Merge: Callref compilers
[nit.git] / src / interpreter / naive_interpreter.nit
index 311d917..7557da7 100644 (file)
@@ -21,11 +21,12 @@ import literal
 import semantize
 private import parser::tables
 import mixin
-import primitive_types
+private import model::serialize_model
+private import frontend::explain_assert_api
 
 redef class ToolContext
        # --discover-call-trace
-       var opt_discover_call_trace = new OptionBool("Trace calls of the first invocation of a method", "--discover-call-trace")
+       var opt_discover_call_trace = new OptionBool("Trace calls of the first invocation of methods", "--discover-call-trace")
 
        redef init
        do
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ class NaiveInterpreter
        var modelbuilder: ModelBuilder
 
        # The main module of the program (used to lookup method)
-       var mainmodule: MModule
+       var mainmodule: MModule is writable
 
        # The command line arguments of the interpreted program
        # arguments.first is the program name
@@ -70,6 +71,9 @@ class NaiveInterpreter
        # The main Sys instance
        var mainobj: nullable Instance is noinit
 
+       # Name of all supported functional names
+       var routine_types: Set[String] = new HashSet[String]
+
        init
        do
                if mainmodule.model.get_mclasses_by_name("Bool") != null then
@@ -79,6 +83,15 @@ class NaiveInterpreter
                        init_instance_primitive(self.false_instance)
                end
                self.null_instance = new PrimitiveInstance[nullable Object](mainmodule.model.null_type, null)
+
+               routine_types.add("RoutineRef")
+               for name in ["Proc", "Fun", "ProcRef", "FunRef"] do
+                       # 20 is a magic number = upper limit of the arity of each functional class.
+                       # i.e. Proc0, Proc1, ... Proc19
+                       for i  in [0..20[ do
+                               routine_types.add("{name}{i}")
+                       end
+               end
        end
 
        # Starts the interpreter on the main module of a program
@@ -113,17 +126,19 @@ class NaiveInterpreter
                return self.modelbuilder.force_get_primitive_method(current_node, name, recv.mclass, self.mainmodule)
        end
 
-       # Is a return executed?
-       # Set this mark to skip the evaluation until the end of the specified method frame
-       var returnmark: nullable FRAME = null
-
-       # Is a break or a continue executed?
+       # Is a return, a break or a continue executed?
        # Set this mark to skip the evaluation until a labeled statement catch it with `is_escape`
        var escapemark: nullable EscapeMark = null
 
+       # The count of `catch` blocs that have been encountered and can catch an abort
+       var catch_count = 0 is writable
+
+       # The last error thrown on abort/runtime error where catch_count > 0
+       var last_error: nullable FatalError = null
+
        # Is a return or a break or a continue executed?
        # Use this function to know if you must skip the evaluation of statements
-       fun is_escaping: Bool do return returnmark != null or escapemark != null
+       fun is_escaping: Bool do return escapemark != null
 
        # The value associated with the current return/break/continue, if any.
        # Set the value when you set a escapemark.
@@ -157,7 +172,7 @@ class NaiveInterpreter
                        n.debug("inconsitance: no value and not escaping.")
                end
                var implicit_cast_to = n.implicit_cast_to
-               if implicit_cast_to != null then
+               if i != null and implicit_cast_to != null then
                        var mtype = self.unanchor_type(implicit_cast_to)
                        if not self.is_subtype(i.mtype, mtype) then n.fatal(self, "Cast failed. Expected `{implicit_cast_to}`, got `{i.mtype}`")
                end
@@ -201,8 +216,62 @@ class NaiveInterpreter
        # Return the integer instance associated with `val`.
        fun int_instance(val: Int): Instance
        do
-               var ic = get_primitive_class("Int")
-               var instance = new PrimitiveInstance[Int](ic.mclass_type, val)
+               var t = mainmodule.int_type
+               var instance = new PrimitiveInstance[Int](t, val)
+               init_instance_primitive(instance)
+               return instance
+       end
+
+       # Return the byte instance associated with `val`.
+       fun byte_instance(val: Byte): Instance
+       do
+               var t = mainmodule.byte_type
+               var instance = new PrimitiveInstance[Byte](t, val)
+               init_instance_primitive(instance)
+               return instance
+       end
+
+       # Return the int8 instance associated with `val`.
+       fun int8_instance(val: Int8): Instance
+       do
+               var t = mainmodule.int8_type
+               var instance = new PrimitiveInstance[Int8](t, val)
+               init_instance_primitive(instance)
+               return instance
+       end
+
+       # Return the int16 instance associated with `val`.
+       fun int16_instance(val: Int16): Instance
+       do
+               var t = mainmodule.int16_type
+               var instance = new PrimitiveInstance[Int16](t, val)
+               init_instance_primitive(instance)
+               return instance
+       end
+
+       # Return the uint16 instance associated with `val`.
+       fun uint16_instance(val: UInt16): Instance
+       do
+               var t = mainmodule.uint16_type
+               var instance = new PrimitiveInstance[UInt16](t, val)
+               init_instance_primitive(instance)
+               return instance
+       end
+
+       # Return the int32 instance associated with `val`.
+       fun int32_instance(val: Int32): Instance
+       do
+               var t = mainmodule.int32_type
+               var instance = new PrimitiveInstance[Int32](t, val)
+               init_instance_primitive(instance)
+               return instance
+       end
+
+       # Return the uint32 instance associated with `val`.
+       fun uint32_instance(val: UInt32): Instance
+       do
+               var t = mainmodule.uint32_type
+               var instance = new PrimitiveInstance[UInt32](t, val)
                init_instance_primitive(instance)
                return instance
        end
@@ -210,8 +279,8 @@ class NaiveInterpreter
        # Return the char instance associated with `val`.
        fun char_instance(val: Char): Instance
        do
-               var ic = get_primitive_class("Char")
-               var instance = new PrimitiveInstance[Char](ic.mclass_type, val)
+               var t = mainmodule.char_type
+               var instance = new PrimitiveInstance[Char](t, val)
                init_instance_primitive(instance)
                return instance
        end
@@ -219,8 +288,8 @@ class NaiveInterpreter
        # Return the float instance associated with `val`.
        fun float_instance(val: Float): Instance
        do
-               var ic = get_primitive_class("Float")
-               var instance = new PrimitiveInstance[Float](ic.mclass_type, val)
+               var t = mainmodule.float_type
+               var instance = new PrimitiveInstance[Float](t, val)
                init_instance_primitive(instance)
                return instance
        end
@@ -239,9 +308,9 @@ class NaiveInterpreter
        fun array_instance(values: Array[Instance], elttype: MType): Instance
        do
                assert not elttype.need_anchor
-               var nat = new PrimitiveInstance[Array[Instance]](get_primitive_class("NativeArray").get_mtype([elttype]), values)
+               var nat = new PrimitiveInstance[Array[Instance]](mainmodule.native_array_type(elttype), values)
                init_instance_primitive(nat)
-               var mtype = get_primitive_class("Array").get_mtype([elttype])
+               var mtype = mainmodule.array_type(elttype)
                var res = new MutableInstance(mtype)
                self.init_instance(res)
                self.send(self.force_get_primitive_method("with_native", mtype), [res, nat, self.int_instance(values.length)])
@@ -263,13 +332,46 @@ class NaiveInterpreter
                end
        end
 
-       # Return a new native string initialized with `txt`
-       fun native_string_instance(txt: String): Instance
+       # Return a new C string initialized with `txt`
+       fun c_string_instance(txt: String): Instance
+       do
+               var instance = c_string_instance_len(txt.byte_length+1)
+               var val = instance.val
+               val[txt.byte_length] = 0
+               txt.to_cstring.copy_to(val, txt.byte_length, 0, 0)
+
+               return instance
+       end
+
+       # Return a new C string initialized with `txt`
+       fun c_string_instance_from_ns(txt: CString, len: Int): Instance
+       do
+               var instance = c_string_instance_len(len)
+               var val = instance.val
+               txt.copy_to(val, len, 0, 0)
+
+               return instance
+       end
+
+       # Return a new C string instance sharing the same data space as `txt`
+       fun c_string_instance_fast_cstr(txt: CString, from: Int): Instance
        do
-               var val = new FlatBuffer.from(txt)
-               val.add('\0')
-               var ic = get_primitive_class("NativeString")
-               var instance = new PrimitiveInstance[Buffer](ic.mclass_type, val)
+               var ncstr = txt.fast_cstring(from)
+               var t = mainmodule.c_string_type
+
+               var instance = new PrimitiveInstance[CString](t, ncstr)
+               init_instance_primitive(instance)
+
+               return instance
+       end
+
+       # Return a new C string initialized of `length`
+       fun c_string_instance_len(length: Int): PrimitiveInstance[CString]
+       do
+               var val = new CString(length)
+
+               var t = mainmodule.c_string_type
+               var instance = new PrimitiveInstance[CString](t, val)
                init_instance_primitive(instance)
                return instance
        end
@@ -277,8 +379,8 @@ class NaiveInterpreter
        # Return a new String instance for `txt`
        fun string_instance(txt: String): Instance
        do
-               var nat = native_string_instance(txt)
-               var res = self.send(self.force_get_primitive_method("to_s_with_length", nat.mtype), [nat, self.int_instance(txt.length)])
+               var nat = c_string_instance(txt)
+               var res = self.send(self.force_get_primitive_method("to_s_unsafe", nat.mtype), [nat, self.int_instance(txt.byte_length), self.int_instance(txt.length), self.false_instance, self.false_instance])
                assert res != null
                return res
        end
@@ -366,46 +468,63 @@ class NaiveInterpreter
        # Store known methods, used to trace methods as they are reached
        var discover_call_trace: Set[MMethodDef] = new HashSet[MMethodDef]
 
+       # Consumes an iterator of expressions and tries to map each element to
+       # its corresponding Instance.
+       #
+       # If any AExprs doesn't resolve to an Instance, then it returns null.
+       # Otherwise return an array of instances
+       fun aexprs_to_instances(aexprs: Iterator[AExpr]): nullable Array[Instance]
+       do
+               var accumulator = new Array[Instance]
+               for aexpr in aexprs do
+                       var instance = expr(aexpr)
+                       if instance == null then return null
+                       accumulator.push(instance)
+               end
+               return accumulator
+       end
+
        # Evaluate `args` as expressions in the call of `mpropdef` on `recv`.
        # This method is used to manage varargs in signatures and returns the real array
        # of instances to use in the call.
        # Return `null` if one of the evaluation of the arguments return null.
-       fun varargize(mpropdef: MMethodDef, recv: Instance, args: SequenceRead[AExpr]): nullable Array[Instance]
+       fun varargize(mpropdef: MMethodDef, map: nullable SignatureMap, recv: Instance, args: SequenceRead[AExpr]): nullable Array[Instance]
        do
                var msignature = mpropdef.new_msignature or else mpropdef.msignature.as(not null)
                var res = new Array[Instance]
                res.add(recv)
 
-               if args.is_empty then return res
+               if msignature.arity == 0 then return res
+
+               if map == null then
+                       assert args.length == msignature.arity else debug("Expected {msignature.arity} args, got {args.length}")
+                       var rest_args = aexprs_to_instances(args.iterator)
+                       if rest_args == null then return null
+                       res.append(rest_args)
+                       return res
+               end
 
-               var vararg_rank = msignature.vararg_rank
-               var vararg_len = args.length - msignature.arity
-               if vararg_len < 0 then vararg_len = 0
+               # Eval in order of arguments, not parameters
+               var exprs = aexprs_to_instances(args.iterator)
+               if exprs == null then return null
 
+               # Fill `res` with the result of the evaluation according to the mapping
                for i in [0..msignature.arity[ do
-                       if i == vararg_rank then
-                               var ne = args[i]
-                               if ne isa AVarargExpr then
-                                       var e = self.expr(ne.n_expr)
-                                       if e == null then return null
-                                       res.add(e)
-                                       continue
-                               end
-                               var vararg = new Array[Instance]
-                               for j in [vararg_rank..vararg_rank+vararg_len] do
-                                       var e = self.expr(args[j])
-                                       if e == null then return null
-                                       vararg.add(e)
-                               end
-                               var elttype = msignature.mparameters[vararg_rank].mtype.anchor_to(self.mainmodule, recv.mtype.as(MClassType))
-                               res.add(self.array_instance(vararg, elttype))
-                       else
-                               var j = i
-                               if i > vararg_rank then j += vararg_len
-                               var e = self.expr(args[j])
-                               if e == null then return null
-                               res.add(e)
+                       var param = msignature.mparameters[i]
+                       var j = map.map.get_or_null(i)
+                       if j == null then
+                               # default value
+                               res.add(null_instance)
+                               continue
                        end
+                       if param.is_vararg and args[i].vararg_decl > 0 then
+                               var vararg = exprs.sub(j, args[i].vararg_decl)
+                               var elttype = param.mtype.anchor_to(self.mainmodule, recv.mtype.as(MClassType))
+                               var arg = self.array_instance(vararg, elttype)
+                               res.add(arg)
+                               continue
+                       end
+                       res.add exprs[j]
                end
                return res
        end
@@ -453,10 +572,12 @@ class NaiveInterpreter
        # Execute type checks of covariant parameters
        fun parameter_check(node: ANode, mpropdef: MMethodDef, args: Array[Instance])
        do
-               var msignature = mpropdef.msignature
+               var msignature = mpropdef.msignature.as(not null)
                for i in [0..msignature.arity[ do
+                       var mp = msignature.mparameters[i]
+
                        # skip test for vararg since the array is instantiated with the correct polymorphic type
-                       if msignature.vararg_rank == i then continue
+                       if mp.is_vararg then continue
 
                        # skip if the cast is not required
                        var origmtype =  mpropdef.mproperty.intro.msignature.mparameters[i].mtype
@@ -465,7 +586,7 @@ class NaiveInterpreter
                        #print "{mpropdef}: {mpropdef.mproperty.intro.msignature.mparameters[i]}"
 
                        # get the parameter type
-                       var mtype = msignature.mparameters[i].mtype
+                       var mtype = mp.mtype
                        var anchor = args.first.mtype.as(MClassType)
                        var amtype = mtype.anchor_to(self.mainmodule, anchor)
                        if not args[i+1].mtype.is_subtype(self.mainmodule, anchor, amtype) then
@@ -493,6 +614,7 @@ class NaiveInterpreter
        # Use this method, instead of `send` to execute and control the additional behavior of the call-sites
        fun callsite(callsite: nullable CallSite, arguments: Array[Instance]): nullable Instance
        do
+               if callsite == null then return null
                var initializers = callsite.mpropdef.initializers
                if not initializers.is_empty then
                        var recv = arguments.first
@@ -588,13 +710,6 @@ class NaiveInterpreter
        # A hook to initialize a `PrimitiveInstance`
        fun init_instance_primitive(recv: Instance) do end
 
-       # Return the primitive `MClass` corresponding to the `name` given in parameter
-       # `name` : name of the primitive class
-       fun get_primitive_class(name: String): MClass
-       do
-               return mainmodule.get_primitive_class(name)
-       end
-
        # This function determines the correct type according to the receiver of the current propdef (self).
        fun unanchor_type(mtype: MType): MType
        do
@@ -606,17 +721,31 @@ class NaiveInterpreter
        var error_instance = new MutableInstance(modelbuilder.model.null_type) is lazy
 end
 
+# A runtime error
+class FatalError
+       # The error message
+       var message: String
+
+       # The problematic node, if any
+       var node: nullable ANode
+end
+
 # An instance represents a value of the executed program.
 abstract class Instance
        # The dynamic type of the instance
        # ASSERT: not self.mtype.is_anchored
        var mtype: MType
 
-       # return true if the instance is the true value.
-       # return false if the instance is the true value.
-       # else aborts
+       # Return `true` if the instance is the `true` value.
+       #
+       # Return `false` if the instance is the `false` value.
+       # Abort if the instance is not a boolean value.
        fun is_true: Bool do abort
 
+       # Return `true` if the instance is null.
+       # Return `false` otherwise.
+       fun is_null: Bool do return mtype isa MNullType
+
        # Return true if `self` IS `o` (using the Nit semantic of is)
        fun eq_is(o: Instance): Bool do return self.is_same_instance(o)
 
@@ -631,6 +760,30 @@ abstract class Instance
        # else aborts
        fun to_f: Float do abort
 
+       # Return the integer value if the instance is a byte.
+       # else aborts
+       fun to_b: Byte do abort
+
+       # Return the integer value if the instance is a int8.
+       # else aborts
+       fun to_i8: Int8 do abort
+
+       # Return the integer value if the instance is a int16.
+       # else aborts
+       fun to_i16: Int16 do abort
+
+       # Return the integer value if the instance is a uint16.
+       # else aborts
+       fun to_u16: UInt16 do abort
+
+       # Return the integer value if the instance is a int32.
+       # else aborts
+       fun to_i32: Int32 do abort
+
+       # Return the integer value if the instance is a uint32.
+       # else aborts
+       fun to_u32: UInt32 do abort
+
        # The real value encapsulated if the instance is primitive.
        # Else aborts.
        fun val: nullable Object do abort
@@ -644,8 +797,29 @@ class MutableInstance
        var attributes: Map[MAttribute, Instance] = new HashMap[MAttribute, Instance]
 end
 
+# An instance with the original receiver and callsite (for function reference)
+class CallrefInstance
+       super Instance
+
+       # The original receiver
+       #
+       # ~~~nitish
+       # var a = new A
+       # var f = &a.toto # `a` is the original receiver
+       # ~~~
+       var recv: Instance
+
+       # The original callsite
+       #
+       # ~~~nitish
+       # var a = new A
+       # var f = &a.toto # `toto` is the original callsite
+       # ~~~
+       var callsite: CallSite
+end
+
 # Special instance to handle primitives values (int, bool, etc.)
-# The trick it just to encapsulate the <<real>> value
+# The trick is just to encapsulate the “real” value.
 class PrimitiveInstance[E]
        super Instance
 
@@ -676,6 +850,18 @@ class PrimitiveInstance[E]
        redef fun to_i do return val.as(Int)
 
        redef fun to_f do return val.as(Float)
+
+       redef fun to_b do return val.as(Byte)
+
+       redef fun to_i8 do return val.as(Int8)
+
+       redef fun to_i16 do return val.as(Int16)
+
+       redef fun to_u16 do return val.as(UInt16)
+
+       redef fun to_i32 do return val.as(Int32)
+
+       redef fun to_u32 do return val.as(UInt32)
 end
 
 # Information about local variables in a running method
@@ -697,7 +883,7 @@ class InterpreterFrame
        super Frame
 
        # Mapping between a variable and the current value
-       private var map: Map[Variable, Instance] = new HashMap[Variable, Instance]
+       var map: Map[Variable, Instance] = new HashMap[Variable, Instance]
 end
 
 redef class ANode
@@ -705,7 +891,13 @@ redef class ANode
        # `v` is used to know if a colored message is displayed or not
        fun fatal(v: NaiveInterpreter, message: String)
        do
-               if v.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_color.value == true then
+               # Abort if there is a `catch` block
+               if v.catch_count > 0 then
+                       v.last_error = new FatalError(message, self)
+                       abort
+               end
+
+               if v.modelbuilder.toolcontext.opt_no_color.value then
                        sys.stderr.write("Runtime error: {message} ({location.file.filename}:{location.line_start})\n")
                else
                        sys.stderr.write("{location}: Runtime error: {message}\n{location.colored_line("0;31")}\n")
@@ -733,16 +925,17 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
                var f = v.new_frame(self, mpropdef, args)
                var res = call_commons(v, mpropdef, args, f)
                v.frames.shift
-               if v.returnmark == f then
-                       v.returnmark = null
+               if v.is_escape(self.return_mark) then
                        res = v.escapevalue
-                       v.escapevalue = null
                        return res
                end
                return res
        end
 
-       private fun call_commons(v: NaiveInterpreter, mpropdef: MMethodDef, arguments: Array[Instance], f: Frame): nullable Instance
+       # Execution of the body of the method
+       #
+       # It handle the common special cases: super, intern, extern
+       fun call_commons(v: NaiveInterpreter, mpropdef: MMethodDef, arguments: Array[Instance], f: Frame): nullable Instance
        do
                v.frames.unshift(f)
 
@@ -771,16 +964,23 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
                        v.call(superpd, arguments)
                end
 
+               # First, try intern
                if mpropdef.is_intern or mpropdef.is_extern then
                        var res = intern_call(v, mpropdef, arguments)
                        if res != v.error_instance then return res
                end
-
+               # Then, try extern
+               if mpropdef.is_extern then
+                       var res = call_extern(v, mpropdef, arguments, f)
+                       if res != v.error_instance then return res
+               end
+               # Else try block
                if n_block != null then
                        v.stmt(self.n_block)
                        return null
                end
 
+               # Fail if nothing succeed
                if mpropdef.is_intern then
                        fatal(v, "NOT YET IMPLEMENTED intern {mpropdef}")
                else if mpropdef.is_extern then
@@ -791,12 +991,31 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
                abort
        end
 
+       # Call this extern method
+       protected fun call_extern(v: NaiveInterpreter, mpropdef: MMethodDef, arguments: Array[Instance], f: Frame): nullable Instance
+       do
+               return v.error_instance
+       end
+
        # Interprets a intern or a shortcut extern method.
        # Returns the result for a function, `null` for a procedure, or `error_instance` if the method is unknown.
        private fun intern_call(v: NaiveInterpreter, mpropdef: MMethodDef, args: Array[Instance]): nullable Instance
        do
                var pname = mpropdef.mproperty.name
                var cname = mpropdef.mclassdef.mclass.name
+
+               if pname == "call" and v.routine_types.has(cname) then
+                       var routine = args.shift
+                       assert routine isa CallrefInstance
+                       # Swap the receiver position with the original recv of the call form.
+                       args.unshift routine.recv
+                       var res = v.callsite(routine.callsite, args)
+                       # recover the old args state
+                       args.shift
+                       args.unshift routine
+                       return res
+               end
+
                if pname == "output" then
                        var recv = args.first
                        recv.val.output
@@ -815,7 +1034,7 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
                else if pname == "native_class_name" then
                        var recv = args.first
                        var txt = recv.mtype.to_s
-                       return v.native_string_instance(txt)
+                       return v.c_string_instance(txt)
                else if pname == "==" then
                        # == is correctly redefined for instances
                        return v.bool_instance(args[0] == args[1])
@@ -825,6 +1044,8 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
                        return v.bool_instance(args[0].mtype == args[1].mtype)
                else if pname == "is_same_instance" then
                        return v.bool_instance(args[0].eq_is(args[1]))
+               else if pname == "class_inheritance_metamodel_json" then
+                       return v.c_string_instance(v.mainmodule.flatten_mclass_hierarchy.to_thin_json)
                else if pname == "exit" then
                        exit(args[1].to_i)
                        abort
@@ -839,63 +1060,106 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
                else if cname == "Int" then
                        var recvval = args[0].to_i
                        if pname == "unary -" then
-                               return v.int_instance(-args[0].to_i)
+                               return v.int_instance(-recvval)
+                       else if pname == "unary +" then
+                               return args[0]
+                       else if pname == "+" then
+                               return v.int_instance(recvval + args[1].to_i)
+                       else if pname == "-" then
+                               return v.int_instance(recvval - args[1].to_i)
+                       else if pname == "*" then
+                               return v.int_instance(recvval * args[1].to_i)
+                       else if pname == "%" then
+                               return v.int_instance(recvval % args[1].to_i)
+                       else if pname == "/" then
+                               return v.int_instance(recvval / args[1].to_i)
+                       else if pname == "<" then
+                               return v.bool_instance(recvval < args[1].to_i)
+                       else if pname == ">" then
+                               return v.bool_instance(recvval > args[1].to_i)
+                       else if pname == "<=" then
+                               return v.bool_instance(recvval <= args[1].to_i)
+                       else if pname == ">=" then
+                               return v.bool_instance(recvval >= args[1].to_i)
+                       else if pname == "<=>" then
+                               return v.int_instance(recvval <=> args[1].to_i)
+                       else if pname == "&" then
+                               return v.int_instance(recvval & args[1].to_i)
+                       else if pname == "|" then
+                               return v.int_instance(recvval | args[1].to_i)
+                       else if pname == "to_f" then
+                               return v.float_instance(recvval.to_f)
+                       else if pname == "to_b" then
+                               return v.byte_instance(recvval.to_b)
+                       else if pname == "<<" then
+                               return v.int_instance(recvval << args[1].to_i)
+                       else if pname == ">>" then
+                               return v.int_instance(recvval >> args[1].to_i)
+                       else if pname == "to_i8" then
+                               return v.int8_instance(recvval.to_i8)
+                       else if pname == "to_i16" then
+                               return v.int16_instance(recvval.to_i16)
+                       else if pname == "to_u16" then
+                               return v.uint16_instance(recvval.to_u16)
+                       else if pname == "to_i32" then
+                               return v.int32_instance(recvval.to_i32)
+                       else if pname == "to_u32" then
+                               return v.uint32_instance(recvval.to_u32)
+                       end
+               else if cname == "Byte" then
+                       var recvval = args[0].to_b
+                       if pname == "unary -" then
+                               return v.byte_instance(-recvval)
+                       else if pname == "unary +" then
+                               return args[0]
                        else if pname == "+" then
-                               return v.int_instance(args[0].to_i + args[1].to_i)
+                               return v.byte_instance(recvval + args[1].to_b)
                        else if pname == "-" then
-                               return v.int_instance(args[0].to_i - args[1].to_i)
+                               return v.byte_instance(recvval - args[1].to_b)
                        else if pname == "*" then
-                               return v.int_instance(args[0].to_i * args[1].to_i)
+                               return v.byte_instance(recvval * args[1].to_b)
                        else if pname == "%" then
-                               return v.int_instance(args[0].to_i % args[1].to_i)
+                               return v.byte_instance(recvval % args[1].to_b)
                        else if pname == "/" then
-                               return v.int_instance(args[0].to_i / args[1].to_i)
+                               return v.byte_instance(recvval / args[1].to_b)
                        else if pname == "<" then
-                               return v.bool_instance(args[0].to_i < args[1].to_i)
+                               return v.bool_instance(recvval < args[1].to_b)
                        else if pname == ">" then
-                               return v.bool_instance(args[0].to_i > args[1].to_i)
+                               return v.bool_instance(recvval > args[1].to_b)
                        else if pname == "<=" then
-                               return v.bool_instance(args[0].to_i <= args[1].to_i)
+                               return v.bool_instance(recvval <= args[1].to_b)
                        else if pname == ">=" then
-                               return v.bool_instance(args[0].to_i >= args[1].to_i)
+                               return v.bool_instance(recvval >= args[1].to_b)
                        else if pname == "<=>" then
-                               return v.int_instance(args[0].to_i <=> args[1].to_i)
-                       else if pname == "ascii" then
-                               return v.char_instance(args[0].to_i.ascii)
+                               return v.int_instance(recvval <=> args[1].to_b)
+                       else if pname == "&" then
+                               return v.byte_instance(recvval & args[1].to_b)
+                       else if pname == "|" then
+                               return v.byte_instance(recvval | args[1].to_b)
                        else if pname == "to_f" then
-                               return v.float_instance(args[0].to_i.to_f)
-                       else if pname == "lshift" then
-                               return v.int_instance(args[0].to_i.lshift(args[1].to_i))
-                       else if pname == "rshift" then
-                               return v.int_instance(args[0].to_i.rshift(args[1].to_i))
-                       else if pname == "rand" then
-                               var res = recvval.rand
-                               return v.int_instance(res)
-                       else if pname == "bin_and" then
-                               return v.int_instance(args[0].to_i.bin_and(args[1].to_i))
-                       else if pname == "bin_or" then
-                               return v.int_instance(args[0].to_i.bin_or(args[1].to_i))
-                       else if pname == "bin_xor" then
-                               return v.int_instance(args[0].to_i.bin_xor(args[1].to_i))
-                       else if pname == "bin_not" then
-                               return v.int_instance(args[0].to_i.bin_not)
-                       else if pname == "int_to_s_len" then
+                               return v.float_instance(recvval.to_f)
+                       else if pname == "to_i" then
+                               return v.int_instance(recvval.to_i)
+                       else if pname == "<<" then
+                               return v.byte_instance(recvval << args[1].to_i)
+                       else if pname == ">>" then
+                               return v.byte_instance(recvval >> args[1].to_i)
+                       else if pname == "to_i8" then
+                               return v.int8_instance(recvval.to_i8)
+                       else if pname == "to_i16" then
+                               return v.int16_instance(recvval.to_i16)
+                       else if pname == "to_u16" then
+                               return v.uint16_instance(recvval.to_u16)
+                       else if pname == "to_i32" then
+                               return v.int32_instance(recvval.to_i32)
+                       else if pname == "to_u32" then
+                               return v.uint32_instance(recvval.to_u32)
+                       else if pname == "byte_to_s_len" then
                                return v.int_instance(recvval.to_s.length)
-                       else if pname == "native_int_to_s" then
-                               var s = recvval.to_s
-                               var srecv = args[1].val.as(Buffer)
-                               srecv.clear
-                               srecv.append(s)
-                               srecv.add('\0')
-                               return null
-                       else if pname == "strerror_ext" then
-                               return v.native_string_instance(recvval.strerror)
                        end
                else if cname == "Char" then
                        var recv = args[0].val.as(Char)
-                       if pname == "ascii" then
-                               return v.int_instance(recv.ascii)
-                       else if pname == "successor" then
+                       if pname == "successor" then
                                return v.char_instance(recv.successor(args[1].to_i))
                        else if pname == "predecessor" then
                                return v.char_instance(recv.predecessor(args[1].to_i))
@@ -914,6 +1178,8 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
                        var recv = args[0].to_f
                        if pname == "unary -" then
                                return v.float_instance(-recv)
+                       else if pname == "unary +" then
+                               return args[0]
                        else if pname == "+" then
                                return v.float_instance(recv + args[1].to_f)
                        else if pname == "-" then
@@ -932,6 +1198,18 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
                                return v.bool_instance(recv >= args[1].to_f)
                        else if pname == "to_i" then
                                return v.int_instance(recv.to_i)
+                       else if pname == "to_b" then
+                               return v.byte_instance(recv.to_b)
+                       else if pname == "to_i8" then
+                               return v.int8_instance(recv.to_i8)
+                       else if pname == "to_i16" then
+                               return v.int16_instance(recv.to_i16)
+                       else if pname == "to_u16" then
+                               return v.uint16_instance(recv.to_u16)
+                       else if pname == "to_i32" then
+                               return v.int32_instance(recv.to_i32)
+                       else if pname == "to_u32" then
+                               return v.uint32_instance(recv.to_u32)
                        else if pname == "cos" then
                                return v.float_instance(args[0].to_f.cos)
                        else if pname == "sin" then
@@ -952,8 +1230,6 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
                                return v.float_instance(args[0].to_f.log)
                        else if pname == "pow" then
                                return v.float_instance(args[0].to_f.pow(args[1].to_f))
-                       else if pname == "rand" then
-                               return v.float_instance(args[0].to_f.rand)
                        else if pname == "abs" then
                                return v.float_instance(args[0].to_f.abs)
                        else if pname == "hypot_with" then
@@ -965,75 +1241,37 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
                        else if pname == "round" then
                                return v.float_instance(args[0].to_f.round)
                        end
-               else if cname == "NativeString" then
+               else if cname == "CString" then
                        if pname == "new" then
-                               return v.native_string_instance("!" * args[1].to_i)
+                               return v.c_string_instance_len(args[1].to_i)
                        end
-                       var recvval = args.first.val.as(Buffer)
+                       var recvval = args.first.val.as(CString)
                        if pname == "[]" then
                                var arg1 = args[1].to_i
-                               if arg1 >= recvval.length or arg1 < 0 then
-                                       debug("Illegal access on {recvval} for element {arg1}/{recvval.length}")
-                               end
-                               return v.char_instance(recvval.chars[arg1])
+                               return v.int_instance(recvval[arg1])
                        else if pname == "[]=" then
                                var arg1 = args[1].to_i
-                               if arg1 >= recvval.length or arg1 < 0 then
-                                       debug("Illegal access on {recvval} for element {arg1}/{recvval.length}")
-                               end
-                               recvval.chars[arg1] = args[2].val.as(Char)
+                               recvval[arg1] = args[2].val.as(Int)
                                return null
                        else if pname == "copy_to" then
-                               # sig= copy_to(dest: NativeString, length: Int, from: Int, to: Int)
-                               var destval = args[1].val.as(FlatBuffer)
+                               # sig= copy_to(dest: CString, length: Int, from: Int, to: Int)
+                               var destval = args[1].val.as(CString)
                                var lenval = args[2].to_i
                                var fromval = args[3].to_i
                                var toval = args[4].to_i
-                               if fromval < 0 then
-                                       debug("Illegal access on {recvval} for element {fromval}/{recvval.length}")
-                               end
-                               if fromval + lenval > recvval.length then
-                                       debug("Illegal access on {recvval} for element {fromval}+{lenval}/{recvval.length}")
-                               end
-                               if toval < 0 then
-                                       debug("Illegal access on {destval} for element {toval}/{destval.length}")
-                               end
-                               if toval + lenval > destval.length then
-                                       debug("Illegal access on {destval} for element {toval}+{lenval}/{destval.length}")
-                               end
-                               recvval.as(FlatBuffer).copy(fromval, lenval, destval, toval)
+                               recvval.copy_to(destval, lenval, fromval, toval)
                                return null
                        else if pname == "atoi" then
-                               return v.int_instance(recvval.to_i)
-                       else if pname == "file_exists" then
-                               return v.bool_instance(recvval.to_s.file_exists)
-                       else if pname == "file_mkdir" then
-                               recvval.to_s.mkdir
-                               return null
-                       else if pname == "file_chdir" then
-                               recvval.to_s.chdir
-                               return null
-                       else if pname == "file_realpath" then
-                               return v.native_string_instance(recvval.to_s.realpath)
-                       else if pname == "get_environ" then
-                               var txt = recvval.to_s.environ
-                               return v.native_string_instance(txt)
-                       else if pname == "system" then
-                               var res = sys.system(recvval.to_s)
-                               return v.int_instance(res)
-                       else if pname == "atof" then
-                               return v.float_instance(recvval.to_f)
-                       end
-               else if cname == "String" then
-                       var cs = v.send(v.force_get_primitive_method("to_cstring", args.first.mtype), [args.first])
-                       var str = cs.val.to_s
-                       if pname == "files" then
-                               var res = new Array[Instance]
-                               for f in str.files do res.add v.string_instance(f)
-                               return v.array_instance(res, v.get_primitive_class("String").mclass_type)
+                               return v.int_instance(recvval.atoi)
+                       else if pname == "fast_cstring" then
+                               return v.c_string_instance_fast_cstr(args[0].val.as(CString), args[1].to_i)
+                       else if pname == "fetch_4_chars" then
+                               return v.uint32_instance(args[0].val.as(CString).fetch_4_chars(args[1].to_i))
+                       else if pname == "fetch_4_hchars" then
+                               return v.uint32_instance(args[0].val.as(CString).fetch_4_hchars(args[1].to_i))
+                       else if pname == "utf8_length" then
+                               return v.int_instance(args[0].val.as(CString).utf8_length(args[1].to_i, args[2].to_i))
                        end
-               else if pname == "calloc_string" then
-                       return v.native_string_instance("!" * args[1].to_i)
                else if cname == "NativeArray" then
                        if pname == "new" then
                                var val = new Array[Instance].filled_with(v.null_instance, args[1].to_i)
@@ -1043,9 +1281,6 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
                        end
                        var recvval = args.first.val.as(Array[Instance])
                        if pname == "[]" then
-                               if args[1].to_i >= recvval.length or args[1].to_i < 0 then
-                                       debug("Illegal access on {recvval} for element {args[1].to_i}/{recvval.length}")
-                               end
                                return recvval[args[1].to_i]
                        else if pname == "[]=" then
                                recvval[args[1].to_i] = args[2]
@@ -1056,85 +1291,276 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
                                recvval.copy_to(0, args[2].to_i, args[1].val.as(Array[Instance]), 0)
                                return null
                        end
-               else if cname == "NativeFile" then
-                       if pname == "native_stdout" then
-                               var inst = new PrimitiveNativeFile.native_stdout
-                               var instance = new PrimitiveInstance[PrimitiveNativeFile](mpropdef.mclassdef.mclass.mclass_type, inst)
-                               v.init_instance_primitive(instance)
-                               return instance
-                       else if pname == "native_stdin" then
-                               var inst = new PrimitiveNativeFile.native_stdin
-                               var instance = new PrimitiveInstance[PrimitiveNativeFile](mpropdef.mclassdef.mclass.mclass_type, inst)
-                               v.init_instance_primitive(instance)
-                               return instance
-                       else if pname == "native_stderr" then
-                               var inst = new PrimitiveNativeFile.native_stderr
-                               var instance = new PrimitiveInstance[PrimitiveNativeFile](mpropdef.mclassdef.mclass.mclass_type, inst)
-                               v.init_instance_primitive(instance)
-                               return instance
-                       else if pname == "io_open_read" then
-                               var a1 = args[1].val.as(Buffer)
-                               var inst = new PrimitiveNativeFile.io_open_read(a1.to_s)
-                               var instance = new PrimitiveInstance[PrimitiveNativeFile](mpropdef.mclassdef.mclass.mclass_type, inst)
-                               v.init_instance_primitive(instance)
-                               return instance
-                       else if pname == "io_open_write" then
-                               var a1 = args[1].val.as(Buffer)
-                               var inst = new PrimitiveNativeFile.io_open_write(a1.to_s)
-                               var instance = new PrimitiveInstance[PrimitiveNativeFile](mpropdef.mclassdef.mclass.mclass_type, inst)
-                               v.init_instance_primitive(instance)
-                               return instance
+               else if cname == "Int8" then
+                       var recvval = args[0].to_i8
+                       if pname == "unary -" then
+                               return v.int8_instance(-recvval)
+                       else if pname == "unary +" then
+                               return args[0]
+                       else if pname == "+" then
+                               return v.int8_instance(recvval + args[1].to_i8)
+                       else if pname == "-" then
+                               return v.int8_instance(recvval - args[1].to_i8)
+                       else if pname == "*" then
+                               return v.int8_instance(recvval * args[1].to_i8)
+                       else if pname == "%" then
+                               return v.int8_instance(recvval % args[1].to_i8)
+                       else if pname == "/" then
+                               return v.int8_instance(recvval / args[1].to_i8)
+                       else if pname == "<" then
+                               return v.bool_instance(recvval < args[1].to_i8)
+                       else if pname == ">" then
+                               return v.bool_instance(recvval > args[1].to_i8)
+                       else if pname == "<=" then
+                               return v.bool_instance(recvval <= args[1].to_i8)
+                       else if pname == ">=" then
+                               return v.bool_instance(recvval >= args[1].to_i8)
+                       else if pname == "<=>" then
+                               return v.int_instance(recvval <=> args[1].to_i8)
+                       else if pname == "to_f" then
+                               return v.float_instance(recvval.to_f)
+                       else if pname == "to_i" then
+                               return v.int_instance(recvval.to_i)
+                       else if pname == "to_b" then
+                               return v.byte_instance(recvval.to_b)
+                       else if pname == "to_i16" then
+                               return v.int16_instance(recvval.to_i16)
+                       else if pname == "to_u16" then
+                               return v.uint16_instance(recvval.to_u16)
+                       else if pname == "to_i32" then
+                               return v.int32_instance(recvval.to_i32)
+                       else if pname == "to_u32" then
+                               return v.uint32_instance(recvval.to_u32)
+                       else if pname == "<<" then
+                               return v.int8_instance(recvval << (args[1].to_i))
+                       else if pname == ">>" then
+                               return v.int8_instance(recvval >> (args[1].to_i))
+                       else if pname == "&" then
+                               return v.int8_instance(recvval & args[1].to_i8)
+                       else if pname == "|" then
+                               return v.int8_instance(recvval | args[1].to_i8)
+                       else if pname == "^" then
+                               return v.int8_instance(recvval ^ args[1].to_i8)
+                       else if pname == "unary ~" then
+                               return v.int8_instance(~recvval)
                        end
-                       var recvval = args.first.val
-                       if pname == "io_write" then
-                               var a1 = args[1].val.as(Buffer)
-                               return v.int_instance(recvval.as(PrimitiveNativeFile).io_write(a1.to_cstring, args[2].to_i))
-                       else if pname == "io_read" then
-                               var a1 = args[1].val.as(Buffer)
-                               var ns = new NativeString(a1.length)
-                               var len = recvval.as(PrimitiveNativeFile).io_read(ns, args[2].to_i)
-                               a1.clear
-                               a1.append(ns.to_s_with_length(len))
-                               return v.int_instance(len)
-                       else if pname == "flush" then
-                               recvval.as(PrimitiveNativeFile).flush
-                               return null
-                       else if pname == "io_close" then
-                               return v.int_instance(recvval.as(PrimitiveNativeFile).io_close)
-                       else if pname == "set_buffering_type" then
-                               return v.int_instance(recvval.as(PrimitiveNativeFile).set_buffering_type(args[1].to_i, args[2].to_i))
+               else if cname == "Int16" then
+                       var recvval = args[0].to_i16
+                       if pname == "unary -" then
+                               return v.int16_instance(-recvval)
+                       else if pname == "unary +" then
+                               return args[0]
+                       else if pname == "+" then
+                               return v.int16_instance(recvval + args[1].to_i16)
+                       else if pname == "-" then
+                               return v.int16_instance(recvval - args[1].to_i16)
+                       else if pname == "*" then
+                               return v.int16_instance(recvval * args[1].to_i16)
+                       else if pname == "%" then
+                               return v.int16_instance(recvval % args[1].to_i16)
+                       else if pname == "/" then
+                               return v.int16_instance(recvval / args[1].to_i16)
+                       else if pname == "<" then
+                               return v.bool_instance(recvval < args[1].to_i16)
+                       else if pname == ">" then
+                               return v.bool_instance(recvval > args[1].to_i16)
+                       else if pname == "<=" then
+                               return v.bool_instance(recvval <= args[1].to_i16)
+                       else if pname == ">=" then
+                               return v.bool_instance(recvval >= args[1].to_i16)
+                       else if pname == "<=>" then
+                               return v.int_instance(recvval <=> args[1].to_i16)
+                       else if pname == "to_f" then
+                               return v.float_instance(recvval.to_f)
+                       else if pname == "to_i" then
+                               return v.int_instance(recvval.to_i)
+                       else if pname == "to_b" then
+                               return v.byte_instance(recvval.to_b)
+                       else if pname == "to_i8" then
+                               return v.int8_instance(recvval.to_i8)
+                       else if pname == "to_u16" then
+                               return v.uint16_instance(recvval.to_u16)
+                       else if pname == "to_i32" then
+                               return v.int32_instance(recvval.to_i32)
+                       else if pname == "to_u32" then
+                               return v.uint32_instance(recvval.to_u32)
+                       else if pname == "<<" then
+                               return v.int16_instance(recvval << (args[1].to_i))
+                       else if pname == ">>" then
+                               return v.int16_instance(recvval >> (args[1].to_i))
+                       else if pname == "&" then
+                               return v.int16_instance(recvval & args[1].to_i16)
+                       else if pname == "|" then
+                               return v.int16_instance(recvval | args[1].to_i16)
+                       else if pname == "^" then
+                               return v.int16_instance(recvval ^ args[1].to_i16)
+                       else if pname == "unary ~" then
+                               return v.int16_instance(~recvval)
+                       end
+               else if cname == "UInt16" then
+                       var recvval = args[0].to_u16
+                       if pname == "unary -" then
+                               return v.uint16_instance(-recvval)
+                       else if pname == "unary +" then
+                               return args[0]
+                       else if pname == "+" then
+                               return v.uint16_instance(recvval + args[1].to_u16)
+                       else if pname == "-" then
+                               return v.uint16_instance(recvval - args[1].to_u16)
+                       else if pname == "*" then
+                               return v.uint16_instance(recvval * args[1].to_u16)
+                       else if pname == "%" then
+                               return v.uint16_instance(recvval % args[1].to_u16)
+                       else if pname == "/" then
+                               return v.uint16_instance(recvval / args[1].to_u16)
+                       else if pname == "<" then
+                               return v.bool_instance(recvval < args[1].to_u16)
+                       else if pname == ">" then
+                               return v.bool_instance(recvval > args[1].to_u16)
+                       else if pname == "<=" then
+                               return v.bool_instance(recvval <= args[1].to_u16)
+                       else if pname == ">=" then
+                               return v.bool_instance(recvval >= args[1].to_u16)
+                       else if pname == "<=>" then
+                               return v.int_instance(recvval <=> args[1].to_u16)
+                       else if pname == "to_f" then
+                               return v.float_instance(recvval.to_f)
+                       else if pname == "to_i" then
+                               return v.int_instance(recvval.to_i)
+                       else if pname == "to_b" then
+                               return v.byte_instance(recvval.to_b)
+                       else if pname == "to_i8" then
+                               return v.int8_instance(recvval.to_i8)
+                       else if pname == "to_i16" then
+                               return v.int16_instance(recvval.to_i16)
+                       else if pname == "to_i32" then
+                               return v.int32_instance(recvval.to_i32)
+                       else if pname == "to_u32" then
+                               return v.uint32_instance(recvval.to_u32)
+                       else if pname == "<<" then
+                               return v.uint16_instance(recvval << (args[1].to_i))
+                       else if pname == ">>" then
+                               return v.uint16_instance(recvval >> (args[1].to_i))
+                       else if pname == "&" then
+                               return v.uint16_instance(recvval & args[1].to_u16)
+                       else if pname == "|" then
+                               return v.uint16_instance(recvval | args[1].to_u16)
+                       else if pname == "^" then
+                               return v.uint16_instance(recvval ^ args[1].to_u16)
+                       else if pname == "unary ~" then
+                               return v.uint16_instance(~recvval)
+                       end
+               else if cname == "Int32" then
+                       var recvval = args[0].to_i32
+                       if pname == "unary -" then
+                               return v.int32_instance(-recvval)
+                       else if pname == "unary +" then
+                               return args[0]
+                       else if pname == "+" then
+                               return v.int32_instance(recvval + args[1].to_i32)
+                       else if pname == "-" then
+                               return v.int32_instance(recvval - args[1].to_i32)
+                       else if pname == "*" then
+                               return v.int32_instance(recvval * args[1].to_i32)
+                       else if pname == "%" then
+                               return v.int32_instance(recvval % args[1].to_i32)
+                       else if pname == "/" then
+                               return v.int32_instance(recvval / args[1].to_i32)
+                       else if pname == "<" then
+                               return v.bool_instance(recvval < args[1].to_i32)
+                       else if pname == ">" then
+                               return v.bool_instance(recvval > args[1].to_i32)
+                       else if pname == "<=" then
+                               return v.bool_instance(recvval <= args[1].to_i32)
+                       else if pname == ">=" then
+                               return v.bool_instance(recvval >= args[1].to_i32)
+                       else if pname == "<=>" then
+                               return v.int_instance(recvval <=> args[1].to_i32)
+                       else if pname == "to_f" then
+                               return v.float_instance(recvval.to_f)
+                       else if pname == "to_i" then
+                               return v.int_instance(recvval.to_i)
+                       else if pname == "to_b" then
+                               return v.byte_instance(recvval.to_b)
+                       else if pname == "to_i8" then
+                               return v.int8_instance(recvval.to_i8)
+                       else if pname == "to_i16" then
+                               return v.int16_instance(recvval.to_i16)
+                       else if pname == "to_u16" then
+                               return v.uint16_instance(recvval.to_u16)
+                       else if pname == "to_u32" then
+                               return v.uint32_instance(recvval.to_u32)
+                       else if pname == "<<" then
+                               return v.int32_instance(recvval << (args[1].to_i))
+                       else if pname == ">>" then
+                               return v.int32_instance(recvval >> (args[1].to_i))
+                       else if pname == "&" then
+                               return v.int32_instance(recvval & args[1].to_i32)
+                       else if pname == "|" then
+                               return v.int32_instance(recvval | args[1].to_i32)
+                       else if pname == "^" then
+                               return v.int32_instance(recvval ^ args[1].to_i32)
+                       else if pname == "unary ~" then
+                               return v.int32_instance(~recvval)
+                       end
+               else if cname == "UInt32" then
+                       var recvval = args[0].to_u32
+                       if pname == "unary -" then
+                               return v.uint32_instance(-recvval)
+                       else if pname == "unary +" then
+                               return args[0]
+                       else if pname == "+" then
+                               return v.uint32_instance(recvval + args[1].to_u32)
+                       else if pname == "-" then
+                               return v.uint32_instance(recvval - args[1].to_u32)
+                       else if pname == "*" then
+                               return v.uint32_instance(recvval * args[1].to_u32)
+                       else if pname == "%" then
+                               return v.uint32_instance(recvval % args[1].to_u32)
+                       else if pname == "/" then
+                               return v.uint32_instance(recvval / args[1].to_u32)
+                       else if pname == "<" then
+                               return v.bool_instance(recvval < args[1].to_u32)
+                       else if pname == ">" then
+                               return v.bool_instance(recvval > args[1].to_u32)
+                       else if pname == "<=" then
+                               return v.bool_instance(recvval <= args[1].to_u32)
+                       else if pname == ">=" then
+                               return v.bool_instance(recvval >= args[1].to_u32)
+                       else if pname == "<=>" then
+                               return v.int_instance(recvval <=> args[1].to_u32)
+                       else if pname == "to_f" then
+                               return v.float_instance(recvval.to_f)
+                       else if pname == "to_i" then
+                               return v.int_instance(recvval.to_i)
+                       else if pname == "to_b" then
+                               return v.byte_instance(recvval.to_b)
+                       else if pname == "to_i8" then
+                               return v.int8_instance(recvval.to_i8)
+                       else if pname == "to_i16" then
+                               return v.int16_instance(recvval.to_i16)
+                       else if pname == "to_u16" then
+                               return v.uint16_instance(recvval.to_u16)
+                       else if pname == "to_i32" then
+                               return v.int32_instance(recvval.to_i32)
+                       else if pname == "<<" then
+                               return v.uint32_instance(recvval << (args[1].to_i))
+                       else if pname == ">>" then
+                               return v.uint32_instance(recvval >> (args[1].to_i))
+                       else if pname == "&" then
+                               return v.uint32_instance(recvval & args[1].to_u32)
+                       else if pname == "|" then
+                               return v.uint32_instance(recvval | args[1].to_u32)
+                       else if pname == "^" then
+                               return v.uint32_instance(recvval ^ args[1].to_u32)
+                       else if pname == "unary ~" then
+                               return v.uint32_instance(~recvval)
                        end
-               else if pname == "calloc_array" then
-                       var recvtype = args.first.mtype.as(MClassType)
-                       var mtype: MType
-                       mtype = recvtype.supertype_to(v.mainmodule, recvtype, v.get_primitive_class("ArrayCapable"))
-                       mtype = mtype.arguments.first
-                       var val = new Array[Instance].filled_with(v.null_instance, args[1].to_i)
-                       var instance = new PrimitiveInstance[Array[Instance]](v.get_primitive_class("NativeArray").get_mtype([mtype]), val)
-                       v.init_instance_primitive(instance)
-                       return instance
-               else if pname == "native_argc" then
-                       return v.int_instance(v.arguments.length)
-               else if pname == "native_argv" then
-                       var txt = v.arguments[args[1].to_i]
-                       return v.native_string_instance(txt)
                else if pname == "native_argc" then
                        return v.int_instance(v.arguments.length)
                else if pname == "native_argv" then
                        var txt = v.arguments[args[1].to_i]
-                       return v.native_string_instance(txt)
-               else if pname == "get_time" then
-                       return v.int_instance(get_time)
-               else if pname == "srand" then
-                       srand
-                       return null
-               else if pname == "srand_from" then
-                       srand_from(args[1].to_i)
-                       return null
-               else if pname == "atan2" then
-                       return v.float_instance(atan2(args[1].to_f, args[2].to_f))
-               else if pname == "pi" then
-                       return v.float_instance(pi)
+                       return v.c_string_instance(txt)
                else if pname == "lexer_goto" then
                        return v.int_instance(lexer_goto(args[1].to_i, args[2].to_i))
                else if pname == "lexer_accept" then
@@ -1143,16 +1569,6 @@ redef class AMethPropdef
                        return v.int_instance(parser_goto(args[1].to_i, args[2].to_i))
                else if pname == "parser_action" then
                        return v.int_instance(parser_action(args[1].to_i, args[2].to_i))
-               else if pname == "file_getcwd" then
-                       return v.native_string_instance(getcwd)
-               else if pname == "errno" then
-                       return v.int_instance(sys.errno)
-               else if pname == "address_is_null" then
-                       var recv = args[0]
-                       if recv isa PrimitiveInstance[PrimitiveNativeFile] then
-                               return v.bool_instance(recv.val.address_is_null)
-                       end
-                       return v.false_instance
                end
                return v.error_instance
        end
@@ -1171,7 +1587,12 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
                        return evaluate_expr(v, recv, f)
                else if mpropdef == mwritepropdef then
                        assert args.length == 2
-                       v.write_attribute(attr, recv, args[1])
+                       var arg = args[1]
+                       if is_optional and arg.is_null then
+                               var f = v.new_frame(self, mpropdef, args)
+                               arg = evaluate_expr(v, recv, f)
+                       end
+                       v.write_attribute(attr, recv, arg)
                        return null
                else
                        abort
@@ -1181,15 +1602,15 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
        # Evaluate and set the default value of the attribute in `recv`
        private fun init_expr(v: NaiveInterpreter, recv: Instance)
        do
-               if is_lazy then return
+               if is_lazy or is_optional then return
                if has_value then
-                       var f = v.new_frame(self, mpropdef.as(not null), [recv])
+                       var f = v.new_frame(self, mreadpropdef.as(not null), [recv])
                        evaluate_expr(v, recv, f)
                        return
                end
                var mpropdef = self.mpropdef
                if mpropdef == null then return
-               var mtype = mpropdef.static_mtype.as(not null)
+               var mtype = self.mtype.as(not null)
                mtype = mtype.anchor_to(v.mainmodule, recv.mtype.as(MClassType))
                if mtype isa MNullableType then
                        v.write_attribute(self.mpropdef.mproperty, recv, v.null_instance)
@@ -1209,10 +1630,9 @@ redef class AAttrPropdef
                        val = v.expr(nexpr)
                else if nblock != null then
                        v.stmt(nblock)
-                       assert v.returnmark == f
+                       assert v.escapemark == return_mark
                        val = v.escapevalue
-                       v.returnmark = null
-                       v.escapevalue = null
+                       v.escapemark = null
                else
                        abort
                end
@@ -1227,14 +1647,14 @@ end
 
 redef class AClassdef
        # Execute an implicit `mpropdef` associated with the current node.
-       private fun call(v: NaiveInterpreter, mpropdef: MMethodDef, args: Array[Instance]): nullable Instance
+       private fun call(v: NaiveInterpreter, mpropdef: MMethodDef, arguments: Array[Instance]): nullable Instance
        do
                if mpropdef.mproperty.is_root_init then
-                       assert args.length == 1
+                       assert arguments.length == 1
                        if not mpropdef.is_intro then
                                # standard call-next-method
-                               var superpd = mpropdef.lookup_next_definition(v.mainmodule, args.first.mtype)
-                               v.call(superpd, args)
+                               var superpd = mpropdef.lookup_next_definition(v.mainmodule, arguments.first.mtype)
+                               v.call(superpd, arguments)
                        end
                        return null
                else
@@ -1286,14 +1706,16 @@ redef class ABlockExpr
 end
 
 redef class AVardeclExpr
-       redef fun stmt(v)
+       redef fun expr(v)
        do
                var ne = self.n_expr
                if ne != null then
                        var i = v.expr(ne)
-                       if i == null then return
+                       if i == null then return null
                        v.write_variable(self.variable.as(not null), i)
+                       return i
                end
+               return null
        end
 end
 
@@ -1334,20 +1756,15 @@ redef class ASelfExpr
        end
 end
 
-redef class AEscapeExpr
-       redef fun stmt(v)
+redef class AImplicitSelfExpr
+       redef fun expr(v)
        do
-               var ne = self.n_expr
-               if ne != null then
-                       var i = v.expr(ne)
-                       if i == null then return
-                       v.escapevalue = i
-               end
-               v.escapemark = self.escapemark
+               if not is_sys then return super
+               return v.mainobj
        end
 end
 
-redef class AReturnExpr
+redef class AEscapeExpr
        redef fun stmt(v)
        do
                var ne = self.n_expr
@@ -1355,8 +1772,10 @@ redef class AReturnExpr
                        var i = v.expr(ne)
                        if i == null then return
                        v.escapevalue = i
+               else
+                       v.escapevalue = null
                end
-               v.returnmark = v.frame
+               v.escapemark = self.escapemark
        end
 end
 
@@ -1408,8 +1827,24 @@ end
 redef class ADoExpr
        redef fun stmt(v)
        do
-               v.stmt(self.n_block)
-               v.is_escape(self.break_mark) # Clear the break (if any)
+               # If this bloc has a catch, handle it with a do ... catch ... end
+               if self.n_catch != null then
+                       var frame = v.frame
+                       v.catch_count += 1
+                       do
+                               v.stmt(self.n_block)
+                               v.is_escape(self.break_mark) # Clear the break (if any)
+                               v.catch_count -= 1
+                       catch
+                               # Restore the current frame if needed
+                               while v.frame != frame do v.frames.shift
+                               v.catch_count -= 1
+                               v.stmt(self.n_catch)
+                       end
+               else
+                       v.stmt(self.n_block)
+                       v.is_escape(self.break_mark)
+               end
        end
 end
 
@@ -1443,41 +1878,70 @@ end
 redef class AForExpr
        redef fun stmt(v)
        do
-               var col = v.expr(self.n_expr)
-               if col == null then return
-               if col.mtype isa MNullType then fatal(v, "Receiver is null")
+               var iters = new Array[Instance]
+
+               for g in n_groups do
+                       var col = v.expr(g.n_expr)
+                       if col == null then return
+                       if col.is_null then fatal(v, "Receiver is null")
+
+                       var iter = v.callsite(g.method_iterator, [col]).as(not null)
+                       iters.add iter
+               end
 
-               #self.debug("col {col}")
-               var iter = v.callsite(method_iterator, [col]).as(not null)
-               #self.debug("iter {iter}")
                loop
-                       var isok = v.callsite(method_is_ok, [iter]).as(not null)
-                       if not isok.is_true then break
-                       if self.variables.length == 1 then
-                               var item = v.callsite(method_item, [iter]).as(not null)
-                               #self.debug("item {item}")
-                               v.write_variable(self.variables.first, item)
-                       else if self.variables.length == 2 then
-                               var key = v.callsite(method_key, [iter]).as(not null)
-                               v.write_variable(self.variables[0], key)
-                               var item = v.callsite(method_item, [iter]).as(not null)
-                               v.write_variable(self.variables[1], item)
-                       else
-                               abort
+                       for g in n_groups, iter in iters do
+                               var isok = v.callsite(g.method_is_ok, [iter]).as(not null)
+                               if not isok.is_true then break label
+                               if g.variables.length == 1 then
+                                       var item = v.callsite(g.method_item, [iter]).as(not null)
+                                       #self.debug("item {item}")
+                                       v.write_variable(g.variables.first, item)
+                               else if g.variables.length == 2 then
+                                       var key = v.callsite(g.method_key, [iter]).as(not null)
+                                       v.write_variable(g.variables[0], key)
+                                       var item = v.callsite(g.method_item, [iter]).as(not null)
+                                       v.write_variable(g.variables[1], item)
+                               else
+                                       abort
+                               end
                        end
                        v.stmt(self.n_block)
                        if v.is_escape(self.break_mark) then break
                        v.is_escape(self.continue_mark) # Clear the break
                        if v.is_escaping then break
-                       v.callsite(method_next, [iter])
-               end
-               var method_finish = self.method_finish
-               if method_finish != null then
-                       v.callsite(method_finish, [iter])
+                       for g in n_groups, iter in iters do
+                               v.callsite(g.method_next, [iter])
+                       end
+               end label
+               for g in n_groups, iter in iters do
+                       var method_finish = g.method_finish
+                       if method_finish != null then
+                               v.callsite(method_finish, [iter])
+                       end
                end
        end
 end
 
+redef class AWithExpr
+       redef fun stmt(v)
+       do
+               var expr = v.expr(self.n_expr)
+               if expr == null then return
+
+               v.callsite(method_start, [expr])
+               v.stmt(self.n_block)
+               v.is_escape(self.break_mark) # Clear the break
+
+               # Execute the finally without an escape
+               var old_mark = v.escapemark
+               v.escapemark = null
+               v.callsite(method_finish, [expr])
+               # Restore the escape unless another escape was provided
+               if v.escapemark == null then v.escapemark = old_mark
+       end
+end
+
 redef class AAssertExpr
        redef fun stmt(v)
        do
@@ -1486,6 +1950,22 @@ redef class AAssertExpr
                if not cond.is_true then
                        v.stmt(self.n_else)
                        if v.is_escaping then return
+
+                       # Explain assert if it fails
+                       var explain_assert_str = explain_assert_str
+                       if explain_assert_str != null then
+                               var i = v.expr(explain_assert_str)
+                               if i isa MutableInstance then
+                                       var res = v.send(v.force_get_primitive_method("to_cstring", i.mtype), [i])
+                                       if res != null then
+                                               var val = res.val
+                                               if val != null then
+                                                       print_error "Runtime assert: {val.to_s}"
+                                               end
+                                       end
+                               end
+                       end
+
                        var nid = self.n_id
                        if nid != null then
                                fatal(v, "Assert '{nid.text}' failed")
@@ -1546,10 +2026,17 @@ redef class AOrElseExpr
        end
 end
 
-redef class AIntExpr
+redef class AIntegerExpr
        redef fun expr(v)
        do
-               return v.int_instance(self.value.as(not null))
+               if value isa Int then return v.int_instance(value.as(Int))
+               if value isa Byte then return v.byte_instance(value.as(Byte))
+               if value isa Int8 then return v.int8_instance(value.as(Int8))
+               if value isa Int16 then return v.int16_instance(value.as(Int16))
+               if value isa UInt16 then return v.uint16_instance(value.as(UInt16))
+               if value isa Int32 then return v.int32_instance(value.as(Int32))
+               if value isa UInt32 then return v.uint32_instance(value.as(UInt32))
+               return null
        end
 end
 
@@ -1563,6 +2050,9 @@ end
 redef class ACharExpr
        redef fun expr(v)
        do
+               if is_code_point then
+                       return v.int_instance(self.value.as(not null).code_point)
+               end
                return v.char_instance(self.value.as(not null))
        end
 end
@@ -1589,11 +2079,71 @@ redef class AArrayExpr
        end
 end
 
+redef class AugmentedStringFormExpr
+       # Factorize the making of a `Regex` object from a literal prefixed string
+       fun make_re(v: NaiveInterpreter, rs: Instance): nullable Instance do
+               var tore = to_re
+               assert tore != null
+               var res = v.callsite(tore, [rs])
+               if res == null then
+                       print "Cannot call property `to_re` on {self}"
+                       abort
+               end
+               for j in suffix.chars do
+                       if j == 'i' then
+                               var prop = ignore_case
+                               assert prop != null
+                               v.callsite(prop, [res, v.bool_instance(true)])
+                               continue
+                       end
+                       if j == 'm' then
+                               var prop = newline
+                               assert prop != null
+                               v.callsite(prop, [res, v.bool_instance(true)])
+                               continue
+                       end
+                       if j == 'b' then
+                               var prop = extended
+                               assert prop != null
+                               v.callsite(prop, [res, v.bool_instance(false)])
+                               continue
+                       end
+                       # Should not happen, this needs to be updated
+                       # along with the addition of new suffixes
+                       abort
+               end
+               return res
+       end
+end
+
 redef class AStringFormExpr
-       redef fun expr(v)
-       do
-               var txt = self.value.as(not null)
-               return v.string_instance(txt)
+       redef fun expr(v) do return v.string_instance(value)
+end
+
+redef class AStringExpr
+       redef fun expr(v) do
+               var s = v.string_instance(value)
+               if is_string then return s
+               if is_bytestring then
+                       var ns = v.c_string_instance_from_ns(bytes.items, bytes.length)
+                       var ln = v.int_instance(bytes.length)
+                       var prop = to_bytes_with_copy
+                       assert prop != null
+                       var res = v.callsite(prop, [ns, ln])
+                       if res == null then
+                               print "Cannot call property `to_bytes` on {self}"
+                               abort
+                       end
+                       s = res
+               else if is_re then
+                       var res = make_re(v, s)
+                       assert res != null
+                       s = res
+               else
+                       print "Unimplemented prefix or suffix for {self}"
+                       abort
+               end
+               return s
        end
 end
 
@@ -1606,9 +2156,10 @@ redef class ASuperstringExpr
                        if i == null then return null
                        array.add(i)
                end
-               var i = v.array_instance(array, v.get_primitive_class("Object").mclass_type)
-               var res = v.send(v.force_get_primitive_method("to_s", i.mtype), [i])
+               var i = v.array_instance(array, v.mainmodule.object_type)
+               var res = v.send(v.force_get_primitive_method("plain_to_s", i.mtype), [i])
                assert res != null
+               if is_re then res = make_re(v, res)
                return res
        end
 end
@@ -1693,7 +2244,7 @@ redef class AAsNotnullExpr
        do
                var i = v.expr(self.n_expr)
                if i == null then return null
-               if i.mtype isa MNullType then
+               if i.is_null then
                        fatal(v, "Cast failed")
                end
                return i
@@ -1726,20 +2277,40 @@ redef class ASendExpr
        do
                var recv = v.expr(self.n_expr)
                if recv == null then return null
-               var args = v.varargize(callsite.mpropdef, recv, self.raw_arguments)
-               if args == null then return null
 
+               # Safe call shortcut if recv is null
+               if is_safe and recv.is_null then
+                       return recv
+               end
+
+               var args = v.varargize(callsite.mpropdef, callsite.signaturemap, recv, self.raw_arguments)
+               if args == null then return null
                var res = v.callsite(callsite, args)
                return res
        end
 end
 
+redef class ACallrefExpr
+       redef fun expr(v)
+       do
+               var recv = v.expr(self.n_expr)
+               if recv == null then return null
+               var mtype = self.mtype
+               assert mtype != null
+               # In case we are in generic class where formal parameter can not
+               # be resolved.
+               var mtype2 = v.unanchor_type(mtype)
+               var inst = new CallrefInstance(mtype2, recv, callsite.as(not null))
+               return inst
+       end
+end
+
 redef class ASendReassignFormExpr
        redef fun stmt(v)
        do
                var recv = v.expr(self.n_expr)
                if recv == null then return
-               var args = v.varargize(callsite.mpropdef, recv, self.raw_arguments)
+               var args = v.varargize(callsite.mpropdef, callsite.signaturemap, recv, self.raw_arguments)
                if args == null then return
                var value = v.expr(self.n_value)
                if value == null then return
@@ -1763,29 +2334,35 @@ redef class ASuperExpr
 
                var callsite = self.callsite
                if callsite != null then
-                       var args = v.varargize(callsite.mpropdef, recv, self.n_args.n_exprs)
-                       if args == null then return null
-                       # Add additional arguments for the super init call
-                       if args.length == 1 then
+                       var args
+                       if self.n_args.n_exprs.is_empty then
+                               # Add automatic arguments for the super init call
+                               args = [recv]
                                for i in [0..callsite.msignature.arity[ do
                                        args.add(v.frame.arguments[i+1])
                                end
+                       else
+                               args = v.varargize(callsite.mpropdef, callsite.signaturemap, recv, self.n_args.n_exprs)
+                               if args == null then return null
                        end
+
                        # Super init call
                        var res = v.callsite(callsite, args)
                        return res
                end
 
-               # standard call-next-method
+               # Standard call-next-method
                var mpropdef = self.mpropdef
                mpropdef = mpropdef.lookup_next_definition(v.mainmodule, recv.mtype)
 
-               var args = v.varargize(mpropdef, recv, self.n_args.n_exprs)
-               if args == null then return null
-
-               if args.length == 1 then
+               var args
+               if self.n_args.n_exprs.is_empty then
                        args = v.frame.arguments
+               else
+                       args = v.varargize(mpropdef, signaturemap, recv, self.n_args.n_exprs)
+                       if args == null then return null
                end
+
                var res = v.call(mpropdef, args)
                return res
        end
@@ -1797,7 +2374,10 @@ redef class ANewExpr
                var mtype = v.unanchor_type(self.recvtype.as(not null))
                var recv: Instance = new MutableInstance(mtype)
                v.init_instance(recv)
-               var args = v.varargize(callsite.mpropdef, recv, self.n_args.n_exprs)
+               var callsite = self.callsite
+               if callsite == null then return recv
+
+               var args = v.varargize(callsite.mpropdef, callsite.signaturemap, recv, self.n_args.n_exprs)
                if args == null then return null
                var res2 = v.callsite(callsite, args)
                if res2 != null then
@@ -1813,7 +2393,7 @@ redef class AAttrExpr
        do
                var recv = v.expr(self.n_expr)
                if recv == null then return null
-               if recv.mtype isa MNullType then fatal(v, "Receiver is null")
+               if recv.is_null then fatal(v, "Receiver is null")
                var mproperty = self.mproperty.as(not null)
                return v.read_attribute(mproperty, recv)
        end
@@ -1824,7 +2404,7 @@ redef class AAttrAssignExpr
        do
                var recv = v.expr(self.n_expr)
                if recv == null then return
-               if recv.mtype isa MNullType then fatal(v, "Receiver is null")
+               if recv.is_null then fatal(v, "Receiver is null")
                var i = v.expr(self.n_value)
                if i == null then return
                var mproperty = self.mproperty.as(not null)
@@ -1837,7 +2417,7 @@ redef class AAttrReassignExpr
        do
                var recv = v.expr(self.n_expr)
                if recv == null then return
-               if recv.mtype isa MNullType then fatal(v, "Receiver is null")
+               if recv.is_null then fatal(v, "Receiver is null")
                var value = v.expr(self.n_value)
                if value == null then return
                var mproperty = self.mproperty.as(not null)
@@ -1853,12 +2433,33 @@ redef class AIssetAttrExpr
        do
                var recv = v.expr(self.n_expr)
                if recv == null then return null
-               if recv.mtype isa MNullType then fatal(v, "Receiver is null")
+               if recv.is_null then fatal(v, "Receiver is null")
                var mproperty = self.mproperty.as(not null)
                return v.bool_instance(v.isset_attribute(mproperty, recv))
        end
 end
 
+redef class AVarargExpr
+       redef fun expr(v)
+       do
+               return v.expr(self.n_expr)
+       end
+end
+
+redef class ASafeExpr
+       redef fun expr(v)
+       do
+               return v.expr(self.n_expr)
+       end
+end
+
+redef class ANamedargExpr
+       redef fun expr(v)
+       do
+               return v.expr(self.n_expr)
+       end
+end
+
 redef class ADebugTypeExpr
        redef fun stmt(v)
        do