropdef
) then
285 v
.add_decl
("NULL, /* DEAD {mclass.intro_mmodule}:{mclass}:{mpropdef} */")
288 if true or mpropdef
.mclassdef
.bound_mtype
.ctype
!= "val*" then
289 v
.require_declaration
("VIRTUAL_{mpropdef.c_name}")
290 v
.add_decl
("(nitmethod_t)VIRTUAL_{mpropdef.c_name}, /* pointer to {mclass.intro_mmodule}:{mclass}:{mpropdef} */")
292 v
.require_declaration
("{mpropdef.c_name}")
293 v
.add_decl
("(nitmethod_t){mpropdef.c_name}, /* pointer to {mclass.intro_mmodule}:{mclass}:{mpropdef} */")
301 # Build class type table
303 v
.add_decl
("const struct type_table type_table_{c_name} = \{")
304 v
.add_decl
("{class_table.length},")
306 for msuper
in class_table
do
307 if msuper
== null then
308 v
.add_decl
("-1, /* empty */")
310 v
.add_decl
("{self.class_layout.ids[msuper]}, /* {msuper} */")
316 if mtype
.ctype
!= "val*" then
317 if mtype
.mclass
.name
== "Pointer" or mtype
.mclass
.kind
!= extern_kind
then
318 #Build instance struct
319 self.header
.add_decl
("struct instance_{c_instance_name} \{")
320 self.header
.add_decl
("const struct class *class;")
321 self.header
.add_decl
("{mtype.ctype} value;")
322 self.header
.add_decl
("\};")
326 self.provide_declaration
("BOX_{c_name}", "val* BOX_{c_name}({mtype.ctype});")
327 v
.add_decl
("/* allocate {mtype} */")
328 v
.add_decl
("val* BOX_{mtype.c_name}({mtype.ctype} value) \{")
329 v
.add
("struct instance_{c_instance_name}*res = nit_alloc(sizeof(struct instance_{c_instance_name}));")
330 v
.require_declaration
("class_{c_name}")
331 v
.add
("res->class = &class_{c_name};")
332 v
.add
("res->value = value;")
333 v
.add
("return (val*)res;")
336 else if mclass
.name
== "NativeArray" then
337 #Build instance struct
338 self.header
.add_decl
("struct instance_{c_name} \{")
339 self.header
.add_decl
("const struct class *class;")
340 self.header
.add_decl
("int length;")
341 self.header
.add_decl
("val* values[];")
342 self.header
.add_decl
("\};")
345 self.provide_declaration
("NEW_{c_name}", "{mtype.ctype} NEW_{c_name}(int length);")
346 v
.add_decl
("/* allocate {mtype} */")
347 v
.add_decl
("{mtype.ctype} NEW_{c_name}(int length) \{")
348 var res
= v
.get_name
("self")
349 v
.add_decl
("struct instance_{c_name} *{res};")
350 var mtype_elt
= mtype
.arguments
.first
351 v
.add
("{res} = nit_alloc(sizeof(struct instance_{c_name}) + length*sizeof({mtype_elt.ctype}));")
352 v
.require_declaration
("class_{c_name}")
353 v
.add
("{res}->class = &class_{c_name};")
354 v
.add
("{res}->length = length;")
355 v
.add
("return (val*){res};")
361 self.provide_declaration
("NEW_{c_name}", "{mtype.ctype} NEW_{c_name}(void);")
362 v
.add_decl
("/* allocate {mtype} */")
363 v
.add_decl
("{mtype.ctype} NEW_{c_name}(void) \{")
365 v
.add_abort
("{mclass} is DEAD")
368 var res
= v
.new_named_var
(mtype
, "self")
370 v
.add
("{res} = nit_alloc(sizeof(struct instance) + {attrs.length}*sizeof(nitattribute_t));")
371 v
.require_declaration
("class_{c_name}")
372 v
.add
("{res}->class = &class_{c_name};")
373 self.generate_init_attr
(v
, res
, mtype
)
374 v
.add
("return {res};")
379 private fun build_class_vts_table
(mclass
: MClass): Bool do
380 if self.vt_tables
[mclass
].is_empty
then return false
382 self.provide_declaration
("vts_table_{mclass.c_name}", "extern const struct vts_table vts_table_{mclass.c_name};")
385 v
.add_decl
("const struct vts_table vts_table_{mclass.c_name} = \{")
386 if self.vt_layout
isa PHLayout[MClass, MVirtualTypeProp] then
387 #TODO redo this when PHPropertyLayoutBuilder will be implemented
388 #v.add_decl("{vt_masks[mclass]},")
390 v
.add_decl
("0, /* dummy */")
394 for vt
in self.vt_tables
[mclass
] do
396 v
.add_decl
("\{-1, NULL\}, /* empty */")
399 var bound
= retrieve_vt_bound
(mclass
.intro
.bound_mtype
, vt
.as(MVirtualTypeDef).bound
)
400 while bound
isa MNullableType do
401 bound
= retrieve_vt_bound
(mclass
.intro
.bound_mtype
, bound
.mtype
)
404 var vtclass
= bound
.as(MClassType).mclass
405 v
.require_declaration
("class_{vtclass.c_name}")
406 v
.add_decl
("\{{is_null}, &class_{vtclass.c_name}\}, /* {vt} */")
414 private fun retrieve_vt_bound
(anchor
: MClassType, mtype
: nullable MType): MType do
415 if mtype
== null then
416 print
"NOT YET IMPLEMENTED: retrieve_vt_bound on null"
419 if mtype
isa MVirtualType then
420 return mtype
.anchor_to
(mainmodule
, anchor
)
421 else if mtype
isa MParameterType then
422 return mtype
.anchor_to
(mainmodule
, anchor
)
428 redef fun new_visitor
do return new SeparateErasureCompilerVisitor(self)
432 private var class_tables
: Map[MClass, Array[nullable MClass]]
433 private var vt_tables
: Map[MClass, Array[nullable MPropDef]]
435 redef fun display_sizes
437 print
"# size of subtyping tables"
438 print
"\ttotal \tholes"
441 for t
, table
in class_tables
do
442 total
+= table
.length
443 for e
in table
do if e
== null then holes
+= 1
445 print
"\t{total}\t{holes}"
447 print
"# size of resolution tables"
448 print
"\ttotal \tholes"
451 for t
, table
in vt_tables
do
452 total
+= table
.length
453 for e
in table
do if e
== null then holes
+= 1
455 print
"\t{total}\t{holes}"
457 print
"# size of methods tables"
458 print
"\ttotal \tholes"
461 for t
, table
in method_tables
do
462 total
+= table
.length
463 for e
in table
do if e
== null then holes
+= 1
465 print
"\t{total}\t{holes}"
467 print
"# size of attributes tables"
468 print
"\ttotal \tholes"
471 for t
, table
in attr_tables
do
472 total
+= table
.length
473 for e
in table
do if e
== null then holes
+= 1
475 print
"\t{total}\t{holes}"
479 class SeparateErasureCompilerVisitor
480 super SeparateCompilerVisitor
482 redef fun compile_callsite
(callsite
, arguments
)
485 if callsite
.erasure_cast
and not self.compiler
.as(SeparateErasureCompiler).modelbuilder
.toolcontext
.opt_no_check_erasure_cast
.value
then
487 var mtype
= callsite
.msignature
.return_mtype
489 self.add
("/* Erasure cast for return {res} isa {mtype} */")
490 var cond
= self.type_test
(res
, mtype
, "erasure")
491 self.add
("if (!{cond}) \{")
492 #var x = self.class_name_string(res)
493 #var y = self.class_name_string(arguments.first)
494 #self.add("fprintf(stderr, \"Erasure cast: expected {mtype} (self is %s), got %s for {res}\\n\", {y}, {x});")
495 self.add_abort
("Cast failed")
501 redef fun init_instance
(mtype
)
503 self.require_declaration
("NEW_{mtype.mclass.c_name}")
504 return self.new_expr
("NEW_{mtype.mclass.c_name}()", mtype
)
507 redef fun type_test
(value
, mtype
, tag
)
509 self.add
("/* type test for {value.inspect} isa {mtype} */")
511 var res
= self.new_var
(bool_type
)
513 var cltype
= self.get_name
("cltype")
514 self.add_decl
("int {cltype};")
515 var idtype
= self.get_name
("idtype")
516 self.add_decl
("int {idtype};")
518 var maybe_null
= self.maybe_null
(value
)
519 var accept_null
= "0"
520 if mtype
isa MNullableType then
524 if mtype
isa MParameterType then
525 # Here we get the bound of the the formal type (eh, erasure...)
526 mtype
= mtype
.resolve_for
(self.frame
.mpropdef
.mclassdef
.bound_mtype
, self.frame
.mpropdef
.mclassdef
.bound_mtype
, self.frame
.mpropdef
.mclassdef
.mmodule
, false)
527 if mtype
isa MNullableType then
533 if value
.mcasttype
.is_subtype
(self.frame
.mpropdef
.mclassdef
.mmodule
, self.frame
.mpropdef
.mclassdef
.bound_mtype
, mtype
) then
534 self.add
("{res} = 1; /* easy {value.inspect} isa {mtype}*/")
535 if compiler
.modelbuilder
.toolcontext
.opt_typing_test_metrics
.value
then
536 self.compiler
.count_type_test_skipped
[tag
] += 1
537 self.add
("count_type_test_skipped_{tag}++;")
544 if value
.mtype
.ctype
== "val*" then
545 class_ptr
= "{value}->class->"
547 var mclass
= value
.mtype
.as(MClassType).mclass
548 self.require_declaration
("class_{mclass.c_name}")
549 class_ptr
= "class_{mclass.c_name}."
552 if mtype
isa MClassType then
553 self.require_declaration
("class_{mtype.mclass.c_name}")
554 self.add
("{cltype} = class_{mtype.mclass.c_name}.color;")
555 self.add
("{idtype} = class_{mtype.mclass.c_name}.id;")
556 if compiler
.modelbuilder
.toolcontext
.opt_typing_test_metrics
.value
then
557 self.compiler
.count_type_test_resolved
[tag
] += 1
558 self.add
("count_type_test_resolved_{tag}++;")
560 else if mtype
isa MVirtualType then
561 var recv
= self.frame
.arguments
.first
563 if recv
.mtype
.ctype
== "val*" then
564 recv_ptr
= "{recv}->class->"
566 var mclass
= recv
.mtype
.as(MClassType).mclass
567 self.require_declaration
("class_{mclass.c_name}")
568 recv_ptr
= "class_{mclass.c_name}."
570 var entry
= self.get_name
("entry")
571 self.add
("struct vts_entry {entry};")
572 self.require_declaration
(mtype
.mproperty
.const_color
)
573 if self.compiler
.as(SeparateErasureCompiler).vt_layout
isa PHLayout[MClass, MVirtualTypeProp] then
574 self.add
("{entry} = {recv_ptr}vts_table->vts[HASH({recv_ptr}vts_table->mask, {mtype.mproperty.const_color})];")
576 self.add
("{entry} = {recv_ptr}vts_table->vts[{mtype.mproperty.const_color}];")
578 self.add
("{cltype} = {entry}.class->color;")
579 self.add
("{idtype} = {entry}.class->id;")
580 if maybe_null
and accept_null
== "0" then
581 var is_nullable
= self.get_name
("is_nullable")
582 self.add_decl
("short int {is_nullable};")
583 self.add
("{is_nullable} = {entry}.is_nullable;")
584 accept_null
= is_nullable
.to_s
586 if compiler
.modelbuilder
.toolcontext
.opt_typing_test_metrics
.value
then
587 self.compiler
.count_type_test_unresolved
[tag
] += 1
588 self.add
("count_type_test_unresolved_{tag}++;")
591 self.debug
("type_test({value.inspect}, {mtype})")
595 # check color is in table
597 self.add
("if({value} == NULL) \{")
598 self.add
("{res} = {accept_null};")
599 self.add
("\} else \{")
601 if self.compiler
.as(SeparateErasureCompiler).class_layout
isa PHLayout[MClass, MClass] then
602 self.add
("{cltype} = HASH({class_ptr}color, {idtype});")
604 self.add
("if({cltype} >= {class_ptr}type_table->size) \{")
605 self.add
("{res} = 0;")
606 self.add
("\} else \{")
607 self.add
("{res} = {class_ptr}type_table->table[{cltype}] == {idtype};")
616 redef fun class_name_string
(value
)
618 var res
= self.get_name
("var_class_name")
619 self.add_decl
("const char* {res};")
620 if value
.mtype
.ctype
== "val*" then
621 self.add
"{res} = {value} == NULL ? \"null\
" : {value}->class->name;"
623 self.require_declaration
("class_{value.mtype.c_name}")
624 self.add
"{res} = class_{value.mtype.c_name}.name;"
629 redef fun array_instance
(array
, elttype
)
631 var nclass
= self.get_class
("NativeArray")
632 elttype
= self.anchor
(elttype
)
633 var arraytype
= self.get_class
("Array").get_mtype
([elttype
])
634 var res
= self.init_instance
(arraytype
)
635 self.add
("\{ /* {res} = array_instance Array[{elttype}] */")
636 var nat
= self.new_var
(self.get_class
("NativeArray").get_mtype
([elttype
]))
638 self.require_declaration
("NEW_{nclass.c_name}")
639 self.add
("{nat} = NEW_{nclass.c_name}({array.length});")
640 for i
in [0..array
.length
[ do
641 var r
= self.autobox
(array
[i
], self.object_type
)
642 self.add
("((struct instance_{nclass.c_instance_name}*){nat})->values[{i}] = (val*) {r};")
644 var length
= self.int_instance
(array
.length
)
645 self.send
(self.get_property
("with_native", arraytype
), [res
, nat
, length
])
650 redef fun calloc_array
(ret_type
, arguments
)
652 var ret
= ret_type
.as(MClassType)
653 self.require_declaration
("NEW_{ret.mclass.c_name}")
654 self.ret
(self.new_expr
("NEW_{ret.mclass.c_name}({arguments[1]})", ret_type
))