model: new metamodel

[nit.git] / src / model / model.nit

# This file is part of NIT ( http://www.nitlanguage.org ).
#
# Copyright 2012 Jean Privat <jean@pryen.org>
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

# Object model of the Nit language
#
# This module define the entities of the Nit meta-model like modules,
# classes, types and properties
#
# It also provide an API to build and query models.
#
# All model classes starts with the M letter (MModule, MClass, etc.)
#
# TODO: better doc
#
# TODO: liearization, closures, extern stuff
# FIXME: better handling of the types
module model

import poset
import location
import model_base

redef class Model
        # All known classes
        var mclasses: Array[MClass] = new Array[MClass]

        # All known properties
        var mproperties: Array[MProperty] = new Array[MProperty]

        # Hierarchy of class definition.
        #
        # Each classdef is associated with its super-classdefs in regard to
        # its module of definition.
        var mclassdef_hierarchy: POSet[MClassDef] = new POSet[MClassDef]

        # Class-type hierarchy restricted to the introduction.
        #
        # The idea is that what is true on introduction is always true whatever
        # the module considered.
        # Therefore, this hierarchy is used for a fast positive subtype check.
        #
        # This poset will evolve in a monotonous way:
        # * Two non connected nodes will remain unconnected
        # * New nodes can appear with new edges
        private var intro_mtype_specialization_hierarchy: POSet[MClassType] = new POSet[MClassType]

        # Global overlapped class-type hierarchy.
        # The hierarchy when all modules are combined.
        # Therefore, this hierarchy is used for a fast negative subtype check.
        #
        # This poset will evolve in an anarchic way. Loops can even be created.
        #
        # FIXME decide what to do on loops
        private var full_mtype_specialization_hierarchy: POSet[MClassType] = new POSet[MClassType]

        # Collections of classes grouped by their short name
        private var mclasses_by_name: MultiHashMap[String, MClass] = new MultiHashMap[String, MClass]

        # Return all class named `name'.
        #
        # If such a class does not exist, null is returned
        # (instead of an empty array)
        #
        # Visibility or modules are not considered
        fun get_mclasses_by_name(name: String): nullable Array[MClass]
        do
                if mclasses_by_name.has_key(name) then
                        return mclasses_by_name[name]
                else
                        return null
                end
        end

        # Collections of properties grouped by their short name
        private var mproperties_by_name: MultiHashMap[String, MProperty] = new MultiHashMap[String, MProperty]

        # Return all properties named `name'.
        #
        # If such a property does not exist, null is returned
        # (instead of an empty array)
        #
        # Visibility or modules are not considered
        fun get_mproperties_by_name(name: String): nullable Array[MProperty]
        do
                if not mproperties_by_name.has_key(name) then
                        return null
                else
                        return mproperties_by_name[name]
                end
        end

        # The only null type
        var null_type: MNullType = new MNullType(self)
end

redef class MModule
        # All the classes introduced in the module
        var intro_mclasses: Array[MClass] = new Array[MClass]

        # All the class definitions of the module
        # (introduction and refinement)
        var mclassdefs: Array[MClassDef] = new Array[MClassDef]

        # Does the current module has a given class `mclass'?
        # Return true if the mmodule introduces, refines or imports a class.
        # Visibility is not considered.
        fun has_mclass(mclass: MClass): Bool
        do
                return self.in_importation <= mclass.intro_mmodule
        end

        # Full hierarchy of introduced ans imported classes.
        #
        # Create a new hierarchy got by flattening the classes for the module
        # and its imported modules.
        # Visibility is not considered.
        #
        # Note: this function is expensive and is usually used for the main
        # module of a program only. Do not use it to do you own subtype
        # functions.
        fun flatten_mclass_hierarchy: POSet[MClass]
        do
                var res = self.flatten_mclass_hierarchy_cache
                if res != null then return res
                res = new POSet[MClass]
                for m in self.in_importation.greaters do
                        for cd in m.mclassdefs do
                                var c = cd.mclass
                                for s in cd.supertypes do
                                        res.add_edge(c, s.mclass)
                                end
                        end
                end
                self.flatten_mclass_hierarchy_cache = res
                return res
        end

        private var flatten_mclass_hierarchy_cache: nullable POSet[MClass] = null
end

# A named class
#
# MClass are global to the model; it means that a MClass is not bound to a
# specific `MModule`.
#
# This characteristic helps the reasoning about classes in a program since a
# single MClass object always denote the same class.
# However, because a MClass is global, it does not really have properties nor
# belong to a hierarchy since the property and the
# hierarchy of a class depends of a module.
class MClass
        # The module that introduce the class
        # While classes are not bound to a specific module,
        # the introducing module is used for naming an visibility
        var intro_mmodule: MModule

        # The short name of the class
        # In Nit, the name of a class cannot evolve in refinements
        var name: String

        # The canonical name of the class
        # Example: "owner::module::MyClass"
        fun full_name: String
        do
                return "{self.intro_mmodule.full_name}::{name}"
        end

        # The number of generic formal parameters
        # 0 if the class is not generic
        var arity: Int

        # The kind of the class (interface, abstract class, etc.)
        # In Nit, the kind of a class cannot evolve in refinements
        var kind: MClassKind

        # The visibility of the class
        # In Nit, the visibility of a class cannot evolve in refinements
        var visibility: MVisibility

        init(intro_mmodule: MModule, name: String, arity: Int, kind: MClassKind, visibility: MVisibility)
        do
                self.intro_mmodule = intro_mmodule
                self.name = name
                self.arity = arity
                self.kind = kind
                self.visibility = visibility
                intro_mmodule.intro_mclasses.add(self)
                var model = intro_mmodule.model
                model.mclasses_by_name.add_one(name, self)
                model.mclasses.add(self)

                # Create the formal parameter types
                if arity > 0 then
                        var mparametertypes = new Array[MParameterType]
                        for i in [0..arity[ do
                                var mparametertype = new MParameterType(self, i)
                                mparametertypes.add(mparametertype)
                        end
                        var mclass_type = new MGenericType(self, mparametertypes)
                        self.mclass_type = mclass_type
                        self.get_mtype_cache.add(mclass_type)
                else
                        self.mclass_type = new MClassType(self)
                end
        end

        # All class definitions (introduction and refinements)
        var mclassdefs: Array[MClassDef] = new Array[MClassDef]

        # Alias for `name'
        redef fun to_s do return self.name

        # The definition that introduced the class
        # Warning: the introduction is the first `MClassDef' object associated
        # to self.  If self is just created without having any associated
        # definition, this method will abort
        private fun intro: MClassDef
        do
                assert has_a_first_definition: not mclassdefs.is_empty
                return mclassdefs.first
        end

        # The principal static type of the class.
        #
        # For non-generic class, mclass_type is the only MClassType based
        # on self.
        #
        # For a generic class, the arguments are the formal parameters.
        # i.e.: for the class `Array[E:Object]', the mtype is Array[E].
        # If you want `Array[Object]' the see `MClassDef::bound_mtype'
        #
        # For generic classes, the mclass_type is also the way to get a formal
        # generic parameter type.
        #
        # To get other types based on a generic class, see `get_mtype'.
        #
        # ENSURE: mclass_type.mclass == self
        var mclass_type: MClassType

        # Return a generic type based on the class
        # Is the class is not generic, then the result is `mclass_type'
        #
        # REQUIRE: type_arguments.length == self.arity
        fun get_mtype(mtype_arguments: Array[MType]): MClassType
        do
                assert mtype_arguments.length == self.arity
                if self.arity == 0 then return self.mclass_type
                for t in self.get_mtype_cache do
                        if t.arguments == mtype_arguments then
                                return t
                        end
                end
                var res = new MGenericType(self, mtype_arguments)
                self.get_mtype_cache.add res
                return res
        end

        private var get_mtype_cache: Array[MGenericType] = new Array[MGenericType]
end


# A definition (an introduction or a refinement) of a class in a module
#
# A MClassDef is associated with an explicit (or almost) definition of a
# class. Unlike MClass, a MClassDef is a local definition that belong to
# a specific module
class MClassDef
        # The module where the definition is
        var mmodule: MModule

        # The associated MClass
        var mclass: MClass

        # The bounded type associated to the mclassdef
        #
        # For a non-generic class, `bound_mtype' and `mclass.mclass_type'
        # are the same type.
        #
        # Example:
        # For the classdef Array[E: Object], the bound_mtype is Array[Object].
        # If you want Array[E], then see `mclass.mclass_type'
        #
        # ENSURE: bound_mtype.mclass = self.mclass
        var bound_mtype: MClassType

        # Name of each formal generic parameter (in order of declaration)
        var parameter_names: Array[String]

        # The origin of the definition
        var location: Location

        # Internal name combining the module and the class
        # Example: "mymodule#MyClass"
        redef fun to_s do return "{mmodule}#{mclass}"

        init(mmodule: MModule, bound_mtype: MClassType, location: Location, parameter_names: Array[String])
        do
                assert bound_mtype.mclass.arity == parameter_names.length
                self.bound_mtype = bound_mtype
                self.mmodule = mmodule
                self.mclass = bound_mtype.mclass
                self.location = location
                mmodule.mclassdefs.add(self)
                mclass.mclassdefs.add(self)
                self.parameter_names = parameter_names
        end

        # All declared super-types
        # FIXME: quite ugly but not better idea yet
        var supertypes: Array[MClassType] = new Array[MClassType]

        # Register the super-types for the class (ie "super SomeType")
        # This function can only invoked once by class
        fun set_supertypes(supertypes: Array[MClassType])
        do
                assert unique_invocation: self.in_hierarchy == null
                var mmodule = self.mmodule
                var model = mmodule.model
                var res = model.mclassdef_hierarchy.add_node(self)
                self.in_hierarchy = res
                var mtype = self.bound_mtype

                for supertype in supertypes do
                        self.supertypes.add(supertype)

                        # Register in full_type_specialization_hierarchy
                        model.full_mtype_specialization_hierarchy.add_edge(mtype, supertype)
                        # Register in intro_type_specialization_hierarchy
                        if mclass.intro_mmodule == mmodule and supertype.mclass.intro_mmodule == mmodule then
                                model.intro_mtype_specialization_hierarchy.add_edge(mtype, supertype)
                        end
                end

                for mclassdef in mtype.collect_mclassdefs(mmodule) do
                        res.poset.add_edge(self, mclassdef)
                end
        end

        # The view of the class definition in `mclassdef_hierarchy'
        var in_hierarchy: nullable POSetElement[MClassDef] = null

        # Is the definition the one that introduced `mclass`?
        fun is_intro: Bool do return mclass.intro == self

        # All properties introduced by the classdef
        var intro_mproperties: Array[MProperty] = new Array[MProperty]

        # All property definitions in the class (introductions and redefinitions)
        var mpropdefs: Array[MPropDef] = new Array[MPropDef]
end

# A global static type
#
# MType are global to the model; it means that a MType is not bound to a
# specific `MModule`.
# This characteristic helps the reasoning about static types in a program
# since a single MType object always denote the same type.
#
# However, because a MType is global, it does not really have properties
# nor have subtypes to a hierarchy since the property and the class hierarchy
# depends of a module.
# Moreover, virtual types an formal generic parameter types also depends on
# a receiver to have sense.
#
# Therefore, most method of the types require a module and an anchor.
# The module is used to know what are the classes and the specialization
# links.
# The anchor is used to know what is the bound of the virtual types and formal
# generic parameter types.
#
# MType are not directly usable to get properties. See the `anchor_to' method
# and the `MClassType' class.
#
# FIXME: the order of the parameters is not the best. We mus pick on from:
#  * foo(mmodule, anchor, othertype)
#  * foo(othertype, anchor, mmodule)
#  * foo(anchor, mmodule, othertype)
#  * foo(othertype, mmodule, anchor)
#
# FIXME: Add a 'is_valid_anchor' to improve imputability.
# Currently, anchors are used "as it" without check thus if the caller gives a
# bad anchor, then the method will likely crash (abort) in a bad case
#
# FIXME: maybe allways add an anchor with a nullable type (as in is_subtype)
abstract class MType
        # Return true if `self' is an subtype of `sup'.
        # The typing is done using the standard typing policy of Nit.
        #
        # REQUIRE: anchor == null implies not self.need_anchor and not sup.need_anchor
        fun is_subtype(mmodule: MModule, anchor: nullable MClassType, sup: MType): Bool
        do
                var sub = self
                if anchor == null then
                        assert not sub.need_anchor
                        assert not sup.need_anchor
                end
                # First, resolve the types
                if sub isa MParameterType or sub isa MVirtualType then
                        assert anchor != null
                        sub = sub.resolve_for(anchor, anchor, mmodule, false)
                end
                if sup isa MParameterType or sup isa MVirtualType then
                        assert anchor != null
                        sup = sup.resolve_for(anchor, anchor, mmodule, false)
                end

                if sup isa MParameterType or sup isa MVirtualType or sup isa MNullType then
                        return sub == sup
                end
                if sub isa MParameterType or sub isa MVirtualType then
                        assert anchor != null
                        sub = sub.anchor_to(mmodule, anchor)
                end
                if sup isa MNullableType then
                        if sub isa MNullType then
                                return true
                        else if sub isa MNullableType then
                                return sub.mtype.is_subtype(mmodule, anchor, sup.mtype)
                        else if sub isa MClassType then
                                return sub.is_subtype(mmodule, anchor, sup.mtype)
                        else
                                abort
                        end
                end

                assert sup isa MClassType # It is the only remaining type
                if sub isa MNullableType or sub isa MNullType then
                        return false
                end

                assert sub isa MClassType # It is the only remaining type
                if anchor == null then anchor = sub # UGLY: any anchor will work
                var resolved_sub = sub.anchor_to(mmodule, anchor)
                var res = resolved_sub.collect_mclasses(mmodule).has(sup.mclass)
                if res == false then return false
                if not sup isa MGenericType then return true
                var sub2 = sub.supertype_to(mmodule, anchor, sup.mclass)
                assert sub2.mclass == sup.mclass
                assert sub2 isa MGenericType
                for i in [0..sup.mclass.arity[ do
                        var sub_arg = sub2.arguments[i]
                        var sup_arg = sup.arguments[i]
                        res = sub_arg.is_subtype(mmodule, anchor, sup_arg)
                        if res == false then return false
                end
                return true
        end

        # The base class type on which self is based
        #
        # This base type is used to get property (an internally to perform
        # unsafe type comparison).
        #
        # Beware: some types (like null) are not based on a class thus this
        # method will crash
        #
        # Basically, this function transform the virtual types and parameter
        # types to their bounds.
        #
        # Example
        #     class G[T: A]
        #       type U: X
        #     end
        #     class H
        #       super G[C]
        #       redef type U: Y
        #     end
        # Map[T,U]  anchor_to  H  #->  Map[C,Y]
        #
        # Explanation of the example:
        # In H, T is set to C, because "H super G[C]", and U is bound to Y,
        # because "redef type U: Y". Therefore, Map[T, U] is bound to
        # Map[C, Y]
        #
        # ENSURE: not self.need_anchor implies return == self
        # ENSURE: not return.need_anchor
        fun anchor_to(mmodule: MModule, anchor: MClassType): MType
        do
                if not need_anchor then return self
                assert not anchor.need_anchor
                # Just resolve to the anchor and clear all the virtual types
                var res = self.resolve_for(anchor, anchor, mmodule, true)
                assert not res.need_anchor
                return res
        end

        # Does `self' contain a virtual type or a formal generic parameter type?
        # In order to remove those types, you usually want to use `anchor_to'.
        fun need_anchor: Bool do return true

        # Return the supertype when adapted to a class.
        #
        # In Nit, for each super-class of a type, there is a equivalent super-type.
        #
        # Example:
        #     class G[T, U]
        #     class H[V] super G[V, Bool]
        # H[Int]  supertype_to  G  #->  G[Int, Bool]
        #
        # REQUIRE: `super_mclass' is a super-class of `self'
        # ENSURE: return.mclass = mclass
        fun supertype_to(mmodule: MModule, anchor: MClassType, super_mclass: MClass): MClassType
        do
                if super_mclass.arity == 0 then return super_mclass.mclass_type
                if self isa MClassType and self.mclass == super_mclass then return self
                var resolved_self = self.anchor_to(mmodule, anchor)
                var supertypes = resolved_self.collect_mtypes(mmodule)
                for supertype in supertypes do
                        if supertype.mclass == super_mclass then
                                # FIXME: Here, we stop on the first goal. Should we check others and detect inconsistencies?
                                return supertype.resolve_for(self, anchor, mmodule, false)
                        end
                end
                abort
        end

        # Replace formals generic types in self with resolved values in `mtype'
        # If `cleanup_virtual' is true, then virtual types are also replaced
        # with their bounds
        #
        # This function returns self if `need_anchor' is false.
        #
        # Example:
        #     class G[E]
        #     class H[F] super G[F]
        # Array[E]  resolve_for  H[Int]  #->  Array[Int]
        #
        # Explanation of the example:
        #  * Array[E].need_anchor is true because there is a formal generic
        #    parameter type E
        #  * E makes sense for H[Int] because E is a formal parameter of G
        #    and H specialize G
        #  * Since "H[F] super G[F]", E is in fact F for H
        #  * More specifically, in H[Int], E is Int
        #  * So, in H[Int], Array[E] is Array[Int]
        #
        # This function is mainly used to inherit a signature.
        # Because, unlike `anchor_type', we do not want a full resolution of
        # a type but only an adapted version of it.
        #
        # Example:
        #     class A[E]
        #         foo(e:E):E
        #     end
        #     class B super A[Int] end
        #
        # The signature on foo is (e: E): E
        # If we resolve the signature for B, we get (e:Int):Int
        #
        # TODO: Explain the cleanup_virtual
        #
        # FIXME: the parameter `cleanup_virtual' is just a bad idea, but having
        # two function instead of one seems also to be a bad idea.
        #
        # ENSURE: not self.need_anchor implies return == self
        fun resolve_for(mtype: MType, anchor: MClassType, mmodule: MModule, cleanup_virtual: Bool): MType is abstract

        # Return the nullable version of the type
        # If the type is already nullable then self is returned
        #
        # FIXME: DO NOT WORK YET
        fun as_nullable: MType
        do
                var res = self.as_nullable_cache
                if res != null then return res
                res = new MNullableType(self)
                self.as_nullable_cache = res
                return res
        end

        private var as_nullable_cache: nullable MType = null

        # Compute all the classdefs inherited/imported.
        # The returned set contains:
        #  * the class definitions from `mmodule` and its imported modules
        #  * the class definitions of this type and its super-types
        #
        # This function is used mainly internally.
        #
        # REQUIRE: not self.need_anchor
        fun collect_mclassdefs(mmodule: MModule): Set[MClassDef] is abstract

        # Compute all the super-classes.
        # This function is used mainly internally.
        #
        # REQUIRE: not self.need_anchor
        fun collect_mclasses(mmodule: MModule): Set[MClass] is abstract

        # Compute all the declared super-types.
        # Super-types are returned as declared in the classdefs (verbatim).
        # This function is used mainly internally.
        #
        # REQUIRE: not self.need_anchor
        fun collect_mtypes(mmodule: MModule): Set[MClassType] is abstract

        # Is the property in self for a given module
        # This method does not filter visibility or whatever
        #
        # REQUIRE: not self.need_anchor
        fun has_mproperty(mmodule: MModule, mproperty: MProperty): Bool
        do
                assert not self.need_anchor
                return self.collect_mclassdefs(mmodule).has(mproperty.intro_mclassdef)
        end
end

# A type based on a class.
#
# MClassType have properties (see `has_property').
class MClassType
        super MType

        # The associated class
        var mclass: MClass

        private init(mclass: MClass)
        do
                self.mclass = mclass
        end

        redef fun to_s do return mclass.to_s

        redef fun need_anchor do return false

        redef fun anchor_to(mmodule: MModule, anchor: MClassType): MClassType
        do
                return super.as(MClassType)
        end

        redef fun resolve_for(mtype: MType, anchor: MClassType, mmodule: MModule, cleanup_virtual: Bool): MClassType do return self

        redef fun collect_mclassdefs(mmodule)
        do
                assert not self.need_anchor
                if not collect_mclassdefs_cache.has_key(mmodule) then
                        self.collect_things(mmodule)
                end
                return collect_mclassdefs_cache[mmodule]
        end

        redef fun collect_mclasses(mmodule)
        do
                assert not self.need_anchor
                if not collect_mclasses_cache.has_key(mmodule) then
                        self.collect_things(mmodule)
                end
                return collect_mclasses_cache[mmodule]
        end

        redef fun collect_mtypes(mmodule)
        do
                assert not self.need_anchor
                if not collect_mtypes_cache.has_key(mmodule) then
                        self.collect_things(mmodule)
                end
                return collect_mtypes_cache[mmodule]
        end

        # common implementation for `collect_mclassdefs', `collect_mclasses', and `collect_mtypes'.
        private fun collect_things(mmodule: MModule)
        do
                var res = new HashSet[MClassDef]
                var seen = new HashSet[MClass]
                var types = new HashSet[MClassType]
                seen.add(self.mclass)
                var todo = [self.mclass]
                while not todo.is_empty do
                        var mclass = todo.pop
                        #print "process {mclass}"
                        for mclassdef in mclass.mclassdefs do
                                if not mmodule.in_importation <= mclassdef.mmodule then continue
                                #print "  process {mclassdef}"
                                res.add(mclassdef)
                                for supertype in mclassdef.supertypes do
                                        types.add(supertype)
                                        var superclass = supertype.mclass
                                        if seen.has(superclass) then continue
                                        #print "    add {superclass}"
                                        seen.add(superclass)
                                        todo.add(superclass)
                                end
                        end
                end
                collect_mclassdefs_cache[mmodule] = res
                collect_mclasses_cache[mmodule] = seen
                collect_mtypes_cache[mmodule] = types
        end

        private var collect_mclassdefs_cache: HashMap[MModule, Set[MClassDef]] = new HashMap[MModule, Set[MClassDef]]
        private var collect_mclasses_cache: HashMap[MModule, Set[MClass]] = new HashMap[MModule, Set[MClass]]
        private var collect_mtypes_cache: HashMap[MModule, Set[MClassType]] = new HashMap[MModule, Set[MClassType]]

end

# A type based on a generic class.
# A generic type a just a class with additional formal generic arguments.
class MGenericType
        super MClassType

        private init(mclass: MClass, arguments: Array[MType])
        do
                super(mclass)
                assert self.mclass.arity == arguments.length
                self.arguments = arguments

                self.need_anchor = false
                for t in arguments do
                        if t.need_anchor then
                                self.need_anchor = true
                                break
                        end
                end
        end

        # The formal arguments of the type
        # ENSURE: return.length == self.mclass.arity
        var arguments: Array[MType]

        # Recursively print the type of the arguments within brackets.
        # Example: "Map[String,List[Int]]"
        redef fun to_s
        do
                return "{mclass}[{arguments.join(",")}]"
        end

        redef var need_anchor: Bool

        redef fun resolve_for(mtype, anchor, mmodule, cleanup_virtual)
        do
                if not need_anchor then return self
                var types = new Array[MType]
                for t in arguments do
                        types.add(t.resolve_for(mtype, anchor, mmodule, cleanup_virtual))
                end
                return mclass.get_mtype(types)
        end
end

# A virtual formal type.
class MVirtualType
        super MType

        # The property associated with the type.
        # Its the definitions of this property that determine the bound or the virtual type.
        var mproperty: MProperty

        # Lookup the bound for a given resolved_receiver
        # The result may be a other virtual type (or a parameter type)
        #
        # The result is returned exactly as declared in the "type" property (verbatim).
        #
        # In case of conflict, the method aborts.
        fun lookup_bound(mmodule: MModule, resolved_receiver: MType): MType
        do
                assert not resolved_receiver.need_anchor
                var props = self.mproperty.lookup_definitions(mmodule, resolved_receiver)
                if props.is_empty then
                        abort
                else if props.length == 1 then
                        return props.first.as(MVirtualTypeDef).bound.as(not null)
                end
                var types = new ArraySet[MType]
                for p in props do
                        types.add(p.as(MVirtualTypeDef).bound.as(not null))
                end
                if types.length == 1 then
                        return types.first
                end
                abort
        end

        redef fun resolve_for(mtype, anchor, mmodule, cleanup_virtual)
        do
                if not cleanup_virtual then return self
                # self is a virtual type declared (or inherited) in mtype
                # The point of the function it to get the bound of the virtual type that make sense for mtype
                # But because mtype is maybe a virtual/formal type, we need to get a real receiver first
                #print "{class_name}: {self}/{mtype}/{anchor}?"
                var resolved_reciever = mtype.resolve_for(anchor, anchor, mmodule, true)
                # Now, we can get the bound
                var verbatim_bound = lookup_bound(mmodule, resolved_reciever)
                # The bound is exactly as declared in the "type" property, so we must resolve it again
                var res = verbatim_bound.resolve_for(mtype, anchor, mmodule, true)
                #print "{class_name}: {self}/{mtype}/{anchor} -> {self}/{resolved_reciever}/{anchor} -> {verbatim_bound}/{mtype}/{anchor} -> {res}"
                return res
        end

        redef fun to_s do return self.mproperty.to_s

        init(mproperty: MProperty)
        do
                self.mproperty = mproperty
        end
end

# The type associated the a formal parameter generic type of a class
#
# Each parameter type is associated to a specific class.
# It's mean that all refinements of a same class "share" the parameter type,
# but that a generic subclass has its on parameter types.
#
# However, in the sense of the meta-model, the a parameter type of a class is
# a valid types in a subclass. The "in the sense of the meta-model" is
# important because, in the Nit language, the programmer cannot refers
# directly to the parameter types of the super-classes.
#
# Example:
#     class A[E]
#         fun e: E is abstract
#     end
#     class B[F]
#         super A[Array[F]]
#     end
# In the class definition B[F], `F' is a valid type but `E' is not.
# However, `self.e' is a valid method call, and the signature of `e' is
# declared `e: E'.
#
# Note that parameter types are shared among class refinements.
# Therefore parameter only have an internal name (see `to_s' for details).
# TODO: Add a 'name_for' to get better messages.
class MParameterType
        super MType

        # The generic class where the parameter belong
        var mclass: MClass

        # The position of the parameter (0 for the first parameter)
        # FIXME: is `position' a better name?
        var rank: Int

        # Internal name of the parameter type
        # Names of parameter types changes in each class definition
        # Therefore, this method return an internal name.
        # Example: return "G#1" for the second parameter of the class G
        # FIXME: add a way to get the real name in a classdef
        redef fun to_s do return "{mclass}#{rank}"

        # Resolve the bound for a given resolved_receiver
        # The result may be a other virtual type (or a parameter type)
        fun lookup_bound(mmodule: MModule, resolved_receiver: MType): MType
        do
                assert not resolved_receiver.need_anchor
                var goalclass = self.mclass
                var supertypes = resolved_receiver.collect_mtypes(mmodule)
                for t in supertypes do
                        if t.mclass == goalclass then
                                # Yeah! c specialize goalclass with a "super `t'". So the question is what is the argument of f
                                # FIXME: Here, we stop on the first goal. Should we check others and detect inconsistencies?
                                assert t isa MGenericType
                                var res = t.arguments[self.rank]
                                return res
                        end
                end
                abort
        end

        redef fun resolve_for(mtype, anchor, mmodule, cleanup_virtual)
        do
                #print "{class_name}: {self}/{mtype}/{anchor}?"

                if mtype isa MGenericType and mtype.mclass == self.mclass then
                        return mtype.arguments[self.rank]
                end

                # self is a parameter type of mtype (or of a super-class of mtype)
                # The point of the function it to get the bound of the virtual type that make sense for mtype
                # But because mtype is maybe a virtual/formal type, we need to get a real receiver first
                # FIXME: What happend here is far from clear. Thus this part must be validated and clarified
                var resolved_receiver = mtype.resolve_for(anchor.mclass.mclass_type, anchor, mmodule, true)
                if resolved_receiver isa MNullableType then resolved_receiver = resolved_receiver.mtype
                if resolved_receiver isa MParameterType then
                        assert resolved_receiver.mclass == anchor.mclass
                        resolved_receiver = anchor.as(MGenericType).arguments[resolved_receiver.rank]
                        if resolved_receiver isa MNullableType then resolved_receiver = resolved_receiver.mtype
                end
                assert resolved_receiver isa MClassType else print "{class_name}: {self}/{mtype}/{anchor}? {resolved_receiver}"

                # Eh! The parameter is in the current class.
                # So we return the corresponding argument, no mater what!
                if resolved_receiver.mclass == self.mclass then
                        assert resolved_receiver isa MGenericType
                        var res = resolved_receiver.arguments[self.rank]
                        #print "{class_name}: {self}/{mtype}/{anchor} -> direct {res}"
                        return res
                end

                resolved_receiver = resolved_receiver.resolve_for(anchor, anchor, mmodule, false)
                # Now, we can get the bound
                var verbatim_bound = lookup_bound(mmodule, resolved_receiver)
                # The bound is exactly as declared in the "type" property, so we must resolve it again
                var res = verbatim_bound.resolve_for(mtype, anchor, mmodule, cleanup_virtual)

                #print "{class_name}: {self}/{mtype}/{anchor} -> indirect {res}"

                return res
        end

        init(mclass: MClass, rank: Int)
        do
                self.mclass = mclass
                self.rank = rank
        end
end

# A type prefixed with "nullable"
# FIXME Stub implementation
class MNullableType
        super MType

        # The base type of the nullable type
        var mtype: MType

        init(mtype: MType)
        do
                self.mtype = mtype
        end

        redef fun to_s do return "nullable {mtype}"

        redef fun need_anchor do return mtype.need_anchor
        redef fun as_nullable do return self
        redef fun resolve_for(mtype, anchor, mmodule, cleanup_virtual)
        do
                var res = self.mtype.resolve_for(mtype, anchor, mmodule, cleanup_virtual)
                return res.as_nullable
        end

        redef fun collect_mclassdefs(mmodule)
        do
                assert not self.need_anchor
                return self.mtype.collect_mclassdefs(mmodule)
        end

        redef fun collect_mclasses(mmodule)
        do
                assert not self.need_anchor
                return self.mtype.collect_mclasses(mmodule)
        end

        redef fun collect_mtypes(mmodule)
        do
                assert not self.need_anchor
                return self.mtype.collect_mtypes(mmodule)
        end
end

# The type of the only value null
#
# The is only one null type per model, see `MModel::null_type'.
class MNullType
        super MType
        var model: Model
        protected init(model: Model)
        do
                self.model = model
        end
        redef fun to_s do return "null"
        redef fun as_nullable do return self
        redef fun need_anchor do return false
        redef fun resolve_for(mtype, anchor, mmodule, cleanup_virtual) do return self

        redef fun collect_mclassdefs(mmodule) do return new HashSet[MClassDef]

        redef fun collect_mclasses(mmodule) do return new HashSet[MClass]

        redef fun collect_mtypes(mmodule) do return new HashSet[MClassType]
end

# A signature of a method (or a closure)
class MSignature
        super MType

        # The names of each parameter (in order)
        var parameter_names: Array[String]

        # The types of each parameter (in order)
        var parameter_mtypes: Array[MType]

        # The return type (null for a procedure)
        var return_mtype: nullable MType

        # All closures
        var mclosures: Array[MClosureDecl] = new Array[MClosureDecl]

        init(parameter_names: Array[String], parameter_mtypes: Array[MType], return_mtype: nullable MType, vararg_rank: Int)
        do
                self.parameter_names = parameter_names
                self.parameter_mtypes = parameter_mtypes
                self.return_mtype = return_mtype
                self.vararg_rank = vararg_rank
        end

        # Is there closures in the signature?
        fun with_mclosure: Bool do return not self.mclosures.is_empty

        # The rank of the ellipsis (...) for vararg (starting from 0).
        # value is -1 if there is no vararg.
        # Example: for "(a: Int, b: Bool..., c: Char)" #-> vararg_rank=1
        var vararg_rank: Int

        # The number or parameters
        fun arity: Int do return parameter_mtypes.length

        redef fun to_s
        do
                var b = new Buffer
                if not parameter_names.is_empty then
                        b.append("(")
                        for i in [0..parameter_names.length[ do
                                if i > 0 then b.append(", ")
                                b.append(parameter_names[i])
                                b.append(": ")
                                b.append(parameter_mtypes[i].to_s)
                                if i == self.vararg_rank then
                                        b.append("...")
                                end
                        end
                        b.append(")")
                end
                var ret = self.return_mtype
                if ret != null then
                        b.append(": ")
                        b.append(ret.to_s)
                end
                return b.to_s
        end

        redef fun resolve_for(mtype: MType, anchor: MClassType, mmodule: MModule, cleanup_virtual: Bool): MSignature
        do
                var params = new Array[MType]
                for t in self.parameter_mtypes do
                        params.add(t.resolve_for(mtype, anchor, mmodule, cleanup_virtual))
                end
                var ret = self.return_mtype
                if ret != null then
                        ret = ret.resolve_for(mtype, anchor, mmodule, cleanup_virtual)
                end
                var res = new MSignature(self.parameter_names, params, ret, self.vararg_rank)
                return res
        end
end

# A closure declaration is a signature
# FIXME Stub implementation
class MClosureDecl
        # Is the closure optionnal
        var is_optional: Bool
        # Has the closure to not continue
        var is_break: Bool
        # The name of the closure (exluding the !)
        var name: String
        # The signature of the closure
        var msignature: MSignature
end

# A service (global property) that generalize method, attribute, etc.
#
# MProperty are global to the model; it means that a MProperty is not bound
# to a specific `MModule` nor a specific `MClass`.
#
# A MProperty gather definitions (see `mpropdefs') ; one for the introduction
# and the other in subclasses and in refinements.
#
# A MProperty is used to denotes services in polymorphic way (ie. independent
# of any dynamic type).
# For instance, a call site "x.foo" is associated to a MProperty.
abstract class MProperty
        # The associated MPropDef subclass.
        # The two specialization hierarchy are symmetric.
        type MPROPDEF: MPropDef

        # The classdef that introduce the property
        # While a property is not bound to a specific module, or class,
        # the introducing mclassdef is used for naming and visibility
        var intro_mclassdef: MClassDef

        # The (short) name of the property
        var name: String

        # The canonical name of the property
        # Example: "owner::my_module::MyClass::my_method"
        fun full_name: String
        do
                return "{self.intro_mclassdef.mmodule.full_name}::{self.intro_mclassdef.mclass.name}::{name}"
        end

        # The visibility of the property
        var visibility: MVisibility

        init(intro_mclassdef: MClassDef, name: String, visibility: MVisibility)
        do
                self.intro_mclassdef = intro_mclassdef
                self.name = name
                self.visibility = visibility
                intro_mclassdef.intro_mproperties.add(self)
                var model = intro_mclassdef.mmodule.model
                model.mproperties_by_name.add_one(name, self)
                model.mproperties.add(self)
        end

        # All definitions of the property.
        # The first is the introduction,
        # The other are redefinitions (in refinements and in subclasses)
        var mpropdefs: Array[MPROPDEF] = new Array[MPROPDEF]

        # The definition that introduced the property
        # Warning: the introduction is the first `MPropDef' object
        # associated to self. If self is just created without having any
        # associated definition, this method will abort
        fun intro: MPROPDEF do return mpropdefs.first

        # Alias for `name'
        redef fun to_s do return name

        # Return the most specific property definitions defined or inherited by a type.
        # The selection knows that refinement is stronger than specialization;
        # however, in case of conflict more than one property are returned.
        # If mtype does not know mproperty then an empty array is returned.
        #
        # If you want the really most specific property, then look at `lookup_first_property`
        fun lookup_definitions(mmodule: MModule, mtype: MType): Array[MPROPDEF]
        do
                assert not mtype.need_anchor
                if mtype isa MNullableType then mtype = mtype.mtype

                var cache = self.lookup_definitions_cache[mmodule, mtype]
                if cache != null then return cache

                #print "select prop {mproperty} for {mtype} in {self}"
                # First, select all candidates
                var candidates = new Array[MPROPDEF]
                for mpropdef in self.mpropdefs do
                        # If the definition is not imported by the module, then skip
                        if not mmodule.in_importation <= mpropdef.mclassdef.mmodule then continue
                        # If the definition is not inherited by the type, then skip
                        if not mtype.is_subtype(mmodule, null, mpropdef.mclassdef.bound_mtype) then continue
                        # Else, we keep it
                        candidates.add(mpropdef)
                end
                # Fast track for only one candidate
                if candidates.length <= 1 then
                        self.lookup_definitions_cache[mmodule, mtype] = candidates
                        return candidates
                end

                # Second, filter the most specific ones
                var res = new Array[MPROPDEF]
                for pd1 in candidates do
                        var cd1 = pd1.mclassdef
                        var c1 = cd1.mclass
                        var keep = true
                        for pd2 in candidates do
                                if pd2 == pd1 then continue # do not compare with self!
                                var cd2 = pd2.mclassdef
                                var c2 = cd2.mclass
                                if c2.mclass_type == c1.mclass_type then
                                        if cd2.mmodule.in_importation <= cd1.mmodule then
                                                # cd2 refines cd1; therefore we skip pd1
                                                keep = false
                                                break
                                        end
                                else if cd2.bound_mtype.is_subtype(mmodule, null, cd1.bound_mtype) then
                                        # cd2 < cd1; therefore we skip pd1
                                        keep = false
                                        break
                                end
                        end
                        if keep then
                                res.add(pd1)
                        end
                end
                if res.is_empty then
                        print "All lost! {candidates.join(", ")}"
                        # FIXME: should be abort!
                end
                self.lookup_definitions_cache[mmodule, mtype] = res
                return res
        end

        private var lookup_definitions_cache: HashMap2[MModule, MType, Array[MPropDef]] = new HashMap2[MModule, MType, Array[MPropDef]]

        # Return the most specific property definitions inherited by a type.
        # The selection knows that refinement is stronger than specialization;
        # however, in case of conflict more than one property are returned.
        # If mtype does not know mproperty then an empty array is returned.
        #
        # If you want the really most specific property, then look at `lookup_next_definition`
        #
        # FIXME: Move to MPropDef?
        fun lookup_super_definitions(mmodule: MModule, mtype: MType): Array[MPropDef]
        do
                assert not mtype.need_anchor
                if mtype isa MNullableType then mtype = mtype.mtype

                # First, select all candidates
                var candidates = new Array[MPropDef]
                for mpropdef in self.mpropdefs do
                        # If the definition is not imported by the module, then skip
                        if not mmodule.in_importation <= mpropdef.mclassdef.mmodule then continue
                        # If the definition is not inherited by the type, then skip
                        if not mtype.is_subtype(mmodule, null, mpropdef.mclassdef.bound_mtype) then continue
                        # If the definition is defined by the type, then skip (we want the super, so e skip the current)
                        if mtype == mpropdef.mclassdef.bound_mtype and mmodule == mpropdef.mclassdef.mmodule then continue
                        # Else, we keep it
                        candidates.add(mpropdef)
                end
                # Fast track for only one candidate
                if candidates.length <= 1 then return candidates

                # Second, filter the most specific ones
                var res = new Array[MPropDef]
                for pd1 in candidates do
                        var cd1 = pd1.mclassdef
                        var c1 = cd1.mclass
                        var keep = true
                        for pd2 in candidates do
                                if pd2 == pd1 then continue # do not compare with self!
                                var cd2 = pd2.mclassdef
                                var c2 = cd2.mclass
                                if c2.mclass_type == c1.mclass_type then
                                        if cd2.mmodule.in_importation <= cd1.mmodule then
                                                # cd2 refines cd1; therefore we skip pd1
                                                keep = false
                                                break
                                        end
                                else if cd2.bound_mtype.is_subtype(mmodule, null, cd1.bound_mtype) then
                                        # cd2 < cd1; therefore we skip pd1
                                        keep = false
                                        break
                                end
                        end
                        if keep then
                                res.add(pd1)
                        end
                end
                if res.is_empty then
                        print "All lost! {candidates.join(", ")}"
                        # FIXME: should be abort!
                end
                return res
        end

        # Return the most specific definition in the linearization of `mtype`.
        # If mtype does not know mproperty then null is returned.
        #
        # If you want to know the next properties in the linearization,
        # look at `MPropDef::lookup_next_definition`.
        #
        # FIXME: NOT YET IMPLEMENTED
        #
        # REQUIRE: not mtype.need_anchor
        fun lookup_first_property(mmodule: MModule, mtype: MType): nullable MPROPDEF
        do
                assert not mtype.need_anchor
                return null
        end
end

# A global method
class MMethod
        super MProperty

        redef type MPROPDEF: MMethodDef

        init(intro_mclassdef: MClassDef, name: String, visibility: MVisibility)
        do
                super
        end

        # Is the property a constructor?
        # Warning, this property can be inherited by subclasses with or without being a constructor
        # therefore, you should use `is_init_for' the verify if the property is a legal constructor for a given class
        var is_init: Bool writable = false

        # Is the property a legal constructor for a given class?
        # As usual, visibility is not considered.
        # FIXME not implemented
        fun is_init_for(mclass: MClass): Bool
        do
                return self.is_init
        end
end

# A global attribute
class MAttribute
        super MProperty

        redef type MPROPDEF: MAttributeDef

        init(intro_mclassdef: MClassDef, name: String, visibility: MVisibility)
        do
                super
        end
end

# A global virtual type
class MVirtualTypeProp
        super MProperty

        redef type MPROPDEF: MVirtualTypeDef

        init(intro_mclassdef: MClassDef, name: String, visibility: MVisibility)
        do
                super
        end

        # The formal type associated to the virtual type property
        var mvirtualtype: MVirtualType = new MVirtualType(self)
end

# A definition of a property (local property)
#
# Unlike MProperty, a MPropDef is a local definition that belong to a
# specific class definition (which belong to a specific module)
abstract class MPropDef

        # The associated MProperty subclass.
        # the two specialization hierarchy are symmetric
        type MPROPERTY: MProperty

        # Self class
        type MPROPDEF: MPropDef

        # The origin of the definition
        var location: Location

        # The class definition where the property definition is
        var mclassdef: MClassDef

        # The associated global property
        var mproperty: MPROPERTY

        init(mclassdef: MClassDef, mproperty: MPROPERTY, location: Location)
        do
                self.mclassdef = mclassdef
                self.mproperty = mproperty
                self.location = location
                mclassdef.mpropdefs.add(self)
                mproperty.mpropdefs.add(self)
        end

        # Internal name combining the module, the class and the property
        # Example: "mymodule#MyClass#mymethod"
        redef fun to_s
        do
                return "{mclassdef}#{mproperty}"
        end

        # Is self the definition that introduce the property?
        fun is_intro: Bool do return mproperty.intro == self

        # Return the next definition in linearization of `mtype`.
        # If there is no next method then null is returned.
        #
        # This method is used to determine what method is called by a super.
        #
        # FIXME: NOT YET IMPLEMENTED
        #
        # REQUIRE: not mtype.need_anchor
        fun lookup_next_definition(mmodule: MModule, mtype: MType): nullable MPROPDEF
        do
                assert not mtype.need_anchor
                return null
        end
end

# A local definition of a method
class MMethodDef
        super MPropDef

        redef type MPROPERTY: MMethod
        redef type MPROPDEF: MMethodDef

        init(mclassdef: MClassDef, mproperty: MPROPERTY, location: Location)
        do
                super
        end

        # The signature attached to the property definition
        var msignature: nullable MSignature writable = null
end

# A local definition of an attribute
class MAttributeDef
        super MPropDef

        redef type MPROPERTY: MAttribute
        redef type MPROPDEF: MAttributeDef

        init(mclassdef: MClassDef, mproperty: MPROPERTY, location: Location)
        do
                super
        end

        # The static type of the attribute
        var static_mtype: nullable MType writable = null
end

# A local definition of a virtual type
class MVirtualTypeDef
        super MPropDef

        redef type MPROPERTY: MVirtualTypeProp
        redef type MPROPDEF: MVirtualTypeDef

        init(mclassdef: MClassDef, mproperty: MPROPERTY, location: Location)
        do
                super
        end

        # The bound of the virtual type
        var bound: nullable MType writable = null
end

# A kind of class.
#
#  * abstract_kind
#  * concrete_kind
#  * interface_kind
#  * enum_kind
#  * extern_kind
#
# Note this class is basically an enum.
# FIXME: use a real enum once user-defined enums are available
class MClassKind
        redef var to_s: String

        # Is a constructor required?
        var need_init: Bool
        private init(s: String, need_init: Bool)
        do
                self.to_s = s
                self.need_init = need_init
        end
end

fun abstract_kind: MClassKind do return once new MClassKind("abstract class", true)
fun concrete_kind: MClassKind do return once new MClassKind("class", true)
fun interface_kind: MClassKind do return once new MClassKind("interface", false)
fun enum_kind: MClassKind do return once new MClassKind("enum", false)
fun extern_kind: MClassKind do return once new MClassKind("extern", false)