Merge: gamnit: new services and a lot of bug fixes and performance improvements

[nit.git] / lib / gamnit / flat / flat_core.nit

# This file is part of NIT ( http://www.nitlanguage.org ).
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

# Core services for the `flat` API for 2D games
module flat_core

import glesv2
intrude import geometry::points_and_lines # For _x, _y and _z
intrude import matrix
import matrix::projection
import more_collections
import performance_analysis

import gamnit
intrude import gamnit::cameras
intrude import gamnit::cameras_cache
import gamnit::dynamic_resolution

# Visible 2D entity in the game world or UI
#
# Similar to `gamnit::Actor` which is in 3D.
#
# Each sprite associates a `texture` to the position `center`.
# The appearance is modified by `rotation`, `invert_x`,
# `scale`, `red`, `green`, `blue` and `alpha`.
# These values can be changed at any time and will trigger an update
# of the data on the GPU side, having a small performance cost.
#
# For a sprite to be visible, it must be added to either the world `sprites`
# or the `ui_sprites`.
# However, an instance of `Sprite` can only belong to a single `SpriteSet`
# at a time. The final on-screen position depends on the camera associated
# to the `SpriteSet`.
#
# ~~~
# # Load texture and create sprite
# var texture = new Texture("path/in/assets.png")
# var sprite = new Sprite(texture, new Point3d[Float](0.0, 0.0, 0.0))
#
# # Add sprite to the visible game world
# app.sprites.add sprite
#
# # Extra configuration of the sprite
# sprite.rotation = pi/2.0
# sprite.scale = 2.0
#
# # Show only the blue colors
# sprite.red = 0.0
# sprite.green = 0.0
# ~~~
#
# To add a sprite to the UI it can be anchored to screen borders
# with `ui_camera.top_left` and the likes.
#
# ~~~nitish
# # Place it a bit off the top left of the screen
# var pos = app.ui_camera.top_left.offset(128.0, -128.0, 0)
#
# # Load texture and create sprite
# var texture = new Texture("path/in/assets.png")
# var sprite = new Sprite(texture, pos)
#
# # Add it to the UI (above world sprites)
# app.ui_sprites.add sprite
# ~~~
class Sprite

        # Texture drawn to screen
        var texture: Texture is writable(texture_direct=)

        # Texture drawn to screen
        fun texture=(texture: Texture)
        do
                if isset _texture and texture != self.texture then
                        needs_update
                        if texture.root != self.texture.root then needs_remap
                end
                texture_direct = texture
        end

        # Center position of this sprite in world coordinates
        var center: Point3d[Float] is writable(center_direct=), noautoinit

        # Center position of this sprite in world coordinates
        fun center=(center: Point3d[Float]) is autoinit do
                if isset _center and center != self.center then
                        needs_update
                        self.center.sprites_remove self
                end

                center.sprites_add self
                center_direct = center
        end

        # Last animation set with `animate`
        var animation: nullable Animation = null

        # Animation on the shader, if this changes it `needs_remap`
        private var shader_animation: nullable Animation = null

        # Animation start time, relative to `sprite_set.time`
        #
        # At -1.0 if animation started before being assigned a `sprite_set`.
        private var animation_start = 0.0

        # Number of loops to show `animation`
        private var animation_loops = 0.0

        # Start the `animation` for `n_loops`, replacing the static `texture`
        #
        # By default, if `n_loops` is not set, the animation plays once.
        # If `n_loops == -1.0` then the animation loops infinitely.
        # Otherwise, the animation repeats, e.g. it repeats twice and a half
        # if `n_loops == 2.5`.
        #
        # The animation can be stopped using `animate_stop`.
        fun animate(animation: Animation, n_loops: nullable Float)
        do
                if not animation.valid then print_error "{class_name}::animate: invalid animation {animation}"

                var shader_animation = shader_animation
                if shader_animation == null or animation.frames.first.root != shader_animation.frames.first.root then
                        # Resort with the new animation texture
                        needs_remap
                else
                        needs_update
                end

                var sprite_set = sprite_set
                animation_start = if sprite_set != null then sprite_set.time else -1.0
                animation_loops = n_loops or else 1.0
                self.shader_animation = animation
                self.animation = animation
        end

        # Stop any active `animation` to display the static `texture`
        fun animate_stop
        do
                if animation == null then return
                needs_update
                animation = null
        end

        # Rotation on the Z axis, positive values turn counterclockwise
        var rotation = 0.0 is writable(rotation_direct=)

        # Rotation on the Z axis, positive values turn counterclockwise
        fun rotation=(value: Float)
        do
                if isset _rotation and value != rotation then needs_update
                rotation_direct = value
        end

        # Mirror `texture` horizontally, inverting each pixel on the X axis
        var invert_x = false is writable(invert_x_direct=)

        # Mirror `texture` horizontally, inverting each pixel on the X axis
        fun invert_x=(value: Bool)
        do
                if isset _invert_x and value != invert_x then needs_update
                invert_x_direct = value
        end

        # Scale applied to this sprite
        #
        # The basic size of `self` depends on the size in pixels of `texture`.
        var scale = 1.0 is writable(scale_direct=)

        # Scale applied to this sprite
        #
        # The basic size of `self` depends on the size in pixels of `texture`.
        fun scale=(value: Float)
        do
                if isset _scale and value != scale then needs_update
                scale_direct = value
        end

        # Red tint applied to `texture` on draw
        fun red: Float do return tint[0]

        # Red tint applied to `texture` on draw
        fun red=(value: Float)
        do
                if isset _tint and value != red then needs_update
                tint[0] = value
        end

        # Green tint applied to `texture` on draw
        fun green: Float do return tint[1]

        # Green tint applied to `texture` on draw
        fun green=(value: Float)
        do
                if isset _tint and value != green then needs_update
                tint[1] = value
        end

        # Blue tint applied to `texture` on draw
        fun blue: Float do return tint[2]

        # Blue tint applied to `texture` on draw
        fun blue=(value: Float)
        do
                if isset _tint and value != blue then needs_update
                tint[2] = value
        end

        # Transparency applied to `texture` on draw
        fun alpha: Float do return tint[3]

        # Transparency applied to `texture` on draw
        fun alpha=(value: Float)
        do
                if isset _tint and value != alpha then needs_update
                tint[3] = value
        end

        # Tint applied to `texture` on draw
        #
        # Alternative to the accessors `red, green, blue & alpha`.
        # Changes inside the array do not automatically set `needs_update`.
        #
        # Require: `tint.length == 4`
        var tint: Array[Float] = [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0] is writable(tint_direct=)

        # Tint applied to `texture` on draw, see `tint`
        fun tint=(value: Array[Float])
        do
                if isset _tint and value != tint then needs_update
                tint_direct = value
        end

        # Draw order, higher values cause this sprite to be drawn latter
        #
        # Change this value to avoid artifacts when drawing non-opaque sprites.
        # In general, sprites with a non-opaque `texture` and sprites closer to
        # the camera should have a higher value to be drawn last.
        #
        # Sprites sharing a `draw_order` are drawn in the same pass.
        # The sprite to sprite draw order is undefined and may change when adding
        # and removing sprites, or changing their attributes.
        #
        # ### Warning
        #
        # Changing this value may have a negative performance impact if there are
        # many different `draw_order` values across many sprites.
        # Sprites sharing some attributes are drawn as group to reduce
        # the communication overhead between the CPU and GPU,
        # and changing `draw_order` may break up large groups into smaller groups.
        var draw_order = 0 is writable(draw_order_direct=)

        # Set draw order,  see `draw_order`
        fun draw_order=(value: Int)
        do
                if isset _draw_order and value != draw_order then needs_remap
                draw_order_direct = value
        end

        # Is this sprite static and added in bulk?
        #
        # Set to `true` to give a hint to the framework that this sprite won't
        # change often and that it is added in bulk with other static sprites.
        # This value can be ignored in the prototyping phase of a game and
        # added only when better performance are needed.
        var static = false is writable(static_direct=)

        # Is this sprite static and added in bulk? see `static`
        fun static=(value: Bool)
        do
                if isset _static and value != static then needs_remap
                static_direct = value
        end

        # Request an update on the CPU
        #
        # This is called automatically on modification of any value of `Sprite`.
        # However, it can still be set manually if a modification can't be
        # detected or by subclasses.
        fun needs_update
        do
                var c = context
                if c == null then return
                if c.last_sprite_to_update == self then return
                c.sprites_to_update.add self
                c.last_sprite_to_update = self
        end

        # Request a resorting of this sprite in its sprite list
        #
        # Resorting is required when `static` or the root of `texture` changes.
        # This is called automatically when such changes are detected.
        # However, it can still be set manually if a modification can't be
        # detected or by subclasses.
        fun needs_remap
        do
                var l = sprite_set
                if l != null then l.sprites_to_remap.add self
        end

        # Current context to which `self` was sorted
        private var context: nullable SpriteContext = null

        # Index in `context`
        private var context_index: Int = -1

        # Current context to which `self` belongs
        private var sprite_set: nullable SpriteSet = null
end

# Animation for sprites, set with `Sprite.animate`
#
# Two main services create animations:
# * The constructors accepts an array of textures and the number of frames per
#   seconds: `new Animation(array_of_subtextures, 10.0)`
# * The method `Texture::to_animation` uses the whole texture
#   dividing it in frames either on X or Y:
#   `new Texture("path/in/assets.png").to_animation(30.0, 0, 12)`
class Animation

        # Frames composing this animation
        #
        # All frames must share the same `Texture::root`, be on a vertical or
        # horizontal line, be spaced equally and share the same dimensions.
        var frames: SequenceRead[Texture]

        # Frames per seconds, a higher value makes this animation faster
        #
        # The animation speed is also affected by `SpriteSet::time_mod`.
        var fps: Float

        # Are the `frames` valid for an animation? (see the requirements in `frames`)
        var valid: Bool is lazy do
                var r: nullable RootTexture = null
                for f in frames do
                        if r == null then
                                r = f.root
                        else
                                if r != f.root then return false
                        end
                end

                # TODO check for line, constant distance, and same aspect ratio.

                return true
        end
end

redef class App
        # Default graphic program to draw `sprites`
        private var simple_2d_program = new Simple2dProgram is lazy

        # Camera for world `sprites` and `depth::actors` with perspective
        #
        # By default, the camera is configured to a height of 1080 units
        # of world coordinates at `z == 0.0`.
        var world_camera: EulerCamera is lazy do
                var camera = new EulerCamera(app.display.as(not null))

                # Aim for full HD pixel resolution at level 0
                camera.reset_height 1080.0
                camera.near = 10.0

                return camera
        end

        # Camera for `ui_sprites` using an orthogonal view
        var ui_camera = new UICamera(app.display.as(not null)) is lazy

        # World sprites drawn as seen by `world_camera`
        var sprites = new SpriteSet

        # UI sprites drawn as seen by `ui_camera`, over world `sprites`
        var ui_sprites = new SpriteSet

        # Main method to refine in clients to update game logic and `sprites`
        fun update(dt: Float) do end

        # Display `texture` as a splash screen
        #
        # Load `texture` if needed and resets `ui_camera` to 1080 units on the Y axis.
        fun show_splash_screen(texture: Texture)
        do
                texture.load

                var splash = new Sprite(texture, ui_camera.center.offset(0.0, 0.0, 0.0))
                ui_sprites.add splash

                var display = display
                assert display != null
                glClear gl_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT
                frame_core_ui_sprites display
                display.flip

                ui_sprites.remove splash
        end

        # ---
        # Support and implementation

        # Main clock used to count each frame `dt`, lapsed for `update` only
        private var clock = new Clock is lazy

        # Performance clock to for `frame_core_draw` operations
        private var perf_clock_main = new Clock

        # Second performance clock for smaller operations
        private var perf_clock_sprites = new Clock is lazy

        redef fun create_gamnit
        do
                super
                create_flat
        end

        # Prepare the flat framework services
        fun create_flat
        do
                var display = display
                assert display != null

                var gl_error = glGetError
                assert gl_error == gl_NO_ERROR else print_error gl_error

                # Prepare program
                var program = simple_2d_program
                program.compile_and_link

                var gamnit_error = program.error
                assert gamnit_error == null else print_error gamnit_error

                # Enable blending
                gl.capabilities.blend.enable
                glBlendFunc(gl_ONE, gl_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA)

                # Enable depth test
                gl.capabilities.depth_test.enable
                glDepthFunc gl_LEQUAL
                glDepthMask true

                # Prepare viewport and background color
                glViewport(0, 0, display.width, display.height)
                glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0)

                gl_error = glGetError
                assert gl_error == gl_NO_ERROR else print_error gl_error

                # Prepare to draw
                for tex in all_root_textures do
                        tex.load
                        gamnit_error = tex.error
                        if gamnit_error != null then print_error gamnit_error

                        glTexParameteri(gl_TEXTURE_2D, gl_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, gl_LINEAR)
                        glTexParameteri(gl_TEXTURE_2D, gl_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, gl_LINEAR)
                end

                sprites.reset
                ui_sprites.reset
        end

        redef fun on_stop
        do
                super

                # Clean up
                simple_2d_program.delete

                # Close gamnit
                var display = display
                if display != null then display.close
        end

        redef fun on_resize(display)
        do
                super

                world_camera.mvp_matrix_cache = null
                ui_camera.mvp_matrix_cache = null

                # Update all sprites in the UI
                for sprite in ui_sprites do sprite.needs_update
        end

        redef fun frame_core(display)
        do
                # Check errors
                var gl_error = glGetError
                assert gl_error == gl_NO_ERROR else print_error gl_error

                # Update game logic and set sprites
                perf_clock_main.lapse
                var dt = clock.lapse.to_f
                update dt
                frame_dt = dt
                sys.perfs["gamnit flat update client"].add perf_clock_main.lapse

                # Draw and flip screen
                frame_core_draw display
                display.flip

                # Check errors
                gl_error = glGetError
                assert gl_error == gl_NO_ERROR else print_error gl_error
        end

        private var frame_dt = 0.0

        # Draw the whole screen, all `glDraw...` calls should be executed here
        protected fun frame_core_draw(display: GamnitDisplay)
        do
                frame_core_dynamic_resolution_before display

                perf_clock_main.lapse
                frame_core_world_sprites display
                perfs["gamnit flat world_sprites"].add perf_clock_main.lapse

                frame_core_ui_sprites display
                perfs["gamnit flat ui_sprites"].add perf_clock_main.lapse

                frame_core_dynamic_resolution_after display
        end

        private fun frame_core_sprites(display: GamnitDisplay, sprite_set: SpriteSet, camera: Camera)
        do
                var simple_2d_program = app.simple_2d_program
                simple_2d_program.use
                simple_2d_program.mvp.uniform camera.mvp_matrix

                sprite_set.time += frame_dt*sprite_set.time_mod
                simple_2d_program.time.uniform sprite_set.time

                # draw
                sprite_set.draw

                assert glGetError == gl_NO_ERROR
        end

        # Draw world sprites from `sprites`
        protected fun frame_core_world_sprites(display: GamnitDisplay)
        do
                frame_core_sprites(display, sprites, world_camera)
        end

        # Draw UI sprites from `ui_sprites`
        protected fun frame_core_ui_sprites(display: GamnitDisplay)
        do
                # Reset only the depth buffer
                glClear gl_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT

                frame_core_sprites(display, ui_sprites, ui_camera)
        end
end

redef class Texture

        # Vertices coordinates of the base geometry
        #
        # Defines the default width and height of related sprites.
        private var vertices: Array[Float] is lazy do
                var w = width
                var h = height
                return [-0.5*w,  0.5*h, 0.0,
                         0.5*w,  0.5*h, 0.0,
                        -0.5*w, -0.5*h, 0.0,
                         0.5*w, -0.5*h, 0.0]
        end

        # Coordinates of this texture on the `root` texture, in `[0..1.0]`
        private var texture_coords: Array[Float] is lazy do
                var l = offset_left
                var r = offset_right
                var b = offset_bottom
                var t = offset_top
                return [l, t,
                        r, t,
                        l, b,
                        r, b]
        end

        # Coordinates of this texture on the `root` texture, inverting the X axis
        private var texture_coords_invert_x: Array[Float] is lazy do
                var l = offset_left
                var r = offset_right
                var b = offset_bottom
                var t = offset_top
                return [r, t,
                        l, t,
                        r, b,
                        l, b]
        end

        # Convert to a sprite animation at `fps` speed with `x` or `y` frames
        #
        # The arguments `x` and `y` set the number of frames in the texture.
        # Use `x` for an horizontal arrangement or `y` for vertical.
        # One and only one of the arguments must be different than 0,
        # as an animation can only be on a line and cannot wrap.
        fun to_animation(fps: Float, x, y: Int): Animation
        do
                assert (x == 0) != (y == 0)

                var n_frames = x.max(y)
                var frames = new Array[Texture]

                var dx = (x/n_frames).to_f/n_frames.to_f
                var dy = (y/n_frames).to_f/n_frames.to_f
                var w = if x == 0 then 1.0 else dx
                var h = if y == 0 then 1.0 else dy
                var left = 0.0
                var top = 0.0
                for i in n_frames.times do
                        frames.add new RelativeSubtexture(root, left, top, left+w, top+h)
                        left += dx
                        top += dy
                end

                return new Animation(frames, fps)
        end
end

# Graphic program to display simple models with a texture, translation, rotation and scale
private class Simple2dProgram
        super GamnitProgramFromSource

        redef var vertex_shader_source = """
                // Vertex coordinates
                attribute vec4 coord;

                // Vertex color tint
                attribute vec4 color;

                // Vertex translation
                attribute vec4 translation;

                // Vertex scaling
                attribute float scale;

                // Vertex coordinates on textures
                attribute vec2 tex_coord;

                // Model view projection matrix
                uniform mat4 mvp;

                // Current world time, in seconds
                uniform float time;

                // Rotation matrix
                attribute vec4 rotation_row0;
                attribute vec4 rotation_row1;
                attribute vec4 rotation_row2;
                attribute vec4 rotation_row3;

                // Animation speed, frames per seconds
                attribute float a_fps;

                // Number of frames in the animation
                attribute float a_n_frames;

                // World coordinate of the animation (for aspect ratio)
                attribute vec2 a_coord;

                // Animation texture coordinates of the first frame
                attribute vec2 a_tex_coord;

                // Animation texture coordinates difference between frames
                attribute vec2 a_tex_diff;

                // Animation start time, in reference to `time`
                attribute float a_start;

                // Number of loops to play of the animation
                attribute float a_loops;

                mat4 rotation()
                {
                        return mat4(rotation_row0, rotation_row1, rotation_row2, rotation_row3);
                }

                // Output to the fragment shader
                varying vec4 v_color;
                varying vec2 v_coord;

                // Is there an active animation?
                varying float v_animated;

                void main()
                {
                        vec3 c; // coords

                        float end = a_start + a_loops/a_fps*a_n_frames;
                        if (a_fps != 0.0 && (a_loops == -1.0 || time < end)) {
                                // in animation
                                float frame = mod(floor((time-a_start)*a_fps), a_n_frames);
                                v_coord = a_tex_coord + a_tex_diff*frame;
                                c = vec3(a_coord, coord.z);
                                v_animated = 1.0;
                        } else {
                                // static
                                v_coord = tex_coord;
                                c = coord.xyz;
                                v_animated = 0.0;
                        }

                        gl_Position = (vec4(c * scale, 1.0) * rotation() + translation)* mvp;
                        v_color = vec4(color.rgb*color.a, color.a);
                }
                """ @ glsl_vertex_shader

        redef var fragment_shader_source = """
                precision mediump float;

                // Does this object use a texture?
                uniform bool use_texture;

                // Texture to apply on this object
                uniform sampler2D texture0;

                // Texture to apply on this object
                uniform sampler2D animation;

                // Input from the vertex shader
                varying vec4 v_color;
                varying vec2 v_coord;
                varying float v_animated;

                void main()
                {
                        if (v_animated > 0.5) {
                                gl_FragColor = v_color * texture2D(animation, v_coord);
                                if (gl_FragColor.a <= 0.01) discard;
                        } else if (use_texture) {
                                gl_FragColor = v_color * texture2D(texture0, v_coord);
                                if (gl_FragColor.a <= 0.01) discard;
                        } else {
                                gl_FragColor = v_color;
                        }
                }
                """ @ glsl_fragment_shader

        # Vertices coordinates
        var coord = attributes["coord"].as(AttributeVec4) is lazy

        # Should this program use the texture `texture`?
        var use_texture = uniforms["use_texture"].as(UniformBool) is lazy

        # Visible texture unit
        var texture = uniforms["texture0"].as(UniformSampler2D) is lazy

        # Coordinates on the textures, per vertex
        var tex_coord = attributes["tex_coord"].as(AttributeVec2) is lazy

        # Color tint per vertex
        var color = attributes["color"].as(AttributeVec4) is lazy

        # Translation applied to each vertex
        var translation = attributes["translation"].as(AttributeVec4) is lazy

        # Rotation matrix, row 0
        var rotation_row0 = attributes["rotation_row0"].as(AttributeVec4) is lazy

        # Rotation matrix, row 1
        var rotation_row1 = attributes["rotation_row1"].as(AttributeVec4) is lazy

        # Rotation matrix, row 2
        var rotation_row2 = attributes["rotation_row2"].as(AttributeVec4) is lazy

        # Rotation matrix, row 3
        var rotation_row3 = attributes["rotation_row3"].as(AttributeVec4) is lazy

        # Scaling per vertex
        var scale = attributes["scale"].as(AttributeFloat) is lazy

        # Model view projection matrix
        var mvp = uniforms["mvp"].as(UniformMat4) is lazy

        # World time, in seconds
        var time = uniforms["time"].as(UniformFloat) is lazy

        # ---
        # Animations

        # Texture of all the frames of the animation
        var animation_texture = uniforms["animation"].as(UniformSampler2D) is lazy

        # Frame per second of the animation
        var animation_fps = attributes["a_fps"].as(AttributeFloat) is lazy

        # Number of frames in the animation
        var animation_n_frames = attributes["a_n_frames"].as(AttributeFloat) is lazy

        # Coordinates of each frame (mush be shared by all frames)
        var animation_coord = attributes["a_coord"].as(AttributeVec2) is lazy

        # Texture coordinates of the first frame
        var animation_tex_coord = attributes["a_tex_coord"].as(AttributeVec2) is lazy

        # Coordinate difference between each frame
        var animation_tex_diff = attributes["a_tex_diff"].as(AttributeVec2) is lazy

        # Animation start time, in seconds and in reference to `dt`
        var animation_start = attributes["a_start"].as(AttributeFloat) is lazy

        # Number of loops of the animation, -1 for infinite
        var animation_loops = attributes["a_loops"].as(AttributeFloat) is lazy
end

redef class Point3d[N]
        # ---
        # Associate each point to its sprites

        private var sprites: nullable Array[Sprite] = null

        private fun sprites_add(sprite: Sprite)
        do
                var sprites = sprites
                if sprites == null then
                        sprites = new Array[Sprite]
                        self.sprites = sprites
                end
                sprites.add sprite
        end

        private fun sprites_remove(sprite: Sprite)
        do
                var sprites = sprites
                assert sprites != null
                sprites.remove sprite
        end

        # ---
        # Notify `sprites` on attribute modification

        private fun needs_update
        do
                var sprites = sprites
                if sprites != null then for s in sprites do s.needs_update
        end

        redef fun x=(v)
        do
                if isset _x and v != x then needs_update
                super
        end

        redef fun y=(v)
        do
                if isset _y and v != y then needs_update
                super
        end

        redef fun z=(v)
        do
                if isset _z and v != z then needs_update
                super
        end
end

redef class OffsetPoint3d
        redef fun x=(v)
        do
                if isset _x and v != x then needs_update
                super
        end

        redef fun y=(v)
        do
                if isset _y and v != y then needs_update
                super
        end

        redef fun z=(v)
        do
                if isset _z and v != z then needs_update
                super
        end
end

# Set of sprites sorting them into different `SpriteContext`
class SpriteSet
        super HashSet[Sprite]

        # Animation speed multiplier (0.0 to pause, 1.0 for normal speed, etc.)
        var time_mod = 1.0 is writable

        # Seconds elapsed since the launch of the program, in world time responding to `time_mod`
        var time = 0.0

        # Map texture then static vs dynamic to a `SpriteContext`
        private var contexts_map = new HashMap4[RootTexture, nullable RootTexture, Bool, Int, Array[SpriteContext]]

        # Contexts in `contexts_map`, sorted by draw order
        private var contexts_items = new Array[SpriteContext]

        # Sprites needing resorting in `contexts_map`
        private var sprites_to_remap = new Array[Sprite]

        # Add a sprite to the appropriate context
        private fun map_sprite(sprite: Sprite)
        do
                assert sprite.context == null else print_error "Sprite {sprite} belongs to another SpriteSet"

                # Sort by texture and animation texture
                var texture = sprite.texture.root
                var animation = sprite.animation
                var animation_texture = if animation != null then
                        animation.frames.first.root else null
                var draw_order = sprite.draw_order
                var contexts = contexts_map[texture, animation_texture, sprite.static, draw_order]

                var context = null
                if contexts != null then
                        for c in contexts.reverse_iterator do
                                var size = c.sprites.length + 1
                                if size * 4 <= 0xffff then
                                        context = c
                                        break
                                end
                        end
                end

                if context == null then
                        var usage = if sprite.static then gl_STATIC_DRAW else gl_DYNAMIC_DRAW
                        context = new SpriteContext(texture, animation_texture, usage, draw_order)

                        if contexts == null then
                                contexts = new Array[SpriteContext]
                                contexts_map[texture, animation_texture, sprite.static, draw_order] = contexts
                        end

                        contexts.add context

                        contexts_items.add context
                        sprite_draw_order_sorter.sort(contexts_items)
                end

                context.sprites.add sprite
                context.sprites_to_update.add sprite
                context.last_sprite_to_update = sprite

                sprite.context = context
                sprite.sprite_set = self

                if animation != null and sprite.animation_start == -1.0 then
                        # Start animation
                        sprite.animation_start = time
                end
        end

        # Remove a sprite from its context
        private fun unmap_sprite(sprite: Sprite)
        do
                var context = sprite.context
                assert context != null
                context.sprites.remove sprite

                sprite.context = null
                sprite.sprite_set = null
        end

        # Draw all sprites by all contexts
        private fun draw
        do
                # Remap sprites that may need to change context
                for sprite in sprites_to_remap do

                        # Skip if it was removed from this set after being modified
                        if sprite.sprite_set != self then continue

                        unmap_sprite sprite
                        map_sprite sprite
                end
                sprites_to_remap.clear

                # Sort by draw order
                for context in contexts_items do context.draw
        end

        redef fun add(e)
        do
                if contexts_items.has(e.context) then return
                map_sprite e
                super
        end

        redef fun remove(e)
        do
                super
                if e isa Sprite then unmap_sprite e
        end

        redef fun remove_all(e)
        do
                if not has(e) then return
                remove e
        end

        redef fun clear
        do
                for sprite in self do
                        sprite.context = null
                        sprite.sprite_set = null
                end
                super
                for c in contexts_items do c.destroy
                contexts_map.clear
                contexts_items.clear
                sprites_to_remap.clear
        end

        private fun reset
        do
                for sprite in self do
                        sprite.context = null
                end

                for c in contexts_items do c.destroy
                contexts_map.clear
                contexts_items.clear
                sprites_to_remap.clear

                for sprite in self do
                        map_sprite sprite
                end
        end
end

# Context for calls to `glDrawElements`
#
# Each context has only one `texture` and `usage`, but many sprites.
private class SpriteContext

        # ---
        # Context config and state

        # Only root texture drawn by this context
        var texture: nullable RootTexture

        # Only animation texture drawn by this context
        var animation_texture: nullable RootTexture

        # OpenGL ES usage of `buffer_array` and `buffer_element`
        var usage: GLBufferUsage

        # Draw order shared by all `sprites`
        var draw_order: Int

        # Sprites drawn by this context
        var sprites = new GroupedSprites

        # Sprites to update since last `draw`
        var sprites_to_update = new Set[Sprite]

        # Cache of the last `Sprite` added to `sprites_to_update` since the last call to `draw`
        var last_sprite_to_update: nullable Sprite = null

        # Sprites that have been update and for which `needs_update` can be set to false
        var updated_sprites = new Array[Sprite]

        # Buffer size to preallocate at `resize`, multiplied by `sprites.length`
        #
        # Require: `resize_ratio >= 1.0`
        var resize_ratio = 1.2

        # ---
        # OpenGL ES data

        # OpenGL ES buffer name for vertex data
        var buffer_array: Int = -1

        # OpenGL ES buffer name for indices
        var buffer_element: Int = -1

        # Current capacity, in sprites, of `buffer_array` and `buffer_element`
        var buffer_capacity = 0

        # C buffers used to pass the data of a single sprite
        var local_data_buffer = new GLfloatArray(float_per_vertex*4) is lazy
        var local_indices_buffer = new CUInt16Array(indices_per_sprite) is lazy

        # ---
        # Constants

        # Number of GL_FLOAT per vertex of `Simple2dProgram`
        var float_per_vertex: Int is lazy do
                return 4 + 4 + 4 +   # vec4 translation, vec4 color, vec4 coord,
                       1 + 2 + 4*4 + # float scale, vec2 tex_coord, vec4 rotation_row*,
                       1 + 1 +       # float a_fps, float a_n_frames,
                       2 + 2 + 2 +   # vec2 a_coord, vec2 a_tex_coord, vec2 a_tex_diff,
                       1 + 1         # float a_start, float a_loops
        end

        # Number of bytes per vertex of `Simple2dProgram`
        var bytes_per_vertex: Int is lazy do
                var fs = 4 # sizeof(GL_FLOAT)
                return fs * float_per_vertex
        end

        # Number of bytes per sprite
        var bytes_per_sprite: Int is lazy do return bytes_per_vertex * 4

        # Number of vertex indices per sprite draw call (2 triangles)
        var indices_per_sprite = 6

        # ---
        # Main services

        # Allocate `buffer_array` and `buffer_element`
        fun prepare
        do
                var bufs = glGenBuffers(2)
                buffer_array = bufs[0]
                buffer_element = bufs[1]

                var gl_error = glGetError
                assert gl_error == gl_NO_ERROR else print_error gl_error
        end

        # Destroy `buffer_array` and `buffer_element`
        fun destroy
        do
                glDeleteBuffers([buffer_array, buffer_element])
                var gl_error = glGetError
                assert gl_error == gl_NO_ERROR else print_error gl_error

                buffer_array = -1
                buffer_element = -1
        end

        # Resize `buffer_array` and `buffer_element` to fit all `sprites` (and more)
        fun resize
        do
                app.perf_clock_sprites.lapse

                # Allocate a bit more space
                var capacity = (sprites.capacity.to_f * resize_ratio).to_i

                var array_bytes = capacity * bytes_per_sprite
                glBindBuffer(gl_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer_array)
                assert glIsBuffer(buffer_array)
                glBufferData(gl_ARRAY_BUFFER, array_bytes, new Pointer.nul, usage)
                var gl_error = glGetError
                assert gl_error == gl_NO_ERROR else print_error gl_error

                # GL_TRIANGLES 6 vertices * sprite
                var n_indices = capacity * indices_per_sprite
                var ius = 2 # sizeof(GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT)
                var element_bytes = n_indices * ius
                glBindBuffer(gl_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer_element)
                assert glIsBuffer(buffer_element)
                glBufferData(gl_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, element_bytes, new Pointer.nul, usage)
                gl_error = glGetError
                assert gl_error == gl_NO_ERROR else print_error gl_error

                buffer_capacity = capacity

                sys.perfs["gamnit flat gpu resize"].add app.perf_clock_sprites.lapse
        end

        # Update GPU data of `sprite`
        fun update_sprite(sprite: Sprite)
        do
                var context = sprite.context
                if context != self then return

                var sprite_index = sprite.context_index
                assert sprite_index != -1

                # Vertices data

                var data = local_data_buffer
                var o = 0
                for v in [0..4[ do
                        # vec4 translation
                        data[o+ 0] = sprite.center.x
                        data[o+ 1] = sprite.center.y
                        data[o+ 2] = sprite.center.z
                        data[o+ 3] = 0.0

                        # vec4 color
                        data[o+ 4] = sprite.tint[0]
                        data[o+ 5] = sprite.tint[1]
                        data[o+ 6] = sprite.tint[2]
                        data[o+ 7] = sprite.tint[3]

                        # float scale
                        data[o+ 8] = sprite.scale

                        # vec4 coord
                        data[o+ 9] = sprite.texture.vertices[v*3+0]
                        data[o+10] = sprite.texture.vertices[v*3+1]
                        data[o+11] = sprite.texture.vertices[v*3+2]
                        data[o+12] = 0.0

                        # vec2 tex_coord
                        var texture = texture
                        if texture != null then
                                var tc = if sprite.invert_x then
                                                sprite.texture.texture_coords_invert_x
                                        else sprite.texture.texture_coords
                                data[o+13] = tc[v*2+0]
                                data[o+14] = tc[v*2+1]
                        end

                        # mat4 rotation
                        var rot
                        if sprite.rotation == 0.0 then
                                # Cache the matrix at no rotation
                                rot = once new Matrix.identity(4)
                        else
                                rot = new Matrix.rotation(sprite.rotation, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0)
                        end
                        data.fill_from_matrix(rot, o+15)

                        var animation = sprite.animation
                        if animation == null then
                                for i in [31..40] do data[o+i] = 0.0
                        else
                                # a_fps
                                data[o+31] = animation.fps

                                # a_n_frames
                                data[o+32] = animation.frames.length.to_f

                                # a_coord
                                data[o+33] = animation.frames.first.vertices[v*3+0]
                                data[o+34] = animation.frames.first.vertices[v*3+1]

                                # a_tex_coord
                                var tc = if sprite.invert_x then
                                                animation.frames.first.texture_coords_invert_x
                                        else animation.frames.first.texture_coords
                                data[o+35] = tc[v*2]
                                data[o+36] = tc[v*2+1]

                                # a_tex_diff
                                var dx = 0.0
                                var dy = 0.0
                                if animation.frames.length > 1 then
                                        dx = animation.frames[1].texture_coords[0] - animation.frames[0].texture_coords[0]
                                        dy = animation.frames[1].texture_coords[1] - animation.frames[0].texture_coords[1]
                                end
                                data[o+37] = dx
                                data[o+38] = dy

                                # a_start
                                data[o+39] = sprite.animation_start

                                # a_loops
                                data[o+40] = sprite.animation_loops
                        end

                        o += float_per_vertex
                end

                glBindBuffer(gl_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer_array)
                glBufferSubData(gl_ARRAY_BUFFER, sprite_index*bytes_per_sprite, bytes_per_sprite, data.native_array)

                var gl_error = glGetError
                assert gl_error == gl_NO_ERROR else print_error gl_error

                # Element / indices
                #
                # 0--1
                # | /|
                # |/ |
                # 2--3

                var indices = local_indices_buffer
                var io = sprite_index*4
                indices[0] = io+0
                indices[1] = io+2
                indices[2] = io+1
                indices[3] = io+1
                indices[4] = io+2
                indices[5] = io+3

                glBindBuffer(gl_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer_element)
                glBufferSubData(gl_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sprite_index*6*2, 6*2, indices.native_array)

                gl_error = glGetError
                assert gl_error == gl_NO_ERROR else print_error gl_error
        end

        # Draw all `sprites`
        #
        # Call `resize` and `update_sprite` as needed before actual draw operation.
        #
        # Require: `app.simple_2d_program` and `mvp` must be bound on the GPU
        fun draw
        do
                if buffer_array == -1 then prepare

                assert buffer_array > 0 and buffer_element > 0 else
                        print_error "Internal error: {self} was destroyed"
                end

                # Setup
                glBindBuffer(gl_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer_array)
                glBindBuffer(gl_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer_element)

                # Resize GPU buffers?
                var update_everything = false
                if sprites.capacity > buffer_capacity then
                        # Try to defragment first
                        var moved = sprites.defragment

                        if sprites.capacity > buffer_capacity then
                                # Defragmentation wasn't enough, grow
                                resize

                                # We must update everything
                                update_everything = true
                                for s in sprites.items do if s != null then sprites_to_update.add s
                        else
                                # Just update the moved sprites
                                for s in moved do sprites_to_update.add s
                        end
                else if sprites.available.not_empty then
                        # Defragment a bit anyway
                        # TODO defrag only when there's time left on a frame
                        var moved = sprites.defragment(1)
                        for s in moved do sprites_to_update.add s
                end

                # Update GPU sprites data
                if sprites_to_update.not_empty or update_everything then
                        app.perf_clock_sprites.lapse

                        if update_everything then
                                for sprite in sprites.items do if sprite != null then
                                        update_sprite(sprite)
                                end
                        else
                                for sprite in sprites_to_update do update_sprite(sprite)
                        end

                        sprites_to_update.clear
                        last_sprite_to_update = null

                        sys.perfs["gamnit flat gpu update"].add app.perf_clock_sprites.lapse
                end

                # Update uniforms specific to this context
                var texture = texture
                app.simple_2d_program.use_texture.uniform texture != null
                if texture != null then
                        glActiveTexture gl_TEXTURE0
                        glBindTexture(gl_TEXTURE_2D, texture.gl_texture)
                        app.simple_2d_program.texture.uniform 0
                end
                var gl_error = glGetError
                assert gl_error == gl_NO_ERROR else print_error gl_error

                var animation = animation_texture
                if animation != null then
                        glActiveTexture gl_TEXTURE1
                        glBindTexture(gl_TEXTURE_2D, animation.gl_texture)
                        app.simple_2d_program.animation_texture.uniform 1
                end
                gl_error = glGetError
                assert gl_error == gl_NO_ERROR else print_error gl_error

                # Configure attributes, in order:
                # vec4 translation, vec4 color, float scale, vec4 coord, vec2 tex_coord, vec4 rotation_row*,
                # a_fps, a_n_frames, a_coord, a_tex_coord, a_tex_diff, a_start, a_loops

                var offset = 0
                var p = app.simple_2d_program
                var sizeof_gl_float = 4 # sizeof(GL_FLOAT)

                var size = 4 # Number of floats
                glEnableVertexAttribArray p.translation.location
                glVertexAttribPointeri(p.translation.location, size, gl_FLOAT, false, bytes_per_vertex, offset)
                offset += size * sizeof_gl_float
                gl_error = glGetError
                assert gl_error == gl_NO_ERROR else print_error gl_error

                size = 4
                glEnableVertexAttribArray p.color.location
                glVertexAttribPointeri(p.color.location, size, gl_FLOAT, false, bytes_per_vertex, offset)
                offset += size * sizeof_gl_float
                gl_error = glGetError
                assert gl_error == gl_NO_ERROR else print_error gl_error

                size = 1
                glEnableVertexAttribArray p.scale.location
                glVertexAttribPointeri(p.scale.location, size, gl_FLOAT, false, bytes_per_vertex, offset)
                offset += size * sizeof_gl_float
                gl_error = glGetError
                assert gl_error == gl_NO_ERROR else print_error gl_error

                size = 4
                glEnableVertexAttribArray p.coord.location
                glVertexAttribPointeri(p.coord.location, size, gl_FLOAT, false, bytes_per_vertex, offset)
                offset += size * sizeof_gl_float
                gl_error = glGetError
                assert gl_error == gl_NO_ERROR else print_error gl_error

                size = 2
                glEnableVertexAttribArray p.tex_coord.location
                glVertexAttribPointeri(p.tex_coord.location, size, gl_FLOAT, false, bytes_per_vertex, offset)
                offset += size * sizeof_gl_float
                gl_error = glGetError
                assert gl_error == gl_NO_ERROR else print_error gl_error

                size = 4
                for r in [p.rotation_row0, p.rotation_row1, p.rotation_row2, p.rotation_row3] do
                        if r.is_active then
                                glEnableVertexAttribArray r.location
                                glVertexAttribPointeri(r.location, size, gl_FLOAT, false, bytes_per_vertex, offset)
                        end
                        offset += size * sizeof_gl_float
                        gl_error = glGetError
                        assert gl_error == gl_NO_ERROR else print_error gl_error
                end

                size = 1
                glEnableVertexAttribArray p.animation_fps.location
                glVertexAttribPointeri(p.animation_fps.location, size, gl_FLOAT, false, bytes_per_vertex, offset)
                offset += size * sizeof_gl_float
                gl_error = glGetError
                assert gl_error == gl_NO_ERROR else print_error gl_error

                size = 1
                glEnableVertexAttribArray p.animation_n_frames.location
                glVertexAttribPointeri(p.animation_n_frames.location, size, gl_FLOAT, false, bytes_per_vertex, offset)
                offset += size * sizeof_gl_float
                gl_error = glGetError
                assert gl_error == gl_NO_ERROR else print_error gl_error

                size = 2
                glEnableVertexAttribArray p.animation_coord.location
                glVertexAttribPointeri(p.animation_coord.location, size, gl_FLOAT, false, bytes_per_vertex, offset)
                offset += size * sizeof_gl_float
                gl_error = glGetError
                assert gl_error == gl_NO_ERROR else print_error gl_error

                size = 2
                glEnableVertexAttribArray p.animation_tex_coord.location
                glVertexAttribPointeri(p.animation_tex_coord.location, size, gl_FLOAT, false, bytes_per_vertex, offset)
                offset += size * sizeof_gl_float
                gl_error = glGetError
                assert gl_error == gl_NO_ERROR else print_error gl_error

                size = 2
                glEnableVertexAttribArray p.animation_tex_diff.location
                glVertexAttribPointeri(p.animation_tex_diff.location, size, gl_FLOAT, false, bytes_per_vertex, offset)
                offset += size * sizeof_gl_float
                gl_error = glGetError
                assert gl_error == gl_NO_ERROR else print_error gl_error

                size = 1
                glEnableVertexAttribArray p.animation_start.location
                glVertexAttribPointeri(p.animation_start.location, size, gl_FLOAT, false, bytes_per_vertex, offset)
                offset += size * sizeof_gl_float
                gl_error = glGetError
                assert gl_error == gl_NO_ERROR else print_error gl_error

                size = 1
                glEnableVertexAttribArray p.animation_loops.location
                glVertexAttribPointeri(p.animation_loops.location, size, gl_FLOAT, false, bytes_per_vertex, offset)
                offset += size * sizeof_gl_float
                gl_error = glGetError
                assert gl_error == gl_NO_ERROR else print_error gl_error

                # Actual draw
                for s in sprites.starts, e in sprites.ends do
                        var l = e-s
                        glDrawElementsi(gl_TRIANGLES, l*indices_per_sprite, gl_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 2*s*indices_per_sprite)
                        gl_error = glGetError
                        assert gl_error == gl_NO_ERROR else print_error gl_error
                end

                # Take down
                for attr in [p.translation, p.color, p.scale, p.coord, p.tex_coord,
                             p.rotation_row0, p.rotation_row1, p.rotation_row2, p.rotation_row3: Attribute] do
                        if not attr.is_active then continue
                        glDisableVertexAttribArray(attr.location)
                        gl_error = glGetError
                        assert gl_error == gl_NO_ERROR else print_error gl_error
                end

                glBindBuffer(gl_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0)
                glBindBuffer(gl_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0)
                gl_error = glGetError
                assert gl_error == gl_NO_ERROR else print_error gl_error
        end
end

# Representation of sprite data on the GPU
#
# The main purpose of this class is to optimize the use of contiguous
# space in GPU memory. Each contiguous memory block can be drawn in a
# single call. The starts index of each block is kept by `starts,
# and the end + 1 by `ends`.
#
# The data can be compressed by a call to `defragment`.
#
# ~~~
# intrude import gamnit::flat
#
# var array = new GroupedArray[String]
# assert array.to_s == ""
#
# array.add "a"
# array.add "b"
# array.add "c"
# array.add "d"
# array.add "e"
# array.add "f"
# assert array.to_s == "[a,b,c,d,e,f]"
# assert array.capacity == 6
#
# array.remove "a"
# assert array.to_s == "[b,c,d,e,f]"
#
# array.remove "b"
# assert array.to_s == "[c,d,e,f]"
#
# array.remove "f"
# assert array.to_s == "[c,d,e]"
#
# array.remove "d"
# assert array.to_s == "[c][e]"
#
# array.add "A"
# assert array.to_s == "[A][c][e]"
#
# array.add "B"
# assert array.to_s == "[A,B,c][e]"
#
# array.remove "e"
# assert array.to_s == "[A,B,c]"
#
# array.add "D"
# assert array.to_s == "[A,B,c,D]"
#
# array.add "E"
# assert array.to_s == "[A,B,c,D,E]"
# assert array.capacity == 6
# assert array.length == 5
#
# array.remove "A"
# array.remove "B"
# array.remove "c"
# array.remove "D"
# array.remove "E"
# assert array.to_s == ""
#
# array.add "a"
# assert array.to_s == "[a]"
# ~~~
private class GroupedArray[E]

        # Memory with actual objects, and null in empty slots
        var items = new Array[nullable E]

        # Number of items in the array
        var length = 0

        # Number of item slots in the array
        fun capacity: Int do return items.length

        # List of available slots
        var available = new MinHeap[Int].default

        # Start index of filled chunks
        var starts = new List[Int]

        # Index of the spots after filled chunks
        var ends = new List[Int]

        # Add `item` to the first available slot and return its index
        fun add(item: E): Int
        do
                length += 1

                if available.not_empty then
                        # starts & ends can't be empty

                        var i = available.take
                        items[i] = item

                        if i == starts.first - 1 then
                                # slot 0 free, 1 taken
                                starts.first -= 1
                        else if i == 0 then
                                # slot 0 and more free
                                starts.unshift 0
                                ends.unshift 1
                        else if starts.length >= 2 and ends.first + 1 == starts[1] then
                                # merge 2 chunks
                                ends.remove_at 0
                                starts.remove_at 1
                        else
                                # at end of first chunk
                                ends.first += 1
                        end
                        return i
                end

                items.add item
                if ends.is_empty then
                        starts.add 0
                        ends.add 1
                else ends.last += 1
                return ends.last - 1
        end

        # Remove the first instance of `item`
        fun remove(item: E)
        do
                var index = items.index_of(item)
                remove_at(item, index)
        end

        # Remove `item` at `index`
        fun remove_at(item: E, index: Int)
        do
                var i = index
                length -= 1
                items[i] = null

                var ii = 0
                for s in starts, e in ends do
                        if s <= i and i < e then
                                if s == e-1 then
                                        # single item chunk
                                        starts.remove_at ii
                                        ends.remove_at ii

                                        if starts.is_empty then
                                                items.clear
                                                available.clear
                                                return
                                        end
                                else if e-1 == i then
                                        # last item of chunk
                                        ends[ii] -= 1

                                else if s == i then
                                        # first item of chunk
                                        starts[ii] += 1
                                else
                                        # break up chunk
                                        ends.insert(ends[ii], ii+1)
                                        ends[ii] = i
                                        starts.insert(i+1, ii+1)
                                end

                                available.add i
                                return
                        end
                        ii += 1
                end

                abort
        end

        # Defragment and compress everything into a single chunks beginning at 0
        #
        # Returns the elements that moved as a list.
        #
        # ~~~
        # intrude import gamnit::flat
        #
        # var array = new GroupedArray[String]
        # array.add "a"
        # array.add "b"
        # array.add "c"
        # array.add "d"
        # array.remove "c"
        # array.remove "a"
        # assert array.to_s == "[b][d]"
        #
        # var moved = array.defragment
        # assert moved.to_s == "[d]"
        # assert array.to_s == "[d,b]"
        # assert array.length == 2
        # assert array.capacity == 2
        #
        # array.add "e"
        # array.add "f"
        # assert array.to_s == "[d,b,e,f]"
        # ~~~
        fun defragment(max: nullable Int): Array[E]
        do
                app.perf_clock_sprites.lapse
                max = max or else length

                var moved = new Array[E]
                while max > 0 and (starts.length > 1 or starts.first != 0) do
                        var i = ends.last - 1
                        var e = items[i]
                        assert e != null
                        remove e
                        add e
                        moved.add e
                        max -= 1
                end

                if starts.length == 1 and starts.first == 0 then
                        for i in [length..capacity[ do items.pop
                        available.clear
                end

                sys.perfs["gamnit flat gpu defrag"].add app.perf_clock_sprites.lapse
                return moved
        end

        redef fun to_s
        do
                var ss = new Array[String]
                for s in starts, e in ends do
                        ss.add "["
                        for i in [s..e[ do
                                var item: nullable Object = items[i]
                                if item == null then item = "null"
                                ss.add item.to_s
                                if i != e-1 then ss.add ","
                        end
                        ss.add "]"
                end
                return ss.join
        end
end

# Optimized `GroupedArray` to use `Sprite::context_index` and avoid using `index_of`
private class GroupedSprites
        super GroupedArray[Sprite]

        redef fun add(item)
        do
                var index = super
                item.context_index = index
                return index
        end

        redef fun remove(item) do remove_at(item, item.context_index)
end

redef class GLfloatArray
        private fun fill_from_matrix(matrix: Matrix, dst_offset: nullable Int)
        do
                dst_offset = dst_offset or else add_index
                var mat_len = matrix.width*matrix.height
                assert length >= mat_len + dst_offset
                native_array.fill_from_matrix_native(matrix.items, dst_offset, mat_len)
                add_index += mat_len
        end
end

redef class NativeGLfloatArray
        private fun fill_from_matrix_native(matrix: matrix::NativeDoubleArray, dst_offset, len: Int) `{
                int i;
                for (i = 0; i < len; i ++)
                        self[i+dst_offset] = (GLfloat)matrix[i];
        `}
end

redef class Sys
        private var sprite_draw_order_sorter = new DrawOrderComparator is lazy
end

# Sort `SpriteContext` by their `draw_order`
private class DrawOrderComparator
        super Comparator

        # This class can't set COMPARED because
        # `the public property cannot contain the private type...`
        #redef type COMPARED: SpriteContext

        # Require: `a isa SpriteContext and b isa SpriteContext`
        redef fun compare(a, b)
        do return a.as(SpriteContext).draw_order <=> b.as(SpriteContext).draw_order
end